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Children learning English as an additional language (EAL) are a diverse and growing group of pupils in England’s schools. Relative to their monolingual (ML) peers, these children tend to show lower receptive and expressive vocabulary knowledge in English, although interpretation of findings is limited by small and heterogeneous samples. In an effort to increase representativeness and power, the present study combined published and unpublished datasets from six cross-sectional and four longitudinal studies investigating the vocabulary development of 434 EAL learners and 342 ML peers (age range: 4;9–11;5) in 42 primary schools. Multilevel modelling confirmed previous findings of significantly lower English vocabulary scores of EAL learners and some degree of convergence in receptive but not expressive knowledge by the end of primary school. Evidence for narrowing of the gap in receptive knowledge was found only in datasets spanning a longer developmental period, hinting at the protracted nature of this convergence.

Between 1967 and 1971, 280,000 US military personnel visited Sydney on ‘Rest and Recreation’ (R&R) leave from the conflict in Vietnam. During the period in which the R&R program was being negotiated, Australian authorities, along with correspondents to daily newspapers, worried that the presence of large numbers of ‘cashed-up’ Americans would see the public repudiate the R&R scheme, the war and the relationship with the United States. These concerns proved largely unfounded as a majority of Australians welcomed the visiting Americans as both the human face of an alliance deemed critical to the nation’s security and a return of a ‘long lost friend’ from World War II.

Assessments of reading and reading-related skills which measure acquired knowledge may pose problems for the prediction of future reading performance. Such static measures often result in floor effects in the early stages of reading instruction, and may be particularly inaccurate predictors for children from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. Dynamic assessment (DA), in contrast, focuses on learning potential by measuring response to teaching, and may therefore be a less biased form of assessment. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess the ability of dynamic measures of reading and related skills to predict variance in the growth of children’s reading skills over time. Seventeen peer-reviewed articles met inclusion criteria, representing 18 studies published between 1992 and 2020. After static predictors were accounted for, dynamic measures of phonological awareness and decoding explained a significant amount of variance in the growth of word reading accuracy (1–21%) and word reading fluency (typically 1–9%), while variance in reading comprehension outcomes was accounted for by dynamic measures of morphological awareness (4–33.4%) and one dynamic decoding assessment (1%). Finally, a single paired-associate nonword learning task predicted 6% unique variance in future nonword reading accuracy and fluency. Results support the ability of DA to tap into variance unexplained by traditional static measures, though no studies explicitly examined the validity of DA for children from CLD backgrounds. We call for future studies of DA of reading to adopt longer developmental windows and assess proximal as well as distal reading outcome measures.

African American interest and presence in Australia during the Pacific War was a significant if largely forgotten aspect of a conflict in which racial and colonial issues loomed large. Link...

Children learning English as an additional language (EAL) are a growing population of learners in English primary schools. These children begin school with differing levels of English language proficiency and tend to underperform in relation to their non‐EAL peers on measures of English oral language and reading. However, little work has examined the developmental trajectories of these skills in EAL learners in England. EAL learners and 33 non‐EAL peers in Year 4 (age 8–9 years) were assessed at three time points over 18 months on measures of oral language (vocabulary, grammar and listening comprehension), phonological processing (spoonerisms and rapid automatised naming) and reading skills (single‐word decoding and passage reading). At t1, EAL learners scored significantly lower than non‐EAL peers in receptive and expressive vocabulary (breadth but not depth), spoonerisms and passage reading accuracy. Contrary to previous research, no significant group differences were found in listening or reading comprehension skills. With the exception of passage reading accuracy, there was no evidence for convergence or divergence between the groups in rate of progress over time. After three years of English‐medium classroom instruction, EAL learners continue to underperform relative to their non‐EAL peers in breadth of English vocabulary knowledge. This discrepancy in vocabulary knowledge does not appear to narrow as a result of regular classroom instruction in the run up to the final stages of primary school, pinpointing vocabulary as a key target for intervention.

