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A well-known concept of singing voice pedagogy is “formant tuning,” where the lowest two vocal tract resonances ([Formula: see text]) are systematically tuned to harmonics of the laryngeal voice source to maximize the level of radiated sound. A comprehensive evaluation of this resonance tuning concept is still needed. Here, the effect of [Formula: see text] variation was systematically evaluated in silico across the entire fundamental frequency range of classical singing for three voice source characteristics with spectral slopes of –6, –12, and –18 dB/octave. Respective vocal tract transfer functions were generated with a previously introduced low-dimensional computational model, and resultant radiated sound levels were expressed in dB(A). Two distinct strategies for optimized sound output emerged for low vs high voices. At low pitches, spectral slope was the predominant factor for sound level increase, and resonance tuning only had a marginal effect. In contrast, resonance tuning strategies became more prevalent and voice source strength played an increasingly marginal role as fundamental frequency increased to the upper limits of the soprano range. This suggests that different voice classes (e.g., low male vs high female) likely have fundamentally different strategies for optimizing sound output, which has fundamental implications for pedagogical practice.

GLIM criteria have become a worldwide standard for diagnosing malnutrition. They emphasize the measurement of muscle mass but do not provide clear recommendations for the use of different diagnostic tools and cut-offs. Measurements of body composition by using computerized tomography (CT) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are both easily accessible in hospitalized patients. However, there is sparse data regarding the comparison for GLIM diagnosis of malnutrition and its prognostic impact for postoperative outcome in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery for cancer.We retrospectively analysed 260 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery between January 2017 and December 2019. Patients were prospectively screened and assessed for malnutrition with Nutritional Risk Score (NRS) and Subjective Global assessment (SGA). Body composition was analysed with CT scan and BIA within 30 days before surgery. GLIM criteria were retrospectively determined referring to the Fat free Mass from BIA (FFMFrom 260 patients in total, 179 patients (68.8%) had a confirmed malnutrition according to MMWhen using GLIM criteria, the method for measuring muscle mass is pivotal resulting in considerable differences in prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity. GLIM criteria are predictive for the risk of developing complications in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. With the pre-existing cut-offs, BIA seems to diagnose patients at an more advanced stage of malnutrition and indicates an advanced deterioration of nutritional status.

Porous, nanostructured Li(NiₓCo$_{y}$Mn)O₂ (NCM) achieves an improvement in the fast-charging capability and the durability of lithium-ion batteries. This improvement is attributed to an extended electrolyte—active material interface, where the electrochemical reactions take place and thus shorter diffusion paths inside the active material particles are necessary for charge transfer. Due to the porous particle morphology, new processing challenges arise compared to compact solid NCM. Herein, the properties of the slurries and the electrodes made of the two active materials and, in particular, the influence of the drying process on the binder distribution, are comparatively investigated. For the same composition of the slurries, a significantly lower dependence of adhesion force and discharge capacity at higher C-rates on the drying rate is shown when using porous, nanostructured particles instead of solid particles. Binder migration and thus an inhomogeneous concentration distribution of the polyvinylidene fluoride binder is less pronounced for these electrodes during faster drying. Cell tests with half cells show that after increasing the drying rate by more than 350%, the discharge capacity of the electrodes consisting of solid NCM is reduced by about 63% at 5C while for the electrodes made of porous material no reduction is measured.

Previous investigations on porous Li(NixCoyMnz)O2 (NCM) particles with shortened diffusion paths and an enlarged interface between active material and electrolyte show improved rate capability and cycle stability compared to compact particles. Due to the additional intragranular porosity of the active material, also the pore structure of the overall electrode, and as consequence, the ionic transport in the pore phase is altered. In addition, the particle morphology influences the ohmic contact resistance between the current collector and electrode film. These effects are investigated using impedance spectroscopy in symmetrical cells under blocking conditions. The ionic resistance and the tortuosity of the electrodes are determined and analyzed by a transmission line model. Tortuosity is higher for porous particles and increases more during calendering. This limits the options to densify these electrodes to the same level as with compact particles. In a further approach, the method is used to explain the drying related performance differences of these electrodes. At higher drying rates, the contact and the ionic resistance of electrodes with compact particles increases more strongly as for electrodes with porous particles. These investigations provide new insights into the ion transport behavior and enable a better understanding of the impact of the electrode processing condition.

