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Mice as prey animals display a phenomenal sense of smell and thus rely heavily on this sensory modality for social communication and defenses from predators. One of the mouse’s olfactory subsystems is the vomeronasal organ, a specialized organ for the detection of environmental chemical stimuli. This organ plays a central role in semio-chemical detection which has become vital for the survival of the mouse and proliferation of the species. This knowledge then leads to the question of how mice respond to varying levels of intensity of predator cues with the input from this organ. Using cat odor as a predator cue, mouse defensive and non-defensive behavioral responses were compared after exposure to fresh versus 4-hour old odor. Overall, we measured the significant reduction in defensive freezing behavior in response to the 4-hour old cat saliva in male mice as well as the reduction of non-defensive interaction behavior. Female mice expressed no shift in defensive responses between the fresh and old saliva but maintained reduction of non-defensive interaction as well. Mice have shown to exhibit varying defensive responses to predator cues and perhaps may have greater abilities to respond to non-imminent predator threat.

A modulation of intensity with zero effort (MIEZE) setup is proposed for high-resolution neutron spectroscopy at momentum transfers up to 3 Å−1, energy transfers up to 20 meV and an energy resolution in the microelectronvolt range using both thermal and cold neutrons. MIEZE has two prominent advantages compared with classical neutron spin echo. The first is the possibility to investigate spin-depolarizing samples or samples in strong magnetic fields without loss of signal amplitude and intensity. This allows for the study of spin fluctuations in ferromagnets, and facilitates the study of samples with strong spin-incoherent scattering. The second advantage is that multi-analyzer setups can be implemented with comparatively little effort. The use of thermal neutrons increases the range of validity of the spin-echo approximation towards shorter spin-echo times. In turn, the thermal MIEZE option for greater ranges (TIGER) closes the gap between classical neutron spin-echo spectroscopy and conventional high-resolution neutron spectroscopy techniques such as triple-axis, time-of-flight and back-scattering. To illustrate the feasibility of TIGER, this paper presents the details of its implementation at the RESEDA beamline at FRM II by means of an additional velocity selector, polarizer and analyzer.

Popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA) has been increasingly treated with endovascular intervention in recent years. However, whether transpedal access can be utilized to treat PAA has not been widely reported. We report a case of successful treatment of a PAA with a covered stent via retrograde transpedal approach in an 80-year male with prohibitive surgical risk who initially failed antegrade approach. This case demonstrates the feasibility of treating PAA via a retrograde transpedal access in selected patients.

Different results have been reported concerning the relationship of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and the status of methylation as the promoter gene for the enzyme methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in patients with glioblastomas (GBs). The aim of this study was to investigate if there were correlations between the ADC values of the enhancing tumor and peritumoral areas of GBs and the MGMT methylation status. In this retrospective study, we included 42 patients with newly diagnosed unilocular GB with one MRI study prior to any treatment and histopathological data. After co-registration of ADC maps with T1-weighted sequences after contrast administration and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion, we manually selected one region-of-interest (ROI) in the enhancing and perfused tumor and one ROI in the peritumoral white matter. Both ROIs were mirrored in the healthy hemisphere for normalization. In the peritumoral white matter, absolute and normalized ADC values were significantly higher in patients with MGMT-unmethylated tumors, as compared to patients with MGMT-methylated tumors (absolute values p = 0.002, normalized p = 0.0007). There were no significant differences in the enhancing tumor parts. The ADC values in the peritumoral region correlated with MGMT methylation status, confirmed by normalized ADC values. In contrast to other studies, we could not find a correlation between the ADC values or the normalized ADC values and the MGMT methylation status in the enhancing tumor parts.

