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Background/objective: A high incidence of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is observed in patients undergoing pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PpPD). However, DGE incidence after pancreaticoduodenectomy varied because of heterogeneity in surgical techniques, number of surgeons, and DGE definition. This study aimed to evaluate the difference in the incidence of DGE following PpPD and pylorus-resecting pancreaticoduodenectomy (PrPD) and to analyze the risk factor of DGE by a single surgeon to determine whether pylorus preservation was the main factor of DGE. Methods: This retrospective study included 115 patients who underwent PpPD (with pylorus ring preservation) and PrPD (without pylorus ring preservation) with laparotomy by a single surgeon at a tertiary center. Results: The overall incidence of DGE was 23.1%. For comparison, 20 patients (39.2%) in the PpPD group and 5 patients (8.8%) in the PrPD group had DGE, showing a significant difference (p

ObjectivesThe actual future liver remnant (aFLR) is calculated as the ratio of remnant liver volume (RLV) to total functional liver volume (TFLV). The standardized future liver remnant (sFLR) is calculated as the ratio of RLV to standard liver volume (SLV). The aims of this study were to compare the aFLR with the sFLR and to determine criteria for safe hepatectomy using computed tomography volumetry and indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (ICG R15).MethodsMedical records and volumetric measurements were obtained retrospectively for 81 patients who underwent right hemi‐hepatectomy for malignant hepatic tumours from January 2010 to November 2013. The sFLR was compared with the aFLR, and a ratio of sFLR to ICG R15 as a predictor of postoperative hepatic function was established.ResultsIn patients without cirrhosis, the sFLR showed a stronger correlation with the total serum bilirubin level than the aFLR (R2 = 0.499 versus R2 = 0.239). Post‐hepatectomy liver failure developed only in the group with an sFLR of 1.9 showed 66.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity.ConclusionsRegardless of ICG R15, an sFLR of ≥25% in patients without cirrhosis, and an sFLR of ≥25% with an sFLR : ICG R15 ratio of >1.9 in patients with cirrhosis indicate acceptable levels of safety in major hepatectomy.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and hepatic resection (HR) with regards to procedural morbidity, mortality, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods: Retrospective studies were performed based on the medical records of 129 patients who underwent curative HR, and 57 who patients received RFA for HCC, between 2005 and 2009. The inclusion criteria of HCC were the presence of three or fewer nodules 3 cm or less in diameter or a single nodule of 5 cm or less. Results: The 1-, 3- and 5-year OS rates in the HR group were 91.3%, 78.8%, and 64.9%, compared to 94.4%, 74.0%, and 74.0% in the RFA group, with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.725). The estimated 1- and 3-year DFS rates were 70.0% and 53.0% in the HR group and 65.2% and 24.7% in the RFA group, respectively. The DFS rates of HR group were significantly higher than RFA group (P = 0.015). Multivariate analysis identified that recurrence (P = 0.036) and portal hypertension (P = 0.036) were associated with OS and that portal hypertension (P = 0.048) and increased serum a-FP (P = 0.008) were the factors significantly associated with DFS. Conclusion: HCC within Milan criteria should consider hepatectomy as the primary treatment if the patient"s liver function and general conditions are good enough to undergo surgical operation. But in that RFA revealed similar overall survival to HR, RFA can be an alternative therapy for patients who are eligible for surgical resection.

Situs inversus totalis is a rare anomaly in which the abdominal and thoracic cavity structures are opposite their usual positions. A 41-yr-old woman, who had an ulcerating cancer on the rectum, was found as a case of situs inversus totalis. We present an overview of the operative technique for the first documented laparoscopic total mesorectal excision of a rectal cancer in the patient with situs inversus totalis. Careful consideration of the mirror-image anatomy permitted a safe operation using techniques not otherwise different from those used for the general population. Therefore, curative laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer in this patient is feasible and safe.