Glass integrated single-mode waveguides were fabricated by ion-exchange in large panel-size low-cost display glass. Propagation losses of 0.059 dB/cm (at 1550 nm) were achieved and a high process homogeneity across a panel was shown by comparison of 25 waveguides. For the first time, 12 spiral-shaped single-mode waveguides with a length of more than 2 meter were integrated in glass. Furthermore, in-plane evanescent field coupling tests were conducted to achieve first optical functions on large sized glass. To achieve higher integration density and more flexible routing, this work presents a layout-based approach to reduce bend radii without increasing propagation losses. Also without changing process parameters, selectively buried waveguides were manufactured to enable localized areas for out-of-plane coupling from EOCB to flip-chip PIC. These results provide a basis for a novel coupling concept - gradient index surface coupling (GISC).

Hans and Peppina Zellenka featured prominently in Freud’s case study of the teenage girl “Dora,” in which they were anonymized as “the Ks.” Much has been written about Dora, but until recently, little has been known about the Ks. This article describes the upbringings of Hans and Peppina in the Jewish communities of Vienna and the South Tirol and their coming together at the health resort of Meran (where Peppina’s father was a bank director and where Peppina began an affair with Dora’s father). The article also describes the Ks’ move to Vienna in 1900 and their continuing involvement with the Bauers there. Hans Zellenka died in 1928. Dora escaped from Vienna in 1938, but Peppina remained and was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1942, at the age of seventy-two. She survived thirty months in the camp before being released. Peppina Zellenka died in Mayrhofen in 1949, having told no one of her involvement in the Dora story.

The generation of efficient RN n (ν)s,(ν)k symmetry-based low-power RF pulse schemes for simultaneous (15)N-(13)CA and (15)N-(13)CO dipolar recoupling is demonstrated. The method involves mixing schemes employing phase and amplitude-modulated dual band-selective 180° pulses as basic "R" element and tailoring of the RF field-modulation profile of the 180° pulses so as to obtain efficient magnetisation transfer characteristics over the resonance offset range of the nuclei involved. Mixing schemes leading to simultaneous (15)N-(13)CA and (15)N-(13)CO dipolar recoupling would permit the one-shot acquisition of different chemical shift correlation spectra that are typically utilized for protein backbone resonance assignments and thereby save data acquisition time. At representative MAS frequencies the efficacies of the mixing schemes presented here have been experimentally demonstrated via the simultaneous acquisition of {3D CONH and 3D CANH}, {3D CONH and 3D CO(CA)NH} and {3D CONH, 3D CANH, 3D CO(CA)NH and 3D CA(CO)NH} spectra generated via the magnetisation transfer pathways (1)H → (13)CO → (15)N → (1)H (CONH), (1)H → (13)CA → (15)N → (1)H (CANH) and (1)H → (13)CO → (13)CA → (15)N → (1)H (CO(CA)NH) and (1)H → (13)CA → (13)CO → (15)N → (1)H (CA(CO)NH).

An efficient approach to NMR assignments in intrinsically disordered proteins is presented, making use of the good dispersion of cross peaks observed in [(15) N,(13) C']- and [(13) C',(1) H(N) ]-correlation spectra. The method involves the simultaneous collection of {3D (H)NCO(CAN)H and 3D (HACA)CON(CA)HA} spectra for backbone assignments via sequential H(N) and H(α) correlations and {3D (H)NCO(CACS)HS and 3D (HS)CS(CA)CO(N)H} spectra for side-chain (1) H and (13) C assignments, employing sequential (1) H data acquisitions with direct detection of both the amide and aliphatic protons. The efficacy of the approach for obtaining resonance assignments with complete backbone and side-chain chemical shifts is demonstrated experimentally for the 61-residue [(13) C,(15) N]-labelled peptide of a voltage-gated potassium channel protein of the Kv1.4 channel subunit. The general applicability of the approach for the characterisation of moderately sized globular proteins is also demonstrated.