Parental mentalization refers to a parent’s capacity to envision his or her child as being motivated by internal mental states such as feelings, wishes, and desires, and to be able to reflect on his or her own internal mental experiences and how they are shaped and changed by interactions with the child. Given this capacity the parent is able to interact sensitively with his or her child, which is significant for the child to develop a secure attachment representation. It is theorized that the parent´s ability to mentalize, not only facilitates secure attachment, but is central for the child to develop adequate mental representations of reasons for behaviour, by its own, and following that, the capacity to mentalize. The impaired ability to mentalize is seen as important psychopathological factor in many mental disorders. Accordingly impaired parental mentalization can be assumed to play a central role in in the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. Being a relatively young concept with a small but promising empirical base, further work is needed to understand parental mentalization. In comparing two concepts of the main research branches, namely mind-mindedness (MM) and parental reflective functioning (PRF), this paper and two other studies, building the author´s dissertation project, are aimed to investigate the complex nature of parental mentalization. The first of the studies focuses on how a mother´s attachment experiences influence parental mentalization. With attachment experiences indicating a social environment to build mental representations about reasons for behaviours of others, respectively her child, two different resources of such are investigated. As theoretical literature proposes the importance of early attachment experiences, they will be captured with the Parental Bonding Instrument, which pictures the extant of care and overprotection received from the parents. Further, taking a more constructivist perspective, attachment representations are able to change with attachment experiences beyond and after those with the own parents. Indicative of such attachment experiences is the Experience in Close Relationships Questionnaire, which pictures the attachment style in current close relationships. The first study´s main interest is to search out the impact of different attachment experiences on mother´s mentalization. The second study investigates the impact of mother´s symptoms of depression and anxiety on parental mentalization. Conflicting evidence regarding the impact of symptoms of depression on parental mentalization and barely evidence in regard to anxiety symptoms make further investigations necessary. In addition to that, this study tries to picture the relative impact of psychopathological symptoms in comparison to attachment representations. As attachment representations are theorized to be a relative stable influence on parental mentalization, and symptoms of psychopathology could be a more state like influence, a comparison will help to understand the concept of parental mentalization, and guide aims of interventions. To do so data from Study 1, especially the Parental Bonding Instrument and the Experience in Close Relationships Questionnaire, will be used as indicators of attachment representation. The third study takes consequences of impaired parental mentalization and mother´s psychopathology on the child´s empathy development in account. As empathy can be understood as a form of mentalization, the transgenerational mechanisms are also central in this study. In comparing the influence of mother´s mentalization and psychopathological symptoms on her child´s empathy, this study contributes important empirical data, to understand the emergence of risk factors for psychopathology. Study 1

Emotion dysregulation has been considered a key factor for the development, the severity, and the persistence of symptoms in multiple psychiatric disorders (Dvir et al., 2014), such as anxiety disorders, major depression, eating disorders, substance related disorders, borderline personality disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder (Berking & Wupperman, 2012; See et al., 2022). Thus, improving emotion regulation has been the focus of many cognitive-behavioural psychotherapeutic interventions, such as dialectical behavioural therapy (Linehan, 2014) and schema therapy (Young et al., 2003), as well as psychodynamic interventions (Woll & Schönbrodt, 2020). On the neural level, it has been hypothesized that neural alterations associated with dysfunctional emotion regulation might be associated with impaired top-down control of prefrontal regions over limbic structures (Braunstein et al., 2017; Gyurak et al., 2011). For example, neural differences between psychiatric patients and healthy controls have been reported for fMRI-based connectivity measures between frontal and limbic structures (Baczkowski et al., 2017; De Wit et al., 2015; Fitzgerald et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019). Moreover, dysfunctional emotion regulation has been associated with hyperactivation of the amygdala (Picó‐Pérez et al., 2019; Pizzagalli & Roberts, 2022; Schulze et al., 2016) and hypoactivation of prefrontal brain regions (De Wit et al., 2015; Kjærstad et al., 2022; Mochcovitch et al., 2014). Those alterations in cortico-subcortical networks have been observed in patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (De Wit et al., 2015; Kammen et al., 2022; Picó‐Pérez et al., 2019), bipolar disorder (Kjærstad et al., 2022; Murray et al., 2022), major depression (Ebneabbasi et al., 2021; Park et al., 2019; Pizzagalli & Roberts, 2022), anxiety disorders (Fitzgerald et al., 2019; Mochcovitch et al., 2014), post-traumatic-stress-disorder (Herringa, 2017; Nicholson et al., 2017), borderline personality disorder (Bertsch et al., 2018; Kebets et al., 2021; Schulze et al., 2016), and substance use disorder (Albein‐Urios et al., 2014; Shen et al., 2017; Wilcox et al., 2016). Additional brain regions related to emotion regulation dysfunctions in psychiatric populations are the insula (Gong et al., 2020; Picó-Pérez et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2022), the anterior cingulate cortex (Davis et al., 2018; Fitzgerald et al., 2019; Le et al., 2021), the orbito-frontal cortex (Kammen et al., 2022; Murray et al., 2022), and the ventral striatum (Kammen et al., 2022; Park et al., 2019; Pizzagalli & Roberts, 2022). To address emotion regulation dysfunction on the neural level, several techniques have been developed and explored for their capacity to modulate neuronal responses and/or to induce neuroplastic processes. Real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rt-fMRI-NF) is a novel technique enabling to visually represent and self-modulate the ongoing changes in specific brain regions, as well as the connectivity between them (Sitaram et al., 2007; Weiskopf et al., 2007). Within neural networks related to emotion regulation, it could be shown that even one session of rt-fMRI-NF resulted in modification of region-specific brain activity (Barreiros et al., 2019; Linhartová et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2022) and large-scale network connectivity (Orth et al., 2022; Young et al., 2018). Namely, modification of neural activation levels due to rt-fMRI-NF was demonstrated for the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, the insula, and the anterior cingulate cortex for patients diagnosed with affective disorders (Barreiros et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019; Young et al., 2017), substance use disorder (Dave & Tripathi, 2022; Martz et al., 2020), borderline personality disorder (Herpertz et al., 2018), obsessive compulsive disorder (Buyukturkoglu et al., 2015; Gonçalves Ó et al., 2017), and post-traumatic stress disorder (Barreiros et al., 2019; Chiba et al., 2019; Nicholson et al., 2017). Thus, rt-fMRI-NF might function as a potential therapeutic tool, or as an add-on treatment, that is able to directly target the underlying neural mechanisms of emotion dysregulation. There has been a vastly increasing number of rt-fMRI-NF studies over the past decade (Zhang et al., 2022). However, previous reviews on emotion regulation have primarily addressed methodological aspects of rt-fMRI-NF (Barreiros et al., 2019; Linhartová et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2022). Yet, there is no systematic review or meta-analysis focussing on the clinical impact of emotion regulation related rt-fMRI-NF. However, evaluating the clinical impact is critical for the decision on whether rt-fMRI-NF may function as a therapeutic tool (Dudek & Dodell-Feder, 2021; González Méndez et al., 2022). Moreover, no systematic assessment of study quality has been conducted by previous reviews.