Microstructural characterization and calculation of how several intrinsic features contribute to the mechanical properties of highly strained Inconel X-750 alloy specimens irradiated to 84 dpa at two distinct temperature ranges (300 °C–330 °C and 120 °C–280 °C) were performed. The individual contributions of different microstructural features to the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of the material, including the γ matrix, γ′ precipitates, irradiation induced defects, and helium bubbles, were calculated. The obstacle strength of He bubbles was found to be size-dependent and a critical size was determined. For bubbles 6.6 nm. In the high temperature range (300–330 °C) irradiated specimen, localised dislocation slip was found responsible for the failure of the specimen during micro-tensile testing, associated with significant helium bubble elongation. Elongation of helium bubbles on both the primary and adjacent secondary {111} planes was likely induced by the cross slip of screw dislocations. Nanotwins were also found adjacent to the shear failure surface in the high temperature specimen, but no elongated bubbles were found within the nano-twinned region. In the low temperature range (120–280 °C) irradiated highly strained specimen, a dislocation network structure was revealed.

There is now a sizeable historiography devoted to the US–Australian relationship, particularly during World War Two. Following an early focus on diplomatic, strategic, and economic issues, historia...

We write as a group of doctors affected by persisting symptoms of suspected or confirmed covid-19. We aim to share our insights from both personal experience of the illness and our perspective as physicians. Tackling this problem will involve collaboration between politicians, healthcare services, public health professionals, scientists, and society. We call for the following principles to be used so that the best possible outcomes can be achieved for all people affected by persisting symptoms of covid-19. The effects of the virus should be studied in the way that any other disease would be, with thorough attention paid to epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. “We still know very little about covid-19, but we do know that we cannot fight what we do not measure.”1 Research and surveillance need to capture the full spectrum of disease, including in those not admitted to hospital and not tested, to build an accurate picture of covid-19 phenotypes. We need a clear definition for recovery from covid-19. While further evidence is awaited, clinicians should “be open about uncertainty and transparent in the ways in which we acknowledge the limitations of the imperfect data we have no choice …

Contemporary and historical perspectives on uneven development in South East Asia, Chris Dixon and David Drakakis-Smith the challenge from South East Asia - social forces between equity and growth, Johannes Dragsbaek Schmidt Poverty in South East Asia - some comparative estimates, Anne Booth the price of success - disadvantaged groups in Singapore, Gillian Davidson and David Drakakis-Smith fringes or frontiers? the implications of gender - the case of the Philippines, Cathy McIlwaine ethnicity and redevelopment in Malaysia, Jill Eyre uneven development and (re-)engagement of Laos, Jonathan Rigg foreign investment and the spatial pattern of growth in Vietnam, Curt Nestor the extended Bangkok Metropolitan Region and uneven industrial development in Thailand, Luxmon Wongsuphasawat.

This paper uses a trial audit of history programs undertaken in 2011-2012 to explore issues surrounding the attainment of Threshold Learning Outcomes (TLOs) in an emerging Australian national standards environment for the discipline of history. The audit sought to ascertain whether an accreditation process managed by the discipline under the auspices of the Australian Historical Association (AHA) could be based on a limited-intervention, “light-touch” approach to assessing attainment of the TLOs. The results of the audit show that successful proof of TLO attainment would only be possible with more active intervention into existing history majors and courses. Assessments across all levels of history teaching would have to be designed, undertaken, and marked using a rubric matched to the TLOs. It proved unrealistic to expect students to demonstrate acquisition of the TLOs from existing teaching and assessment practices. The failure of the “light-touch” audit process indicates that demonstrating student attainment under a national standards regime would require fundamental redevelopment of the curriculum. With standards-based approaches to teaching and learning emerging as international phenomena, this case study resonates beyond Australia and the discipline under investigation.