The paper compares the results of panel- and wafer-level processing of display glass integrated single mode optical waveguides. The comparison is based on measurements of the same optical structures processed using panel- and waferlevel technology. Additionally, large panels of 440 mm x 305 mm where manufactured to prove the scalability of the single-mode process. Measurements are done by optical back scattering reflectometry using a Luna OBR 4600 and a fiber-based propagation loss measurement setup. Based on these results of diverse processing equipment and substrate dimensions, a comprehensive statistic is shown and error estimation made to compare the different technologies.

Two different NMR pulse schemes involving sequential 1 H data acquisition are presented for achieving protein backbone sequential resonance assignments: (i) acquisition of 3D {HCCNH and HNCACONH} and (ii) collection of 3D {HNCOCANH and HNCACONH} chemical shift correlation spectra using uniformly 13 C, 15 N labelled proteins. The sequential acquisition of these spectra reduces the overall experimental time by a factor of ≈ 2 as compared to individual acquisitions. The suitability of this approach is experimentally demonstrated for the C-terminal winged helix (WH) domain of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex of Sulfolobus solfataricus .

Introduction of proposed electro-optical circuit board (EOCB) technologies based on embedded glass waveguides in the system enclosure of data storage, compute or switch platforms will be instrumental in accommodating the prohibitive bandwidth densities projected in exascale data centers, access networks and high performance computing environments in future. The main focus of this paper is, therefore, on the fabrication of large panel EOCB backplanes 350 mm x 465 mm with passive dual star interconnect topologies and stacking of multiple glass layers with double sided integrated optical waveguides. The waveguides are embedded inside glass panels using a two-step thermal ion exchange process. The fabricated embedded waveguides are characterized for propagation and coupling losses across different wavelength ranges and for different coupling arrangements. The modified EOCB fabrication process for these large panels is elucidated.

A glass optical waveguide process has been developed for fabrication of electro-optical circuit boards (EOCB). Very thin glass panels with planar integrated single-mode waveguides can be embedded as a core layer in printed circuit boards for high-speed board-level chip-to-chip and board-to-board optical interconnects over an optical backplane. Such singlemode EOCBs will be needed in upcoming high performance computers and data storage network environments in case single-mode operating silicon photonic ICs generate high-bandwidth signals [1]. The paper will describe some project results of the ongoing PhoxTroT project, in which a development of glass based single-mode on-board and board-to-board interconnection platform is successfully in progress. The optical design comprises a 500 μm thin glass panel (Schott D263Teco) with purely optical layers for single-mode glass waveguides. The board size is accommodated to the mask size limitations of the fabrication (200 mm wafer level process, being later transferred also to larger panel size). Our concept consists of directly assembling of silicon photonic ICs on cut-out areas in glass-based optical waveguide panels. A part of the electrical wiring is patterned by thin film technology directly on the glass wafer surface. A coupling element will be assembled on bottom side of the glass-based waveguide panel for 3D coupling between board-level glass waveguides and chip-level silicon waveguides. The laminate has a defined window for direct glass access for assembling of the photonic integrated circuit chip and optical coupling element. The paper describes the design, fabrication and characterization of glass-based electro-optical circuit board with format of (228 x 305) mm 2 .

The RF pulse scheme RN[N-CA HEHAHA]NH, which provides a convenient approach to the acquisition of different multidimensional chemical shift correlation NMR spectra leading to backbone resonance assignments, including those of the proline residues of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), is experimentally demonstrated. Depending on the type of correlation data required, the method involves the generation of in-phase ((15) N)(x) magnetisation via different magnetisation transfer pathways such as H→N→CO→N, HA→CA→CO→N, H→N→CA→N and H→CA→N, the subsequent application of (15) N-(13) C(α) heteronuclear Hartmann-Hahn mixing over a period of ≈100 ms, chemical-shift labelling of relevant nuclei before and after the heteronuclear mixing step and amide proton detection in the acquisition dimension. It makes use of the favourable relaxation properties of IDPs and the presence of (1) JCαN and (2) JCαN couplings to achieve efficient correlation of the backbone resonances of each amino acid residue "i" with the backbone amide resonances of residues "i-1" and "i+1". It can be implemented in a straightforward way through simple modifications of the RF pulse schemes commonly employed in protein NMR studies. The efficacy of the approach is demonstrated using a uniformly ((15) N,(13) C) labelled sample of α-synuclein. The different possibilities for obtaining the amino-acid-type information, simultaneously with the connectivity data between the backbone resonances of sequentially neighbouring residues, have also been outlined.