Parental mentalization refers to a parent’s capacity to envision his or her child as being motivated by internal mental states such as feelings, wishes, and desires, and to be able to reflect on his or her own internal mental experiences and how they are shaped and changed by interactions with the child. Given this capacity the parent is able to interact sensitively with his or her child, which is significant for the child to develop a secure attachment representation. It is theorized that the parent´s ability to mentalize, not only facilitates secure attachment, but is central for the child to develop adequate mental representations of reasons for behaviour, by its own, and following that, the capacity to mentalize. The impaired ability to mentalize is seen as important psychopathological factor in many mental disorders. Accordingly impaired parental mentalization can be assumed to play a central role in in the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. Being a relatively young concept with a small but promising empirical base, further work is needed to understand parental mentalization. In comparing two concepts of the main research branches, namely mind-mindedness (MM) and parental reflective functioning (PRF), this paper and two other studies, building the author´s dissertation project, are aimed to investigate the complex nature of parental mentalization. The first of the studies focuses on how a mother´s attachment experiences influence parental mentalization. With attachment experiences indicating a social environment to build mental representations about reasons for behaviours of others, respectively her child, two different resources of such are investigated. As theoretical literature proposes the importance of early attachment experiences, they will be captured with the Parental Bonding Instrument, which pictures the extant of care and overprotection received from the parents. Further, taking a more constructivist perspective, attachment representations are able to change with attachment experiences beyond and after those with the own parents. Indicative of such attachment experiences is the Experience in Close Relationships Questionnaire, which pictures the attachment style in current close relationships. The first study´s main interest is to search out the impact of different attachment experiences on mother´s mentalization. The second study investigates the impact of mother´s symptoms of depression and anxiety on parental mentalization. Conflicting evidence regarding the impact of symptoms of depression on parental mentalization and barely evidence in regard to anxiety symptoms make further investigations necessary. In addition to that, this study tries to picture the relative impact of psychopathological symptoms in comparison to attachment representations. As attachment representations are theorized to be a relative stable influence on parental mentalization, and symptoms of psychopathology could be a more state like influence, a comparison will help to understand the concept of parental mentalization, and guide aims of interventions. To do so data from Study 1, especially the Parental Bonding Instrument and the Experience in Close Relationships Questionnaire, will be used as indicators of attachment representation. The third study takes consequences of impaired parental mentalization and mother´s psychopathology on the child´s empathy development in account. As empathy can be understood as a form of mentalization, the transgenerational mechanisms are also central in this study. In comparing the influence of mother´s mentalization and psychopathological symptoms on her child´s empathy this study contributes important empirical data, to understand the emergence of risk factors for psychopathology. Study 2

