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Sustainable work is a vital factor in the transition towards global sustainability. The term itself, as well as its relations to work content, working conditions, and quality of life, is somewhat vague. In applying a resource management perspective, this chapter aims at bridging the long-term needs of the three main work-life stakeholders—individuals, enterprises, and society—to the economic, environmental, and social pillars of sustainability. A key factor in this regard is the reciprocity in values and goals between human factors and ergonomics and programmes promoting quality of work, such as the Decent Work Agenda. Sustainable work implies enabling workers to engage and develop throughout their career. To the authors, this seems impossible without facilitation of ideas and values linked to decent work.

During rapid decompression in the course of fish capture, cod (Gadus morhua L.) is unable to reabsorb excess gas in the swimbladder sufficiently rapidly, and the bladder ruptures as the gas expands. In capture-based aquaculture (CBA), knowledge of the severity of the rupture stress is required. The objective of this study was to describe the swimbladder rupture and healing processes. Cod captured by Danish seine at depths of between 130 and 200 m were stored in a netpen. At 0, 24, 72 and 384 h post-capture, randomly selected fish (n = 20) were dissected. All fish had ruptured the swimbladder, most close to the dorsal point of pinbones; these holes were sealed and the bladders were inflated. On testing, all the bladders withstood a minimum of 20 mmHg above atmospheric pressure, a strength that increased with time and inversely with the size of holes. As the overinflated bladder deflates after rupture, the two layers of the bladder wall slide relative to each other, closing the open gas passage in ...

Aim Late Pleistocene glacial changes had a major impact on many boreal and temperate taxa, and this impact can still be detected in the present-day phylogeographic structure of these taxa. However, only minor effects are expected in species with generalist habitat requirements and high dispersal capability. One such species is the white-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla, and we therefore tested for the expected weak population structure at a continental level in this species. This also allowed us to describe phylogeographic patterns, and to deduce Ice Age refugia and patterns of postglacial recolonization of Eurasia. Location Breeding populations from the easternmost Nearctic (Greenland) and across the Palaearctic (Iceland, continental Europe, central and eastern Asia, and Japan). Methods Sequencing of a 500 base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 237 samples from throughout the distribution range. Results Our analysis revealed pronounced phylogeographic structure. Overall, low genetic variability was observed across the entire range. Haplotypes clustered in two distinct haplogroups with a predominantly eastern or western distribution, and extensive overlap in Europe. These two major lineages diverged during the late Pleistocene. The eastern haplogroup showed a pattern of rapid population expansion and colonization of Eurasia around the end of the Pleistocene. The western haplogroup had lower diversity and was absent from the populations in eastern Asia. These results suggest survival during the last glaciation in two refugia, probably located in central and western Eurasia, followed by postglacial population expansion and admixture. Relatively high genetic diversity was observed in northern regions that were ice-covered during the last glacial maximum. This, and phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes encountered in the north, indicates substantial population expansion at high latitudes. Areas of glacial meltwater runoff and proglacial lakes could have provided suitable habitats for such population growth. Main conclusions This study shows that glacial climate fluctuations had a substantial impact on white-tailed eagles, both in terms of distribution and demography. These results suggest that even species with large dispersal capabilities and relatively broad habitat requirements were strongly affected by the Pleistocene climatic shifts.

Most of the white-tailed eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) populations in Europe experienced dramatic declines during the twentieth century. However, owing to intense conservation actions and the ban of DDT and other persistent pollutants, populations are currently recovering. We show that despite passing through demographic bottlenecks, white-tailed eagle populations have retained significant levels of genetic diversity. Both genetic and ringing data indicate that migration between populations has not been a major factor for the maintenance of genetic variability. We argue that the long generation time of eagles has acted as an intrinsic buffer against loss of genetic diversity, leading to a shorter effective time of the experienced bottleneck. Notably, conservation actions taken in several small sub-populations have ensured the preservation of a larger proportion of the total genetic diversity than if conservation had focused on the population stronghold in Norway. For conservation programmes targeting other endangered, long-lived species, our results highlight the possibility for local retention of high genetic diversity in isolated remnant populations.