We have carried out chemical shift correlation experiments with symmetry-based mixing sequences at high MAS frequencies and examined different strategies to simultaneously acquire 3D correlation spectra that are commonly required in the structural studies of proteins. The potential of numerically optimised symmetry-based mixing sequences and the simultaneous recording of chemical shift correlation spectra such as: 3D NCAC and 3D NHH with dual receivers, 3D NC'C and 3D C'NCA with sequential (13)C acquisitions, 3D NHH and 3D NC'H with sequential (1)H acquisitions and 3D CANH and 3D C'NH with broadband (13)C-(15)N mixing are demonstrated using microcrystalline samples of the β1 immunoglobulin binding domain of protein G (GB1) and the chicken α-spectrin SH3 domain.

This paper deals with the development of a coordinate measuring machine for parallel tactile probing of microstructures. The particular challenges due to the parallel probing will be discussed and the concluding results regarding the construction, the control and the simulation environment will be outlined.

An approach for generating efficient $$ {\rm{RN}}_{n}^{\nu_{\rm{S}}, {\nu_{\rm{k}}}} $$ symmetry-based dual channel RF pulse schemes for γ-encoded broadband 15N–13C dipolar recoupling at high magic angle spinning frequencies is presented. The method involves the numerical optimisation of the RF phase-modulation profile of the basic “R” element so as to obtain heteronuclear double quantum dipolar recoupling sequences with satisfactory magnetisation transfer characteristics. The basic “R” element was implemented as a sandwich of a small number of short pulses of equal duration with each pulse characterised by a RF phase and amplitude values. The performance characteristics of the sequences were evaluated via numerical simulations and 15N–13C chemical shift correlation experiments. Employing such 13C–15N double-quantum recoupling sequences and the multiple receiver capabilities available in the current generation of NMR spectrometers, the possibility to simultaneously acquire 3D NCC and CNH chemical shift correlation spectra is also demonstrated.

An approach for the efficient implementation of RN(n)(nu) symmetry-based pulse schemes that are often employed for recoupling and decoupling of nuclear spin interactions in biological solid state NMR investigations is demonstrated at high magic-angle spinning frequencies. RF pulse sequences belonging to the RN(n)(nu) symmetry involve the repeated application of the pulse sandwich {R(phi)R(-phi)}, corresponding to a propagator U(RF) = exp(-i4phiI(z)), where phi = pinu/N and R is typically a pulse that rotates the nuclear spins through 180 degrees about the x-axis. In this study, broadband, phase-modulated 180 degrees pulses of constant amplitude were employed as the initial 'R' element and the phase-modulation profile of this 'R' element was numerically optimised for generating RN(n)(nu) symmetry-based pulse schemes with satisfactory magnetisation transfer characteristics. At representative MAS frequencies, RF pulse sequences were implemented for achieving 13C-13C double-quantum dipolar recoupling and through bond scalar coupling mediated chemical shift correlation and evaluated via numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The results from these investigations are presented here.

The CN ν class of RF pulse schemes, commonly employed for recoupling and decoupling of nuclear spin interactions in magic angle spinning solid state NMR studies of biological systems, involves the application of a basic “C” element corresponding to an RF cycle with unity propagator. In this study, the design of CN ν symmetry-based RF pulse sequences for achieving 13C–13C double-quantum dipolar recoupling and through bond scalar coupling mediated 13C–13C chemical shift correlation has been examined at high MAS frequencies employing broadband, constant-amplitude, phase-modulated basic “C” elements. The basic elements were implemented as a sandwich of a small number of short pulses of equal duration with each pulse characterised by an RF phase value. The phase-modulation profile of the “C” element was optimised numerically so as to generate efficient RF pulse sequences. The performances of the sequences were evaluated via numerical simulations and experimental measurements and are presented here.

