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Violence has significant impacts on the US health care sector, which include the need to care for injured victims and prevent violence to its physicians and employees, as well as the surrounding community. In 2017 violence resulted in about 2.3 million emergency department visits and 376,500 hospitalizations, with an estimated total medical cost of about $8.7 billion. Victims also often need short- and long-term physical and psychological rehabilitation. Health care workers experience the highest rates of violent injuries in the workplace in the US: 7.8 per 1,000 workers per year, compared to rates under 2.0 per 1,000 for other private industry. Treating and preventing injuries to workers in 2016 added an estimated $429 million in direct and indirect costs to US health systems. Health systems and clinicians have embraced screening and interventions in primary care, mental health care, emergency departments, and other clinical settings to prevent violence among high-risk patients, including potential victims of intimate partner violence, victims of youth violence, and suicidal patients. Some interventions include addressing patients' access to firearms, the most lethal method for assaults and suicides. Community health needs assessments help health systems identify violence as a key community health priority and lead to improvements in the delivery of violence prevention programs.

Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Big cities continue to be centers for innovative solutions and services. Governments are quickly identifying opportunities to take advantage of this energy and revolutionize the means by which they deliver services to the public. The governmental public health sector is rapidly evolving in this respect, and Chicago is an emerging example of some of the changes to come. Governments are gradually adopting innovative informatics and big data tools and strategies, led by pioneering jurisdictions that are piecing together the standards, policy frameworks, and leadership structures fundamental to effective analytics use. They give an enticing glimpse of the technology's potential and a sense of the challenges that stand in the way. This is a rapidly evolving environment, and cities can work with partners to capitalize on the innovative energies of civic tech communities, health care systems, and emerging markets to introduce new methods to solve old problems.

Background: In January 2014, the Chicago City Council scheduled a vote on local regulation of electronic cigarettes as tobacco products. One week prior to the vote, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) released a series of messages about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) through its Twitter account. Shortly after the messages, or tweets, were released, the department's Twitter account became the target of a "Twitter bomb" by Twitter users sending more than 600 tweets in one week against the proposed regulation., Objective: The purpose of our study was to examine the messages and tweet patterns in the social media response to the CDPH e-cigarette campaign., Methods: We collected all tweets mentioning the CDPH in the week between the e-cigarette campaign and the vote on the new local e-cigarette policy. We conducted a content analysis of the tweets, used descriptive statistics to examine characteristics of involved Twitter users, and used network visualization and descriptive statistics to identify Twitter users prominent in the conversation., Results: Of the 683 tweets mentioning CDPH during the week, 609 (89.2%) were anti-policy. More than half of anti-policy tweets were about use of electronic cigarettes for cessation as a healthier alternative to combustible cigarettes (358/609, 58.8%). Just over one-third of anti-policy tweets asserted that the health department was lying or disseminating propaganda (224/609, 36.8%). Approximately 14% (96/683, 14.1%) of the tweets used an account or included elements consistent with "astroturfing"-a strategy employed to promote a false sense of consensus around an idea. Few Twitter users were from the Chicago area; Twitter users from Chicago were significantly more likely than expected to tweet in support of the policy., Conclusions: Our findings may assist public health organizations to anticipate, recognize, and respond to coordinated social media campaigns.