This paper focuses on theoretical and experimental analysis used to establish the limiting heat flux for passively cooled thermoelectric generators (TEG). 2 commercially available TEG’s further referred as type A and type B with different allowable hot side temperatures (150 °C and 250 °C respectively) were investigated in this research. The thermal resistance of TEG was experimentally verified against the manufacturer’s specifications and used for theoretical analysis in this paper. A theoretical model is presented to determine the maximum theoretical heat flux capacity of both the TEG’s. The conventional methods are used for cooling of TEG’s and actual limiting heat flux is experimentally established for various cold end cooling configurations namely bare plate, finned block and heat pipe with finned condenser. Experiments were performed on an indoor setup and outdoor setup to validate the results from the theoretical model. The outdoor test setup consist of a fresnel lens solar concentrator with manual two axis solar tracking system for varying the heat flux, whereas the indoor setup uses electric heating elements to vary the heat flux and a low speed wind tunnel blows the ambient air past the device to simulate the outdoor breezes. It was observed that bare plate cooling can achieve a maximum heat flux of 18,125 W/m2 for type A and 31,195 W/m2 for type B at ambient wind speed of 5 m/s while maintaining respective allowable temperature over the hot side of TEG’s. Fin geometry was optimised for the finned block cooling by using the fin length and fin gap optimisation model presented in this paper. It was observed that an optimum finned block cooling arrangement can reach a maximum heat flux of 26,067 W/m2 for type A and 52,251 W/m2 for type B TEG at ambient wind speed of 5 m/s of ambient wind speed. The heat pipe with finned condenser used for cooling can reach 40,375 W/m2 for type A TEG and 76,781 W/m2 for type B TEG.

Alongside the growing literature exploring Australia's political, strategic, and economic relationships with the nations of the Asia-Pacific, there is an emerging body of scholarship analysing the ...

In July 2016 we described the first known case of canine ocular thelaziosis in the UK in a dog recently imported from Romania. Here we confirm our initial diagnosis using PCR followed by sequence analysis, and we report a further two clinical cases in dogs with recent history of travel to Italy and France. In view of the presence in the UK of the vector for Thelazia callipaeda, namely Phortica spp, we discuss the significance of these three cases in the context of the UK government’s pet travel scheme, disease control and both animal and public health in the UK.

This paper presents the theoretical analysis and experimental validation on the transient behaviour of a proposed combined solar water heating and thermoelectric power generation system. The proposed system consists of concentrated solar thermal device that provides a high heat flux source for thermoelectric generators. Thermoelectric generators are passively cooled using the heat pipes that are embedded inside a heat spreader block. The heat pipe condenser is immersed in a water tank. The immersed liquid cooling technique offers high heat transfer coefficient for cooling of the thermoelectric generators as well as a way to scavenge the heat through water heating that can be used for domestic or industrial purpose. Theoretical analysis develops the governing equations for the proposed system. Results from a scaled down lab setup are used to validate the theoretical analysis. For a flux of 50,000 W/m2 a temperature difference of 75 °C across the thermoelectric generator can be achieved and the hot water can be heated up to 80 °C which can be used for domestic or industrial applications. With 75 °C temperature difference across the TEG hot and cold side, an open circuit voltage of 3.02 V can be generated for each thermoelectric generator with dimensions of 40 mm × 40 mm.

In late 1960s a powerful myth developed in the United States that Vietnam veterans were spat on when they returned home. A parallel myth survives in Australia with widespread claims that paint or even blood was routinely thrown at returning soldiers. In a 1966 incident, red paint was thrown on Lieutenant Colonel Alex V. Preece as he led the First Battalion through Sydney. The Australian myth remains central to perceptions of Australian Vietnam veterans as despised outsiders and feeds into contemporary demands that Australians support their soldiers and the wars in which they are involved. This paper explores connections between cultural politics in the Unites States and Australia, particularly as they pertain to the contentious legacies of the 1960s.