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Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common major congenital anomaly and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologic evidence supports a role of genetics in the development of CHD. Genetic diagnoses can inform prognosis and clinical management. However, genetic testing is not standardized among individuals with CHD. We sought to develop a list of validated CHD genes using established methods and to evaluate the process of returning genetic results to research participants in a large genomic study. Methods: Two-hundred ninety-five candidate CHD genes were evaluated using a ClinGen framework. Sequence and copy number variants involving genes in the CHD gene list were analyzed in Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium participants. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic results were confirmed on a new sample in a clinical laboratory improvement amendments-certified laboratory and disclosed to eligible participants. Adult probands and parents of probands who received results were asked to complete a post-disclosure survey. Results: A total of 99 genes had a strong or definitive clinical validity classification. Diagnostic yields for copy number variants and exome sequencing were 1.8% and 3.8%, respectively. Thirty-one probands completed clinical laboratory improvement amendments-confirmation and received results. Participants who completed postdisclosure surveys reported high personal utility and no decision regret after receiving genetic results. Conclusions: The application of ClinGen criteria to CHD candidate genes yielded a list that can be used to interpret clinical genetic testing for CHD. Applying this gene list to one of the largest research cohorts of CHD participants provides a lower bound for the yield of genetic testing in CHD.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider how the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) may support or diminish the creation of social value.Design/methodology/approachThe approach applies Lumpkin and Dess’s multidimensional conceptualization of EO to the growing body of literature on social entrepreneurship.FindingsPropositions on the effects of autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking on social value creation are developed.Research limitations/implicationsThe propositions offered in the paper suggest avenues for future empirical studies that seek to examine the impact of EO on social, rather than financial, performance.Originality/valueA significant body of research has examined the relationship between EO and financial performance, but potential implications for social value creation remain unclear. This paper seeks to address this gap in understanding of EO and social entrepreneurship and argues that two components of EO may adversely impact the creation of social value.

Physics-informed neural networks (PINN) can potentially be applied to develop computationally efficient surrogate models, perform anomaly detection, and develop time-series forecasting models. However, predicting small-scale features such as the exact location of shocks and the associated rapid changes in fluid properties across it, have proven to be challenging when using standard PINN architectures, due to spatial biasing during network training. This paper investigates the ability of PINNs to capture these features of an oblique shock by applying Fourier feature network architectures. Four PINN architectures are applied namely a standard PINN architecture with the direct and indirect implementation of the ideal gas equation of state, as well as the direct implementation combined with a standard and modified Fourier feature transformation function. The case study is 2D steady-state compressible Euler flow over a 15° wedge at a Mach number of 5. The PINN predictions are compared to results generated using proven numerical CFD techniques. The results show that the indirect implementation of the equation of state is unable to enforce the prescribed boundary conditions. The application of the Fourier feature up-sampling to the low-dimensional spatial coordinates improves the ability of the PINN model to capture the small-scale features, with the standard implementation performing better than the modified version.

As demonstrated by Indigenous and rural scholars, participatory research approaches can facilitate capacity building, promote data accessibility, and accomplish community goals within complex hydro...

PurposeThe paper aims to fill this gap by positing a framework that considers the service automation decision as a matter of knowledge management: a choice between human resident and codified knowledge assets.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a conceptual paper, grounded in the knowledge-based view.FindingsThe paper uses the information processing theory, which argues that the level of uncertainty in a process should dictate the type of knowledge deployed, as the contingency for the automation choice, and customer interaction uncertainty as the driver of that contingency. From these ideas, propositions are generated relating customer interaction uncertainty and service automation. Further implications for artificial intelligence (AI) are also explored.Originality/valueThe framework illuminates and informs the strategic choices regarding service automation, including the use of AI in professional services, a timely and highly important topic. It offers a valuable model for practitioners and contributes to the academic literature by pointing the way for future directions for scholarly research.