Parental mentalization refers to a parent’s capacity to envision his or her child as being motivated by internal mental states such as feelings, wishes, and desires, and to be able to reflect on his or her own internal mental experiences and how they are shaped and changed by interactions with the child. Given this capacity the parent is able to interact sensitively with his or her child, which is significant for the child to develop a secure attachment representation. It is theorized that the parent´s ability to mentalize, not only facilitates secure attachment, but is central for the child to develop adequate mental representations of reasons for behaviour, by its own, and following that, the capacity to mentalize. The impaired ability to mentalize is seen as important psychopathological factor in many mental disorders. Accordingly impaired parental mentalization can be assumed to play a central role in in the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. Being a relatively young concept with a small but promising empirical base, further work is needed to understand parental mentalization. In comparing two concepts of the main research branches, namely mind-mindedness (MM) and parental reflective functioning (PRF), this paper and two other studies, building the author´s dissertation project, are aimed to investigate the complex nature of parental mentalization. The first of the studies focuses on how a mother´s attachment experiences influence parental mentalization. With attachment experiences indicating a social environment to build mental representations about reasons for behaviours of others, respectively her child, two different resources of such are investigated. As theoretical literature proposes the importance of early attachment experiences, they will be captured with the Parental Bonding Instrument, which pictures the extant of care and overprotection received from the parents. Further, taking a more constructivist perspective, attachment representations are able to change with attachment experiences beyond and after those with the own parents. Indicative of such attachment experiences is the Experience in Close Relationships Questionnaire, which pictures the attachment style in current close relationships. The first study´s main interest is to search out the impact of different attachment experiences on mother´s mentalization. The second study investigates the impact of mother´s symptoms of depression and anxiety on parental mentalization. Conflicting evidence regarding the impact of symptoms of depression on parental mentalization and barely evidence in regard to anxiety symptoms make further investigations necessary. In addition to that, this study tries to picture the relative impact of psychopathological symptoms in comparison to attachment representations. As attachment representations are theorized to be a relative stable influence on parental mentalization, and symptoms of psychopathology could be a more state like influence, a comparison will help to understand the concept of parental mentalization, and guide aims of interventions. To do so data from Study 1, especially the Parental Bonding Instrument and the Experience in Close Relationships Questionnaire, will be used as indicators of attachment representation. The third study takes consequences of impaired parental mentalization and mother´s psychopathology on the child´s empathy development in account. As empathy can be understood as a form of mentalization, the transgenerational mechanisms are also central in this study. In comparing the influence of mother´s mentalization and psychopathological symptoms on her child´s empathy this study contributes important empirical data, to understand the emergence of risk factors for psychopathology. Study 3

Neutron scattering experiments at three-axes spectrometers (TAS) investigate magnetic and lattice excitations by measuring intensity distributions to understand the origins of materials properties. The high demand and limited availability of beam time for TAS experiments however raise the natural question whether we can improve their efficiency and make better use of the experimenter's time. In fact, there are a number of scientific problems that require searching for signals, which may be time consuming and inefficient if done manually due to measurements in uninformative regions. Here, we describe a probabilistic active learning approach that not only runs autonomously, i.e., without human interference, but can also directly provide locations for informative measurements in a mathematically sound and methodologically robust way by exploiting log-Gaussian processes. Ultimately, the resulting benefits can be demonstrated on a real TAS experiment and a benchmark including numerous different excitations., Main: 24 pages, 6 figures, 1 table | Supplementary Information: 19 pages, 12 figures, 1 table

In the textile sector, the sustainable development and production of high-performance and high-quality textiles has become increasingly important. To enable the processing of new yarn materials at high production speeds, the in-depth understanding of the relationships between machine elements, yarn path, and yarn tension is required. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the interactions between the warp knitting machine unit and the yarn path during the stitch formation process by means of theoretical modeling and experimental investigation. A vector-based model has been developed to describe the kinematic yarn path and its correlation with yarn demand during the stitch formation process. The model is validated by measurements of yarn path and yarn tension on a warp knitting machine. The model is used to identify both machine and yarn guide elements that influence stitch formation.