Background Weakness of cervical extensor muscles causes loss of cervical lordosis, which could also cause neck pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of fat infiltration in cervical extensor muscles on cervical lordosis and neck pain. Methods Fifty-six patients who suffered from neck pain were included in this study. Fat infiltration in cervical extensor muscles was measured at each level of C2-3 and C6-7 using axial magnetic resonance imaging. The visual analogue scale (VAS), 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were used for clinical assessment. Results The mean fat infiltration was 206.3 mm2 (20.3%) at C2-3 and 240.6 mm2 (19.5%) at C6-7. Fat infiltration in cervical extensor muscles was associated with high VAS scores at both levels (p = 0.047 at C2-3; p = 0.009 at C6-7). At C2-3, there was a negative correlation between fat infiltration of the cervical extensor muscles and cervical lordosis (r = -0.216; p = 0.020). At C6-7, fat infiltration in the cervical extensor muscles was closely related to NDI (p = 0.003) and SF-12 (p > 0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between cervical lordosis and clinical outcomes (VAS, p = 0.112; NDI, p = 0.087; and SF-12, p > 0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that fat infiltration in the upper cervical extensor muscles has relevance to the loss of cervical lordosis, whereas fat infiltration in the lower cervical extensor muscles is associated with cervical functional disability.

In spite of well-known deleterious effects of alcohol on the nervous system in general, its specific effect on the brain immune system remains poorly understood. In order to better understand the effect of alcohol consumption on the innate immunity and inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS), we sought to determine how ethanol influences inflammatory activation of microglia that function as the resident immune defense system of the brain. After treatment of BV-2 mouse microglial cells or rat primary microglia cultures with various stimuli, nitric oxide (NO) production was measured as an indicator of microglial activation. Pretreatment of the cells with ethanol (10-100 mM) for 1 h resulted in a significant decrease in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced, but not interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-induced, NO production, indicating that ethanol specifically inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory activation of microglia. This was further supported by the ethanol inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1beta expression. In addition, ethanol pretreatment selectively regulated LPS-induced NF-kappaB signaling pathway without affecting IFNgamma-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation, interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) induction or IFNgamma-inducible IP-10 expression. The modulation of LPS-induced NF-kappaB by ethanol was due to the inhibition of coactivator p300. Altogether, these results suggest that acute ethanol exposure may selectively modulate signal transduction pathways associated with inflammatory activation of microglia, which may lead to derangement of CNS immune and inflammatory responses.

Isotropic velocity radius (IVR) and isotropic acceleration radius (IVR) are proposed as local performance indices to quantify the dynamic responsiveness of a multi-arm robot as regards the velocity effects. These performance measures are defined on the basis of the acceleration set describing the effects of actuator torques, velocity of the manipulated object, and gravity upon the acceleration of the object. An algorithm is presented to obtain an explicit expression for calculating these measures by decomposing the torque-related non-square matrix into square matrices without using the concept of pseudo-inverse for the planar multi-arm robot composed of arms each with two joints. Numerical examples for a planar robot with two 2R arms show that the proposed concepts are effective in representing the acceleration capability and velocity effects of a multi-arm robot.