Significance For decades, Amazon indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) have impeded deforestation and associated greenhouse gas emissions. While emissions inside indigenous territories (ITs) and protected natural areas (PNAs) remain well below levels outside, unsustainable forest clearing is on the rise across the nine-nation region. In addition, Amazon ITs and PNAs are increasingly vulnerable to the less conspicuous (and often-neglected) processes of forest degradation and disturbance, which diminish carbon storage and ecological integrity. The trend toward weakening of environmental protections, indigenous land rights, and the rule of law thus poses an existential threat to IPLCs and their territories. Reversing this trend is critical for the future of climate-buffering Amazon forests and the success of the Paris Agreement., Maintaining the abundance of carbon stored aboveground in Amazon forests is central to any comprehensive climate stabilization strategy. Growing evidence points to indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) as buffers against large-scale carbon emissions across a nine-nation network of indigenous territories (ITs) and protected natural areas (PNAs). Previous studies have demonstrated a link between indigenous land management and avoided deforestation, yet few have accounted for forest degradation and natural disturbances—processes that occur without forest clearing but are increasingly important drivers of biomass loss. Here we provide a comprehensive accounting of aboveground carbon dynamics inside and outside Amazon protected lands. Using published data on changes in aboveground carbon density and forest cover, we track gains and losses in carbon density from forest conversion and degradation/disturbance. We find that ITs and PNAs stored more than one-half (58%; 41,991 MtC) of the region’s carbon in 2016 but were responsible for just 10% (−130 MtC) of the net change (−1,290 MtC). Nevertheless, nearly one-half billion tons of carbon were lost from both ITs and PNAs (−434 MtC and −423 MtC, respectively), with degradation/disturbance accounting for >75% of the losses in 7 countries. With deforestation increasing, and degradation/disturbance a neglected but significant source of region-wide emissions (47%), our results suggest that sustained support for IPLC stewardship of Amazon forests is critical. IPLCs provide a global environmental service that merits increased political protection and financial support, particularly if Amazon Basin countries are to achieve their commitments under the Paris Climate Agreement.

Social entrepreneurs are driven to solve a particular social problem. Yet, they operate in a broad universe of stakeholders that expect the organization to at least not worsen a range of social ill...

This article explores the implications of top management team (TMT) diversity and identity in fostering an organizational environment that promotes social value creation. Upper echelon theory is in...

Indigenous Territories (ITs) with less centralized forest governance than Protected Areas (PAs) may represent cost-effective natural climate solutions to meet the Paris agreement. However, the literature has been limited to examining the effect of ITs on deforestation, despite the influence of anthropogenic degradation. Thus, little is known about the temporal and spatial effect of allocating ITs on carbon stocks dynamics that account for losses from deforestation and degradation. Using Amazon Basin countries and Panama, this study aims to estimate the temporal and spatial effects of ITs and PAs on carbon stocks. To estimate the temporal effects, we use annual carbon density maps, matching analysis, and linear mixed models. Furthermore, we explore the spatial heterogeneity of these estimates through geographic discontinuity designs, allowing us to assess the spatial effect of ITs and PAs boundaries on carbon stocks. The temporal effects highlight that allocating ITs preserves carbon stocks and buffer losses as PAs in Panama and Amazon Basin countries. The geographic discontinuity designs reveal that ITs’ boundaries secure more extensive carbon stocks than their surroundings, and this difference tends to increase towards the least accessible areas, suggesting that indigenous land use in neotropical forests may have a temporarily and spatially stable impact on carbon stocks. Our findings imply that ITs in neotropical forests support Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. Thus, Indigenous peoples must become recipients of countries’ results-based payments.

A training ecosystem leverages multiple complementary instructional resources to target competency and skill development. In this paper, we introduce work that is integrating assessment functions in the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT) with core components in the Total Learning Architecture (TLA) to support persistent performance tracking and reporting in dynamic simulation-based environments. This capability creates a data strategy to translate multi-modal raw data into contextualized statements of performance for use in a long-term readiness monitoring strategy. In this paper we discuss the integration activities, what this new extended architecture supports, and provide a high-level use case associated with infantry squad level competency sets.