Preoperative grade prediction is important in diagnostics of glioma. Even more important can be follow-up after chemotherapy and radiotherapy of high grade gliomas. In this review we provide an overview of MR-spectroscopy (MRS), technical aspects, and different clinical scenarios in the diagnostics and follow-up of gliomas in pediatric and adult populations. Furthermore, we provide a recap of the current research utility and possible future strategies regarding proton- and phosphorous-MRS in glioma research.

Introduction. Local research is critical to support the local implementation of global policies. This study explores the status and trends on research related to alcohol consumption, its determinants, governance, harm, and control policies in terms of the countries studied, affiliations of authors, funding, and research themes using bibliometric analysis. Methods. Research papers published between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2021 were searched using Web of Science and PubMed using a predefined search strategy and keywords, regardless of article type. All items that met the inclusion criteria were included in quantitative content analysis and deductive thematic analysis. Keywords were used to cluster articles by five main research themes and six subthemes related to policy interventions. The funding sources for the 100 most-cited articles were analysed. Results. A total of 4,553 articles were included in the analysis. Half (53.1%) studied a single country and, of these, 77.0% were high-income countries (HICs). Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom were the most studied countries and together accounted for 44.9% (975/2,172) of country-specific articles. Three out of four articles (3,479/4,553, 76.4%) were authored solely by authors affiliated with HIC institutions. One in five articles (906/4,553, 19.9%) had at least one author affiliated to an institution from an upper-middle, middle, or low-income country context. Governments, followed by research institutions, were the predominant funding source. Articles varied by theme: consumption (39.8%), policy response (31.0%), governance (26.9%), alcohol-related harm (26.7%), and determinants (12.6%). Across all subthemes of policy responses, articles were predominately conducted in HIC contexts. Conclusion. Although the attributable harm of alcohol is known to affect more significantly lower and middle-income countries, scientific publications primarily report on HIC contexts by authors from HICs. Themes of research reflect known cost-effective policy actions, though skewed towards HICs and a focus on consumption. The implementation of context-specific alcohol control policies requires addressing the determinants of the uneven geographical and thematic distribution of research to close the current publication gaps. Key questions What is already known?

IntroductionTo date, there are only few studies that compare the consequences of peripartum maternal depressive disorders (PD) versus depressive with comorbid anxiety disorders (PDCA) for infant and child development. As comorbidity is associated with greater impairment and symptom severity related to the primary diagnosis, comorbidity in mothers might raise their offspring’s risk of developing internalising or externalising disorders even more than has been noted in conjunction with PD alone.Methods and analysisThis study aims to analyse the impact of parental psychopathology, particularly peripartum depression in mothers with and without comorbid anxiety disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) on child cognitive and socioemotional development. Maternal/paternal psychopathology, mother–infant/father–infant interaction and child development are assessed at four measurement points over the first 2 years (T1: 3–4 months postpartum, T2: 12 months postpartum, T3: 18 months postpartum and T4: 24 months postpartum). The mediating role of mother–infant/father–infant interaction and infant stress reactivity in the relationship between PD/PDCA and infant cognitive and socioemotional development will be analysed. In the ongoing study, 174 families (n=58 mothers with PD, n=58 mothers with PDCA and n=58 healthy controls) will be recruited in inpatient and outpatient centres as well as maternity hospitals in Munich and Heidelberg.Ethics and disseminationThis study is implemented in accordance with the current guidelines of the World Medical Association (revised Declaration of Helsinki) and the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union. The study procedures were approved by the independent ethics committees of the Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (74_Reck_b) and of the Medical Faculty, University Heidelberg (S-446/2017). Participation is voluntary. A signed written informed consent form must be obtained from each study subject prior to any study-specific procedure. Participants can withdraw from the study at any point in time without giving a reason or being subjected to any future disadvantages. In case of withdrawal from the study, the subject’s data and material will be kept unless the participant asks for data removal. Results will be published and disseminated to further the discussion on the effects of maternal PD and PDCA on parent–infant interaction, infant stress reactivity and child development. Furthermore, study results will be presented at international congresses and expert conferences.