1. 1. The authors examined the anticonvulsant effects of MK-801 on the pilocarpine-induced seizure model. Intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine (400 mg/kg) induced tonic and clonic seizure. Scopolamine (10 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (5 mg/kg) prevented development of pilocarpine-induced behavioral seizure but MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg) did not. 2. 2. An electrical seizure measured with hippocampal EEG appeared in the pilocarpine-treated group. Scopolamine and pentobarbital blocked the pilocarpine-induced electrographic seizure. MK-801 treatment augmented the electrographic seizure induced by pilocarpine. 3. 3. Brain damage was assessed by examining the hippocampus microscopically. Pilocarpine produced neuronal death in the hippocampus, which showed pyknotic changes. Pentobarbital, Scopolamine and MK-801 protected the brain damage by pilocarpine, though in the MK-801-treated group, the pyramidal cells of hippocampus appeared darker than normal. In all treatments, granule cells of the dentate gyrus were not affected. 4. 4. These results indicate that status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine is initiated by cholinergic overstimulation and propagated by glutamatergic transmission, the elevation of which may cause brain damage through an excitatory NMDA receptor-mediated mechanism.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the prognostic factors for distal cholangiocarcinoma after curative resection, and to assess the significance of perineural invasion (PNI) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) as prognostic factors.A retrospective analysis of 91 patients who underwent radical surgery for distal cholangiocarcinoma between March 2004 and October 2011 was performed. We analyzed the survival rate and prognostic factors affecting the survival.The overall 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 84.1, 49.7 and 38.9 %, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the prognostic factors influencing the survival were the histological differentiation, lymph node (LN) involvement and TNM stage. In the multivariate analysis, LN metastasis was the only independent prognostic factor. Although patients with PNI tended to show poorer survival, it was not a statistically significant factor (3- and 5-year OS; 62.0 and 54.6 % vs. 42.8 and 30.9 %, P = 0.166). In the patients with a total lymph node count (TLNC) of 11 or less, PNI was a significant prognostic factor; however, it was not a significant factor in the patients with a TLNC over 11. Overall, the LVI had no influence on the patient survival.LN metastasis was the only significant prognostic factor after the curative resection of distal cholangiocarcinoma. In cases where adequate dissection was performed, it appeared that the PNI and LVI had no influence on the survival.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. PURPOSE To investigate the influence of fat infiltration at low back extensor muscles on osteoporotic vertebral fracture. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE In persons with stronger back muscles, the risk of osteoporotic vertebral fractures will likely be lower than in those persons with weaker back muscles. However, the degree of influence of fat infiltration of the back extensor muscle on osteoporotic vertebral fracture remains controversial. METHODS Two hundred and thirty-seven patients who had undergone lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging and bone mineral density (BMD) were enrolled in this study. The amount of low back extensor muscle was determined using the pseudocoloring technique on an axial view of the L3 level. The patients were divided into two groups: osteoporotic vertebral fracture group (group A) and non-fracture group (group B). The amount of low back extensor muscle is compared with BMD, degenerative change of disc, osteophyte grade of facet joint and promontory angle to reveal the association between these factors. RESULTS A negative correlation is found between age and the amount of low back extensor muscle (p=0.001). The amount of low back extensor muscle in group A and group B was 60.3%±14.5% and 64.2%±9.3% respectively, thus showing a significantly smaller amount of low back extensor muscle in the osteoporotic vertebral fracture group (p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS Fat infiltration of low back extensor muscle was increased in osteoporotic vertebral fracture patients. Therefore, fat infiltration of low back extensor muscle in an elderly person may be a risk factor of osteoporotic vertebral fracture.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of radial overgrowth after surgical treatment for pediatric distal radius fractures. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two pediatric patients under the age of 10 years who underwent surgical treatment for a distal radius fracture without physeal injury were enrolled in this study. They were divided into 2 groups according to the ulnar fracture; distal radius alone fracture in 9 patients group and radioulnar both fracture in 13 patients group. The radial length, ulnar variance, and radial inclination at the last follow-up X-ray were measured using a simple lateral radiograph. The visual analogue scale (VAS) of distal radioulnar joint pain, the Mayo wrist score, and range of motion of the wrist were assessed for the clinical results. Results: At mean follow-up period of 3.7 years, radial overgrowth was 2.2 mm (p=0.01) compared with the un-injured side. There was negative ulnar variance on the injured side, an average of 0.8 mm (p=0.01). Clinically, mean VAS was 0.2, and the Mayo wrist score was 99.3. No significant difference in radial overgrowth (p=0.32), ulnar variance (p=0.99), VAS (p=0.29), and the Mayo wrist score (p=0.34) was observed between groups. Conclusion: Radial overgrowth and negative ulnar variance was observed after surgical treatment of pediatric distal radius fracture without physeal injury. However, the radial overgrowth does not affect clinical outcomes.

Stress proteins have been implicated in pathological cardiovascular conditions. We hypothesized that a heat-shock response modulates contractility of vascular smooth muscles. Rat aortic ring preparations were mounted in organ baths, exposed to 42 degrees C for 45 min, and subjected to contractions. Expression of HSP70 and phosphorylation of myosin light chain were examined with immunoblots. Heat shock enhanced contractile response to KCl in parallel with HSP70 expression in rat aortic rings from 8 h but not 1 h after the end of heat shock. Heat shock also augmented vascular contractility to phenylephrine whether endothelium was intact or denuded. Treatment of heat shock-preconditioned aortic rings with Bay K8644, a calcium channel activator, but not treatment with phorbol dibutyrate (1 micromol/l), a protein kinase C activator, enhanced contractions of the rings as compared with those of the control. The levels of phosphorylation of myosin light chains after administration of phenylephrine in heat shock-preconditioned tissues were statistically significantly higher than those in control tissues. Pretreatment with wortmannin (300 nmol/l), an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase, decreased both contractility and phosphorylation of myosin light chains in parallel. However, heat-shock response did not affect relaxation responses to either acetylcholine in endothelium-intact aortic rings or sodium nitroprusside in endothelium-denuded rings. These results suggest that the heat-shock response is associated with enhanced vascular smooth muscle contractility through a modulation of thick-filament regulation.