Die industrielle Produktion von mikro- und nanostrukturierten Bauteilen und Systemen erfordert die Entwicklung einer adäquaten Messtechnik zur Qualitätssicherung, da die Ist-Ausprägungen von Standardgeometrieelementen eine wesentliche Entscheidungsgrundlage für eine zuverlässige Funktionsbeurteilung und effiziente Regelung von Fertigungsprozessen bilden. In diesem Zusammenhang beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit der Gegenüberstellung von unterschiedlichen Messverfahren für standardgeometrische Messaufgaben im Mikrometerbereich. Die Ergebnisse von zwei durchgeführten Ringvergleichen werden in diesem Artikel vorgestellt und diskutiert.

The design of mixing sequences for heteronuclear J cross-polarisation in the liquid state has been examined employing supercycles of amplitude/phase modulated RF pulses. The Fourier coefficients defining the modulation profiles of the pulses were optimised numerically so as to achieve efficient magnetisation transfer within the desired range of resonance offsets. A variety of supercycles, pulsewidths and RF field strengths were considered in implementing heteronuclear anisotropic and isotropic mixing sequences. The coherence transfer characteristics of the sequences obtained were evaluated by numerical simulations. The experimental performances of the sequences were tested by measurements carried out on a moderate sized protein at 750 MHz. The results presented demonstrate that the approach adopted in this study can be employed effectively to tailor, as per the experimental requirements and constraints, the RF-field modulation profiles of the pulses constituting the mixing scheme for generating heteronuclear J cross-polarisation sequences.

Parallel optical interconnects on-board level requires low propagation loss in wavelength range between 850 and 1550 nm to be compatible with datacom and telecom optical engines. For highest integration density tight waveguide bends and a scalable number of optical layers should be manufacturable for 2D interfaces to optical fiber array connectors and photonic assembly I/O's. We developed a glass waveguide panel process for double-sided processing of commercial available display glass by applying a two-step thermal ion-exchange process for low-loss multi-mode graded-index waveguides. Multiple glass waveguide panels can be embedded between electrical layers. The generic concept enables fabrication of high-density integration (HDI) electro-optical circuit boards (EOCB) with high number of optical and electrical layers. Waveguides with high NA of 0.3 for low bend losses could be achieved in glass with propagation loss of 0.05 dB/cm for all key wavelengths. Four of those glass waveguide panels were embedded in an EOCB demonstrator with size of 280 x 233 mm(2) providing eight optical layers with 96 channels in an area of 2.8 x 1.5 mm(2). To the best of our knowledge it's the highest number of layers that has ever been demonstrated for an EOCB.

A simple triple resonance NMR experiment that leads to the correlation of the backbone amide resonances of each amino acid residue 'i' with that of residues 'i-1' and 'i+1' in ((13)C, (15)N) labelled intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) is presented. The experimental scheme, {HN-NCA heteronuclear TOCSY-NH}, exploits the favourable relaxation properties of IDPs and the presence of (1) J CαN and (2) J CαN couplings to transfer the (15)N x magnetisation from amino acid residue 'i' to adjacent residues via the application of a band-selective (15)N-(13)C(α) heteronuclear cross-polarisation sequence of ~100 ms duration. Employing non-uniform sampling in the indirect dimensions, the efficacy of the approach has been demonstrated by the acquisition of 3D HNN chemical shift correlation spectra of α-synuclein. The experimental performance of the RF pulse sequence has been compared with that of the conventional INEPT-based HN(CA)NH pulse scheme. As the availability of data from both the HCCNH and HNN experiments will make it possible to use the information extracted from one experiment to simplify the analysis of the data of the other and lead to a robust approach for unambiguous backbone and side-chain resonance assignments, a time-saving strategy for the simultaneous collection of HCCNH and HNN data is also described.