Small cryptic invertebrates (the cryptofauna) are extremely abundant, ecologically important, and species rich on coral reefs. Ongoing ocean acidification is likely to have both direct effects on the biology of these organisms, as well as indirect effects through cascading impacts on their habitats and trophic relationships. Naturally acidified habitats have been important model systems for studying these complex interactions because entire communities that are adapted to these environmental conditions can be analyzed. However, few studies have examined the cryptofauna because they are difficult to census quantitatively in topographically complex habitats and are challenging to identify. We addressed these challenges by using Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) for sampling reef-dwelling invertebrates >2 mm in size and by using DNA barcoding for taxonomic identifications. The study took place in Papua New Guinea at two reef localities, each with three sites at varying distances from carbon dioxide seeps, thereby sampling across a natural gradient in acidification. We observed sharp overall declines in both the abundance (34–56%) and diversity (42–45%) of organisms in ARMS under the lowest pH conditions sampled (7.64–7.75). However, the overall abundance of gastropods increased slightly in lower pH conditions, and crustacean and gastropod families exhibited varying patterns. There was also variability in response between the two localities, despite their close proximity, as one control pH site displayed unusually low diversity and abundances for all invertebrate groups. The data illustrate the complexity of responses of the reef fauna to pH conditions, and the role of additional factors that influence the diversity and abundance of cryptic reef invertebrates.

Calendering is the common compaction process for lithium-ion battery electrodes and has a substantial impact on the pore structure and therefore the electrochemical performance of Lithium-ion battery cells. For a targeted determination of the performance-optimized pore structure, it is of decisive importance to be able to comprehensively control the compaction process. Thus, during continuous calendering of graphite anodes and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) cathodes the applied line load is tracked and varied at different speeds to compact the electrode to several coating densities. The generated pore structures are measured via mercury intrusion, resulting in quite similar porosities, while the densities of graphite and NCM diverge greatly. The porosities, measured via mercury intrusion, are compared to geometrical determined data, identifying compaction resistant closed pores in the NCM. On the basis of the measured porosity reduction the compaction behavior of the line load was found to be describable by an exponential model equation. The model parameters quantify the different compaction resistances of the cathodes and anodes in converging to a maximal density, respectively minimal porosity. This substantial difference could be traced to the closer packing of the spherical and harder NCM particles. The calendering speed showed only an insignificant impact up to speeds of 5 m/min.

We visually investigate Viete's method for funding for the roots of the depressed cubic equation using transformations and complex plots from Sage to consider the three cases.

This paper develops and clarifies social intrapreneurship theory by examining the “how” of effective intrapreneurial championing. More specifically, the authors consider the following research question: How does the manner in which middle managers frame sustainable practices influence successful championing outcomes? The authors integrate the natural-resource-based view of the firm with research on middle management championing behaviors and issue-contingent models of ethical decision making to propose a model of sustainability championing for social intrapreneurs. To that end, propositions are developed concerning the relationship between the types of sustainable practice championed, how the argument for a given practice is framed, and successful championing outcomes. This paper contributes to a growing body of literature on social intrapreneurship, providing insight into how intrapreneurial championing can be more effective and building a foundation for future research.

This paper develops and clarifies social intrapreneurship theory by examining the “how” of effective intrapreneurial championing. More specifically, the authors consider the following research question: How does the manner in which middle managers frame sustainable practices influence successful championing outcomes? The authors integrate the natural-resource-based view of the firm with research on middle management championing behaviors and issue-contingent models of ethical decision making to propose a model of sustainability championing for social intrapreneurs. To that end, propositions are developed concerning the relationship between the types of sustainable practice championed, how the argument for a given practice is framed, and successful championing outcomes. This paper contributes to a growing body of literature on social intrapreneurship, providing insight into how intrapreneurial championing can be more effective and building a foundation for future research.

A number of organizational scholars have suggested that to compete in a “post-industrial” world firms must adopt specific structures and approaches to managing. In this article, we explore the why of post-industrial forms, as opposed to the what. Often work in this literature speaks as though in the future only a post-industrial form will allow firms to compete successfully. We argue instead that adoption of a post-industrial form is a contingency: some firms have to operate in this fashion, some firms may want to, and some firms never will adopt a post-industrial form. Based on Thompson’s (Organizations in action, Transaction, New Brunswick, 1967) conception of production processes, we suggest factors that, if present, require firms to be post-industrial as well as strategies that make them want to adopt this relatively new form.