(−)-Epigallocatechin gallate has a potent antioxidant property and can reduce free radical-induced lipid peroxidation as a green tea polyphenol. In previous study, systemic administration of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate immediately after ischemia has been shown to inhibit the hippocampal neuronal damage in the gerbil model of global ischemia. Polyamines are thought to be important in the generation of brain edema and neuronal cell damage associated with various types of excitatory neurotoxicity. We examined the effects of delayed administration of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate on the changes in polyamine levels and neuronal damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils. To produce transient global ischemia, both common carotid arteries were occluded for 3 min with micro-clips. The gerbils were treated with (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (50 mg/kg, i.p.) at 1 or 3 h after ischemia. The polyamines; putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels were examined using high performance liquid chromatography in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus 24 h after ischemia. Putrescine levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were increased significantly after ischemia and the delayed administrations of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (1 or 3 h after ischemia) attenuated the increases. Only minor changes were noted in the spermidine and spermine levels after ischemia. In histology, neuronal injuries in the hippocampal CA1 regions were evaluated quantitatively 5 days after ischemia. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate administered 1 h or 3 h after ischemia significantly reduced hippocampal neuronal damage. The present results show that the delayed administrations of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibit the transient global ischemia-induced increase of putrescine levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate is neuroprotective against neuronal damage even when administered up to 3 h after global ischemia. These findings suggest that (−)-epigallocatechin gallate may be promising in the acute treatment of stroke.

Systemically administered kainate has been demonstrated to induce neuronal damage and changes of the levels of biochemical substances related to neurotoxicity. Polyamines are thought to be important in the generation of edema and neuronal cell loss associated with various type of excitotoxicity. Melatonin exerts potent free radical scavenging, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. This study was designed to estimate the effect of exogenous melatonin administration on the changes of polyamine levels in rat brains after systemic administration of kainate. Kainate [10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] was injected into the rats to produce excitotoxicity. Melatonin (15 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 1 h before, immediately after, and 1 h after kainate treatment. We examined the polyamine [putrescine (PU), spermidine (SD) and spermine (SM)] levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and neuronal density in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subsectors in brain sections. PU levels were increased 8 and 24 h after kainate treatment and the administration of melatonin attenuated these changes. Only minor changes were noted in the levels of the polyamine SD and SM after the kainate treatment. In histology, neuronal injuries in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subsectors were examined 3 days after kainate treatment and melatonin reduced the kainate-induced neuronal injuries. Our results show that melatonin inhibits the polyamine responses in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following kainate-induced excitotoxicity and PU may be responsible for the protective effect of melatonin against kainate-induced excitotoxicity.

s / Pancreatology 13 (2013) S1–S80 S74 Background/aim: During a PD it is important to fully understand the arcade of blood vessels in the head of the pancreas before the surgery to reduce intraoperative bleeding. In most of our patients, the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (IPDA), one of the efferent arteries of the head of the pancreas, forms a short common trunkwith thefirst jejunal artery (FJA). There are twoways to locate the IPDA: tomeasure the distance between the origin of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and that of the FJA or to measure the distance between the origin of the middle colic artery (MCA) and that of the FJA. In this study, we measured both distances using 3D models of arteries constructed with MD-CT and discussed which distance can be more easily measured to help determine the location of the IPDA. Methods: One-hundred-forty patients underwent 64-MD-CT to acquire early and late arterial phase images. The distance between the SMA origin and the FJA origin and the distance between the MCA origin and the FJA origin were measured. Results: In patients whose IPDA formed a common trunk with the FJA or arose directly from the SMA, the IPDA or the common truck was located in parallel with the SMA at a very short distance of approximately 18 mm from theMCAorigin towards the center. The distance between the SMAorigin and the IPDAwas significantly longer. Therefore, locating the MCA origin during PD helped determine the location of the IPDA. Thus, locating the SMA origin was helped determine the location of the IPDA during PD in these patients. Conclusions: Considering that the distance between the IPDA origin and the MCA origin was short, it was demonstrated that it is effective to locate the MCA origin to determine the location of the PIPDA.

Herein, we present a case of coexisting neuroendocrine carcinoma and conventional adenocarcinoma (collision tumor) in the ampulla of Vater, which has seldom been reported in the literature. A 51-year-old man presented with a month history of jaundice. MRCP disclosed about 1.9×1.8 cm sized heterogeneously enhancing mass in ampulla of Vater, causing obstructions of distal common bile duct. He underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy under the diagnosis on ampulla of Vater cancer. Pathologically, sections on the ampulla of Vater showed conventional ductal adenocarcinoma extended and collided with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. In conclusion, we hereby presented a case of coexisting neuroendocrine carcinoma and conventional adenocarcinoma in the ampulla of Vater.