An estimated 55 million to 105 million persons in the United States experience acute gastroenteritis caused by foodborne illness each year, resulting in costs of $2-$4 billion annually. Many persons do not seek treatment, resulting in underreporting of the actual number of cases and cost of the illnesses. To prevent foodborne illness, local health departments nationwide license and inspect restaurants and track and respond to foodborne illness complaints. New technology might allow health departments to engage with the public to improve foodborne illness surveillance. For example, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene examined restaurant reviews from an online review website to identify foodborne illness complaints. On March 23, 2013, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) and its civic partners launched FoodBorne Chicago, a website (https://www.foodbornechicago.org) aimed at improving food safety in Chicago by identifying and responding to complaints on Twitter about possible foodborne illnesses. In 10 months, project staff members responded to 270 Twitter messages (tweets) and provided links to the FoodBorne Chicago complaint form. A total of 193 complaints of possible foodborne illness were submitted through FoodBorne Chicago, and 133 restaurants in the city were inspected. Inspection reports indicated 21 (15.8%) restaurants failed inspection, and 33 (24.8%) passed with conditions indicating critical or serious violations. Eight tweets and 19 complaint forms to FoodBorne Chicago described seeking medical treatment. Collaboration between public health professionals and the public via social media might improve foodborne illness surveillance and response. CDPH is working to disseminate FoodBorne Chicago via freely available open source software.

Background: One of the essential services provided by the US local health departments is informing and educating constituents about health. Communication with constituents about public health issues and health risks is among the standards required of local health departments for accreditation. Past research found that only 61% of local health departments met standards for informing and educating constituents, suggesting a considerable gap between current practices and best practice., Objective: Social media platforms, such as Twitter, may aid local health departments in informing and educating their constituents by reaching large numbers of people with real-time messages at relatively low cost. Little is known about the followers of local health departments on Twitter. The aim of this study was to examine characteristics of local health department Twitter followers and the relationship between local health department characteristics and follower characteristics., Methods: In 2013, we collected (using NodeXL) and analyzed a sample of 4779 Twitter followers from 59 randomly selected local health departments in the United States with Twitter accounts. We coded each Twitter follower for type (individual, organization), location, health focus, and industry (eg, media, government). Local health department characteristics were adopted from the 2010 National Association of City and County Health Officials Profile Study data., Results: Local health department Twitter accounts were followed by more organizations than individual users. Organizations tended to be health-focused, located outside the state from the local health department being followed, and from the education, government, and non-profit sectors. Individuals were likely to be local and not health-focused. Having a public information officer on staff, serving a larger population, and "tweeting" more frequently were associated with having a higher percentage of local followers., Conclusions: Social media has the potential to reach a wide and diverse audience. Understanding audience characteristics can help public health organizations use this new tool more effectively by tailoring tweet content and dissemination strategies for their audience.

Stereoselective synthesis of squalamine dessulfates analogues, 7 alpha and 7 beta-N-[3N-(4-aminobutyl) aminopropyl]aminocholesterol are reported, using 7 alpha and 7 beta-aminocholesterol as a key intermediate. It's the first example in which the position of spermidine is modified at the steroid ring. These molecules showed a comparable antibacteria and fungi activities to squalamine. Then, they have a cytotoxic activity on a human non-small cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line (NSCLC-N6).

Homoallylamines, beta-amino esters, and beta-amino nitriles were obtained in a one-pot synthesis directly from an aldehyde and a secondary amine such as dibenzylamine or diallylamine. Their condensation with titanium(IV) isopropoxide generates an intermediate aminoalkoxy titanium complex. Further reaction in THF with nucleophilic organometallic species, generated in situ from indium or zinc and a reactive halide (allyl bromide, alkyl bromo- or iodoacetate, iodoacetonitrile), furnished the corresponding amines.

Rural underserved areas can benefit from private and non governmental organizations in improving health delivery. Many such organizations operate in the underserved Bekaa area in Lebanon. This study aimed to assess the nature, scope, utilization and satisfaction with health services available to the population living in the vicinity of the American University of Beirut Agricultural Research and Education Center in Bekaa. A random sample from the residents of the area (475 individuals) and all physicians and representatives of health delivery institutions serving this population were interviewed. Individuals interviewed reported 3.7 health related visits/person/year, 65% vaccination rate and 34.1% labeled available services as poor. Interviewed physicians and health institution administrators identified the study area priority needs as nurses, emergency transport units and primary care centers. Systematic evaluation and priority setting of the health needs of this population are necessary and the establishment of health centers should be strongly considered.