First time an electro-optical circuit board (EOCB) is demonstrated with integrated planar multimode glass waveguide panel and out-of plane spherical mirror based coupling elements. Such EOCBs will be needed in upcoming high performance computers and data storage network environments. Light from 850 nm up to 1550 nm can be directly coupled from the optical engine mounted mid-plane on the EOCB and coupled into low loss optical waveguides for signal transmission. The demonstration platform comprises a multilayer EOCB with 1301 electrical through glass vias (TGVs), two embedded thin glass layers, planar integrated gradient-index multimode glass waveguides and mid-board optical coupling interface. The evaluated demonstrator system performed with insertion loss of 1.94 dB at wavelength of 850 nm for link distance of 7.1 cm. In best case without misalignment the out-of plane coupling loss is 3.5 dB.

Optical interconnects for data transmission at board level offer increased energy efficiency, system density, and bandwidth scalability compared to purely copper driven systems. We present recent results on manufacturing of electrooptical printed circuit board (PCB) with integrated planar glass waveguides. The graded index multi-mode waveguides are patterned inside commercially available thin-glass panels by performing a specific ion-exchange process. The glass waveguide panel is embedded within the layer stack-up of a PCB using proven industrial processes. This paper describes the design, manufacture, assembly and characterization of the first electro-optical backplane demonstrator based on integrated planar glass waveguides. The electro-optical backplane in question is created by laminating the glass waveguide panel into a conventional multi-layer electronic printed circuit board stack-up. High precision ferrule mounts are automatically assembled, which will enable MT compliant connectors to be plugged accurately to the embedded waveguide interfaces on the glass panel edges. The demonstration platform comprises a standardized sub-rack chassis and five pluggable test cards each housing optical engines and pluggable optical connectors. The test cards support a variety of different data interfaces and can support data rates of up to 32 Gb/s per channel.

Heteronuclear dipolar decoupling in MAS solid state NMR studies of biological systems has been investigated at moderate spinning speeds. It is shown that the efficacy of C N n ν symmetry-based decoupling schemes with tanh/tan adiabatic pulses can be significantly improved by optimising the amplitude and frequency modulation characteristics of the inversion pulses employed. The decoupling performance of the symmetry-based schemes is compared with that of the commonly used TPPM technique.

It is shown that it is possible to carry out with only a moderate RF field strength of ⩽40 kHz, even at high magic angle spinning frequencies, broadband homonuclear double-quantum filtered 13 C chemical shift correlation and double-quantum solid state NMR studies of biological systems via the zero-quantum dipolar recoupling sequence RFDR.

Das sog. Carried Interest wird in § 18 Abs. 1 Nr. 4 EStG nunmehr gesetzlich als eine Tätigkeitsvergütung qualifiziert und durch § 3 Nr. 40a EStG hälftig steuerfrei gestellt. Bislang ungeklärt ist die Frage, wie sich die hälftige Freistellung auf die steuerliche Behandlung der Aufwendungen des Carry-Holders auswirkt. Sind diese voll abziehbar oder greift ein (hälftiges) Abzugsverbot (§ 3c Abs. 1 oder 2 EStG)? Die Autoren kommen aufgrund einer steuersystematischen Analyse zu einer Anwendung des § 3c Abs. 1 EStG, allerdings nur soweit die Steuerfreistellung in § 3 Nr. 40a EStG reicht.

As manmade space debris in the low earth orbit becomes an increasing risk to space missions, which could even result in total mission loss, it has become even more critical to have detailed knowledge of the properties of these particles like the mass, the velocity and the trajectory. In this paper, we present a newly designed, highly sensitive impact detector array with 16 pixels for space debris analysis. The thermopile sensor array, which was developed in the project, consists of 16 miniaturized multi-junction thermopile sensors made by modern thin-film technology on Si wafers. Each thermopile sensor consists of 100 radially arranged junction pairs formed from evaporated antimony and bismuth thin films. The centrally located active (hot) junctions comprise the active area of 1 mm². The output e.m.f. of the sensor is proportional to the temperature difference between the active and the reference junctions. The thermopile requires no cooling and no bias voltage or current for operation. It generates no 1/f noise but only the thermal resistance (Nyquist) noise. The sensor can be used for DC and low frequency AC measurements. The impact energy of micro sized particles is measured by a calorimetric principle. This means that the kinetic energy of the particle is converted into heat by hitting the absorbing foil, which is glued on the surface of the membrane area. This setup in combination with a preceded velocity detector allows the measurement of the most interesting particle quantities mass, velocity and trajectory.