Purpose: It is increasingly being recognized that the lymph node ratio (LNR) is an important prognostic factor for gallbladder carcinoma patients. The present study evaluated predictors of tumor recurrence and survival in a large, mono-institutional cohort of patients who underwent surgical resection for gallbladder carcinoma, focusing specifically on the prognostic value of lymph node (LN) status and of LNR in stage IIIB patients. Methods: Between 2004 and 2011, 123 patients who underwent R0 radical resection for gallbladder carcinoma at the Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were staged according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition, and prognostic factors affecting disease free survival, such as age, sex, comorbidity, body mass index, presence of preoperative symptoms, perioperative blood transfusion, postoperative complications, LN dissection, tumor size, differentiation, lymph-vascular invasion, perineural invasion, T stage, presence of LN involvement, N stage, numbers of positive LNs, LNR and implementation of adjuvant chemotherapy, were statistically analyzed. Results: LN status was an important prognostic factor in patients undergoing curative resection for gallbladder carcinoma. The total number of LNs examined was implicated with prognosis, especially in N0 patients. LNR was a powerful predictor of disease free survival even after controlling for competing risk factors, in curative resected gallbladder cancer patients, and especially in stage IIIB patients. Conclusion: LNR is confirmed as an independent prognostic factor in curative resected gallbladder cancer patients, especially in stage IIIB gallbladder carcinoma.

Backgrounds/Aims: The future liver remnant (FLR) is usually calculated as a ratio of the remnant liver volume (RLV) to the total functional liver volume (RLV/TFLV). In liver transplantation, it is generally accepted that the ratio of the graft volume to standard liver volume (SLV) needs to be at least 30% to 40% to fit the hepatic metabolic demands of the recipient. The aim of this study was to compare RLV/TFLV versus RLV/SLV as a predictor of postoperative liver function and liver failure. Methods: CT volumetric measurements of RLV were obtained retrospectively in 74 patients who underwent right hemihepatectomy for a malignant tumor from January 2010 to May 2013. RLV and TFLV were obtained using CT volumetry, and SLV was calculated using Yu"s formula: SLV (ml)=21.585×body weight (kg) 0.732 ×height (cm) 0.225 . The RLV/SLV ratio was compared with the RLV/TFLV as a predictor of postoperative hepatic function. Results: Postheptectomy liver failure (PHLF), morbidity, and serum total bilirubin level at postoperative day 5 (POD 5) were increased significantly in the group with the RLV/SLV ≤30% compared with the group with the RLV/SLV ＞30% (p=0.002, p=0.004, and p＜0.001, respectively). But RLV/TFLV was not correlated with PHLF and morbidity (p=1.000 and 0.798, respectively). RLV/SLV showed a stronger correlation with serum total bilirubin level than RLV/TFLV (RLV/SLV vs. RLV/TFLV, R=0.706 vs. 0.499, R²=0.499 vs. 0.239). Conclusions: RLV/SLV was more specific than RLV/TFLV in predicting the postoperative course after right hemihepatectomy. To determine the safe limit of hepatic resection, a larger-scaled prospective study is needed.

Peribiliary cysts, known as cystic dilatation, of the extramural peribiliary glands of the bile duct are rare, and are usually detectable under conditions of pre-existing hepatobiliary diseases such as liver cirrhosis. Preoperative diagnosis is often difficult, because they are usually asymptomatic. Distinction of peribiliary cysts from premalignant or malignant cystic lesions is mandatory. Herein, we report a case of peribiliary cyst, which was preoperatively assumed as unilobar Caroli's diseases in healthy young patients and briefly discuss the management of the condition.