To date, numerous public- and private-sector efforts, commitments, and initiatives to reduce commodity-driven deforestation have emerged. In and of themselves, these elements&mdash, namely REDD+ programs, jurisdictional approaches (JAs), and private sector commitments&mdash, are necessary, but they are not sufficient to reduce deforestation. When operating together, however, these efforts have the potential to significantly reduce commodity-driven deforestation. This research aimed to determine whether and where REDD+ programs, JAs, and private sector commitments overlap in what are termed &ldquo, trifecta jurisdictions&rdquo, Considering that each element possesses features that can enhance and complement those of the others, the authors hypothesized that&mdash, but did not ascertain whether&mdash, trifecta jurisdictions present the greatest potential to reduce commodity-driven deforestation. A total of 13 trifecta jurisdictions and six bifecta jurisdictions&mdash, where two of the three elements are present&mdash, were identified by: compiling a dataset of REDD+ programs, JAs, and private sector commitments, evaluating all potential options against established criteria, and categorizing them according to trifecta or bifecta jurisdiction status. The fact that a majority of trifecta and bifecta jurisdictions are located in countries with the most tropical tree cover loss is also significant in that it highlights the presence of these elements where most needed, and how high deforestation rates might be attracting REDD+ program, JA, and private sector commitment activities. Although many of the REDD+ programs, JAs, and private sector commitments are relatively nascent and their ability to collectively reduce deforestation is not yet clearly evident, this article posited that synergistic potential is greatest in trifecta and bifecta jurisdictions and that efforts should be made to greater align these elements.

Uncertainty in production processes has proven to be a useful lens through which to explain the international entry mode choices of large manufacturing firms. This paper adapts that approach to suggest that service firms determine their internationalization mode based on the uncertainty arising from their interactions with customers. In our model, service firms counter customer interaction uncertainty by deploying knowledge in two primary forms: in processes and procedures or within workers themselves. We suggest that the location of this knowledge deployment impacts the choice of which mode firms will use when they deploy their services internationally. Also, befitting the greater alternatives available for conducting business internationally for service firms, we explore and model a wider range of modes than traditionally suggested by manufacturing-centric scholarship.

The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) presents the idea of Zero Deforestation Zones (ZDZs) as a solution to implement private sector deforestation-free supply chain commitments by leveraging synergies between Jurisdictional REDD+, private sector initiatives, and governmental laws and regulations. Companies would source commodities that meet their deforestation commitments from jurisdictions implementing REDD+ programs, government monitoring systems, and functioning private sector initiatives. A definition of “zero deforestation” would be created through a multistakeholder process considering a number of different elements. ZDZs would align incentives between actors, generating multiple benefits for companies, governments, and local communities—including reduced costs of monitoring deforestation, low-risk areas for long-term investment, increased legal compliance, and conflict resolution between companies and local communities. Environmental integrity would also be improved because a larger area of forest w...

The group work test is an assessment strategy that promotes higher-order thinking skills for solving context-rich problems. With this format, teachers are able to pose challenging, nuanced questions on a test, while providing the support weaker students need to get started and show their understanding. The test begins with a group discussion phase, when students are given a “number-free” version of the problem. This phase allows students to digest the story-like problem, explore solution ideas, and alleviate some test anxiety. After 10–15 minutes of discussion, students inform the instructor of their readiness for the individual part of the test. What follows next is a pedagogical phase change from lively group discussion to quiet individual work. The group work test is a natural continuation of the group work in our daily physics classes and helps reinforce the importance of collaboration. This method has met with success at York Mills Collegiate Institute, in Toronto, Ontario, where it has been used consistently for unit tests and the final exam of the grade 12 university preparation physics course.

A primary technical requirement of the climate change mitigation mechanism, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), is to calculate emissions factors, that is, the amount of CO2 emissions or removals per hectare from land use and land-use change. Emissions factors are calculated from baseline estimates of the aboveground biomass (AGB) stored in different vegetation types. Ground-based methods for estimating AGB, such as forest inventories, despite being relatively accurate and necessary for calibrating remotely sensed data such as satellite or airborne Light Detection and Ranging, tend to be expensive and time-consuming. Thus, calls have been made to improve the cost-efficiency of these methods within the context of REDD+. Also as part of REDD+, there have been calls for the legitimate inclusion of indigenous peoples and rural communities in various aspects of the mechanism. To address both of these issues, we devised a participatory, rapid, forest inventorying method and tested it across the heterogeneous forest landscape of Darien, Panama. This effort took place within a project that was administratively and logistically managed entirely by an indigenous organization working in collaboration with indigenous authorities in Darien, with funding from the World Bank. A group of 24 indigenous technicians were trained on forest inventorying methods. They established and measured thirty 1-ha plots under our direct supervision. We tested for various sources of error in tree diameter and height measurements. We also tested the scalability of our tree-level biomass estimates to the plot level by comparing our results with simulations conducted on the Barro Colorado Island 50-ha permanent plot data. Results indicate that our rapid, participatory, forest inventorying method effectively captures plot-level AGB, while guaranteeing the full and effective participation of indigenous peoples. The benefits of our method in terms of cost-efficiency and access to remote forest areas are discussed, as well as those accrued by indigenous peoples.