The dose-related effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on the rat EEG were evaluated qusntitstively by spectral analysis of the EEG recorded from the rat skull. The anesthetics were inhaled by animal ventilator into 10L glass bottle, in which the preparated rats were placed, at various concentrations, and then bipolar EEG was recorded from the rat skull and its spectrum was calculated by power speetral analysis. The density of each spectral bands (delta 1-3.25, theta 3.5-7.75, alpha 8-12.25, and beta 13-31.75Hz), total density, delta ratio, spectral edge frequency, and medisn power frequency were derived from the spectra. With inspection of conventional EEG, 1.5 MAC of hslothane revealed spindles, but higher dose decreased the amplitude. 1.5 MAC of enflurane revealed a lot of spike waves but 2.0 MAC revealed several spike waves and decreased the amplitude, and 1.5 MAC isoflurane revealed isolated spike waves but 2.0 MAC revealed cerebro- electrical silence. In quantitative spectral analysis of EEG, significant EEG changes were identified during inhalation of all anestheties. In halothane dominent frequencies in EEG were delta waves at 1.5 MAC and 2.0 MAC. In enflurane dominent waves in EEG were theta waves at 1.5 MAC and 2.0 MAC and in isoflurane those were theta waves. Taken together, these findings suggest that analysis for EEG parameters derived from power spectral analysis could be applied to determine the depth of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane anesthesia

흰주 뇌파를 기록하여 thiopental 및 ketamine 투여시에 뇌파의 특징을 용량과 관련시켜 연구하였다. 쥐에게 thiopental 및 ketamine을 0-8 ㎍/min/g 속도로 투여하였다. 쥐의 머리 피부에 stainless stell 전극을 꽂아 뇌파를 기록하고 스펙트럼 분석을 시행하여 각 투여량에서 뇌파의 스펙트럼을 구하였다. 또한, 이 스펙트럼으로 부터 각 밴드별(delta 1~3.25Hz, theta 3.5~7.75, alpha 8~12.75, beta1 13~17.75, beta 2 18~20.75, and beta 3 21~31.75Hz)밀도 및 total 밀도를 계산하였다. 현행의 방법으로 기록된 뇌파기록상에서 thiopental 용량 증가에 따라 처음에는 진폭이 큰 방추파가 나타났고 3㎍/min/g 이상 주입시 뇌파가 거의 없는 기간이 지속되었으며 간혹 방추파가 나타났다. ketamine 주입시 처음에는 진폭이 큰 느린파에 따른 파들이 중첩되어 나타났고 양을 증가 시킬때 극파 활동이 증가되었다. Ketamine 주입량이 증가함에 따라 스펙트럼의 양상이 두가지 형태로 구별되었다. 한가지 형태는 스펙트럼에서 전 주파수 밴드에서 밀도가 균일하게 상승하는 것(제 1형)이고, 다른 하나는 특정 주파수대의 밀도가 현저하게 상승하는 경우(제 2형)이다. 제 1형에 해당되는 휜주의 뇌파는 불규칙적인 극파 발생을 보이며 제 2형에 해당되는 뇌파는 규칙적으로 발생하는 극파의 특징을 보였다. 각 밴드별 밀도는 thiopental 주입량이 1~2㎍/min/g로 주입시 모든 밴드의 밀도가 최고를 나타냈고 그 이상으로 양이 증가함에 따라 점차 감소하여 4~5㎍/min/g 주입시에 밀도가 거의 줄어졌다. 반면 ketamine 주입시에 용량-의존적으로 전기적 활동성이 증가하였다. 이상과 같이 스펙트럼 분석을 이용하여 유도한 밴드의 밀도를 관찰하므로써 thiopental 및 ketamine와 같은 정맥마취약의 효과의 정도를 판정할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하며 또한 두가지 정맥마취약의 서로 다른 작용기전의 차이도 반영할 수 있다고 본다.

This study was investigated the effects of imipramine (IMI) and electroconvulsive shock (ECS), which are used as antidepressant therapy, on the central β1- or β2 adrenergic receptor in anesthetized rats. The resting blood pressure and heart rate decreased in reserpinized group (5 mg/kg i.p., 24 hr before), but not in other 4 groupsi.e. acute IMI (20 mg/kg i.p. 3–5 hr before), chronic IMI (Same dose, twice a day for 14 days), single ECS (sinusoidal 20 Hz, 120 V for 1 sec) and repeated ECS (same condition, daily for 12 days). The increase of heart rate and hypotension evoked by 1 or 3 μg intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of (+)dobutamine, β1-agonist, was attenuated by chronic IMI treatment. The hypotension by salbutamol, β2-agonist, 1 or 3μg i.c.v. was significantly attenuatted in repeated ECS or reserpine treatment. And, the diminution of pulse pressure of salbutamol also reduced by repeated ECS. These results suggest that IMI or ECS result in attenuation on tachycardia by (+)dobutamine or on hypotension by salbutamol, presumably by which the central β1 or β2-receptor sensitivity may be suppressed, respectively.