In this paper, we apply the growing body of scholarship on entrepreneurial orientation to understanding organizational performance along social rather than financial metrics. In so doing, we contri...

This paper uses the concepts of organizational fitness and fitness landscapes to examine management challenges that arise from social entrepreneurship efforts. Organizations pursuing social entrepreneurship must manage based on the need to ‘do no harm’ across all three tenets of sustainability: social equity, economic prosperity, and environmental integrity. These three tenets may be in conflict with each other, but organizations that pursue social entrepreneurship must manage with all three of them in mind across a wide range of stakeholders. Extending research on managing organizational fitness in rugged fitness landscapes, this paper argues that social entrepreneurship organizations will need to engage in substantial search processes, will face particularly difficult challenges in managing goals and initiatives, and will need to move into environmental search and adaptive modes early in their maturation process.

Summary of recent ATLAS measurements of jet and photon production using proton-proton (pp) collisions from the Large Hadron Collider. The charged-particle multiplicity in jets, and jet charge measurements are presented using 8 TeV pp collisions. Differential measurements of jet and photon cross-sections are shown for 7, 8 and 13 TeV pp collisions., 9 pages, 9 figures. Proceeding for The Fourth Annual Conference on Large Hadron Collider Physics, Lund, Sweden 13 June - 18 June 2016

Background: Epidemiological studies have assessed T-wave alternans (TWA) as a possible mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias related to air pollution in high-risk subjects and have reported associations with increased TWA magnitude. Objective: In this controlled human exposure study, we assessed the impact of exposure to concentrated ambient particulate matter (CAP) and ozone (O3) on T-wave alternans in resting volunteers without preexisting cardiovascular disease. Methods: Seventeen participants without preexisting cardiovascular disease were randomized to filtered air (FA), CAP (150 μg/m3), O3 (120 ppb), or combined CAP + O3 exposures for 2 hr. Continuous electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded at rest and T-wave alternans (TWA) was computed by modified moving average analysis with QRS alignment for the artifact-free intervals of 20 beats along the V2 and V5 leads. Exposure-induced changes in the highest TWA magnitude (TWAMax) were estimated for the first and last 5 min of each exposure (TWAMax_Early and TWAMax_Late respectively). ΔTWAMax (Late–Early) were compared among exposure groups using analysis of variance. Results: Mean ± SD values for ΔTWAMax were –2.1 ± 0.4, –2.7 ± 1.1, –1.9 ± 1.5, and –1.2 ± 1.5 in FA, CAP, O3, and CAP + O3 exposure groups, respectively. No significant differences were observed between pollutant exposures and FA. Conclusion: In our study of 17 volunteers who had no preexisting cardiovascular disease, we did not observe significant changes in T-wave alternans after 2-hr exposures to CAP, O3, or combined CAP + O3. This finding, however, does not preclude the possibility of pollution-related effects on TWA at elevated heart rates, such as during exercise, or the possibility of delayed responses.

Economic forces don’t change, but the nature of competition does and has. Business has moved through a series of eras to reach the current one, which has been described as ‘post-industrial’, charac...

This paper explores the implications of top management team (TMT) diversity and identity in fostering an organizational environment that promotes social intrapreneurship. We integrate upper echelon...

Examined through the lens of institutional theory, entrepreneurs choosing to do business beyond their home national boundaries are choosing to operate under host country institutions that are likely to be different from their home country institutions. Given the strong normative pressures that these foreign institutions bring to bear on organisations and individuals, we suggest that the decision to expand into different national markets raises interesting questions of whether to succumb to these pressures or find ways to counteract them. In this conceptual paper, we suggest that professional service firms (PSFs) play an important role in resolving this institutional dilemma. Focusing on the initial decision to explore international expansion and looking at PSFs as institutional translators, we suggest that the decision to hire PSFs depends upon the characteristics of the firm, industry and home institutions, moderated by the institutional distance between the home and host nation dyad.

Recent QCD results from ATLAS taken at 7 TeV center-of-mass energy using the LHC are presented, including: dijet production, isolated photon production, isolated photon production associated with jets, jet shapes in top-quark pair events, the production cross-section of the phi(1020) meson, and underlying event in jet events. Good agreement with theory predictions is seen, in particular with those made by next-to-leading-order generators. These measurements highlight the importance of precision QCD measurements for improving state-of-the-art theoretical tools and searching for new physics., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. Proceeding for The Second Annual Conference on Large Hadron Collider Physics, Columbia University, New York, U.S.A 2 June - 7 June 2014

The Greater Cincinnati Energy Alliance (Energy Alliance) is a nonprofit economic development agency dedicated to helping Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky communities reduce energy consumption. The Energy Alliance has launched programs to educate homeowners, commercial property owners, and nonprofit organizations about energy efficiency opportunities they can use to drive energy use reductions and financial savings, while extending significant focus to creating/retaining jobs through these programs. The mission of the Energy Alliance is based on the premise that investment in energy efficiency can lead to transformative economic development in a region. With support from seven municipalities, the Energy Alliance began operation in early 2010 and has been among the fastest growing nonprofit organizations in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky area. The Energy Alliance offers two programs endorsed by the Department of Energy: the Home Performance with ENERGY STAR® Program for homeowners and the Better Buildings Performance Program for commercial entities. Both programs couple expert guidance, project management, and education in energy efficiency best practices with incentives and innovative energy efficiency financing to help building owners effectively invest in the energy efficiency, comfort, health, longevity, and environmental impact of their residential or commercial buildings. The Energy Alliance has raised over $23 million ofmore » public and private capital to build a robust market for energy efficiency investment. Of the $23 million, $17 million was a direct grant from the Department of Energy Better Buildings Neighborhood Program (BBNP). The organization’s investments in energy efficiency projects in the residential and commercial sector have led to well over $50 million in direct economic activity and created over 375,000 hours of labor created or retained. In addition, over 250 workers have been trained through the Building Performance Training Center, a program that was developed and funded by the Energy Alliance and housed at Cincinnati State Technical and Community College. Nearly 100 residential and commercial contractors currently participate in the Energy Alliance’s two major programs, which have together served over 2,800 residential and 100 commercial customers. Additionally, the Energy Alliance established loan programs for homeowners, nonprofits and commercial businesses. The GC-HELP program was established to provide up to ten year low interest, unsecured loans to homeowners to cover the energy efficiency products they purchased through the Energy Alliance approved contractor base. To date the Energy Alliance has financed over $1 million in energy efficiency loans for homeowners, without any loans written off. The nonprofit business community is offered five year, fixed-interest rate loans through the Building Communities Loan Fund of $250,000. Additionally, the Energy Alliance has developed GC-PACE, a commercial financing tool that enables buildings owners to finance their energy upgrades through voluntary property assessments deploying low-interest extended-term capital from the bond market. The Energy Alliance and its partners are actively evaluating additional market-based financing solutions.« less

CVN 78 was launched on November 17, 2013. CVN 78 weighed 77,000 tons at launch and was 70% complete the highest levels attained in aircraft carrier new construction. In addition, all tanks and voids were final coated, all Dual Band Radar (DBR) arrays were installed and 6.1 million of 9.5 million feet of electrical cable were pulled by launch. This unprecedented level of completeness has best prepared the ship for the post-launch test program. Material variance factors such as a shrinking supplier base, cost increases for developmental components, and CVN 78 unique items have been contained. As of December 2013, material availability on the waterfront improved and 95% of all material was procured. Further changes to material variance are not anticipated. Previously reported labor factors associated with use of thinner steels, blast and coat, and unit erection are no longer having a negative effect on labor variance Shipbuilder ability to maintain work package completion rates and to attain aggressive yet achievable goals for compartment outfitting, system turn-over and compartment turn-over will be a significant contributor to remaining cost and schedule performance. However, the principal risk remaining on the CVN 78 is the Shipboard test program and risks associated with first time shipboard operation of new systems and components. To mitigate this risk, the program is executing multiple land based test programs to reduce technical risk prior to shipboard testing. Government Furnished Equipment (GFE) systems such as EMALS, Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG), and DBR are all executing robust, multi-year land based tests. New contractor developed systems such as Machinery Control and Monitoring System (MCMS), JP-5, and Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) are also subjects of early land based testing.