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The development of rural tourism destinations in China is confronting multiple issues, including blind expansion and a repetitive developmental model, causing the sector to enter a vicious competition cycle. The perception among tourists of rural tourism destinations, and their willingness to revisit places will provide insights for service providers that will enable them to form better strategies to stand out in the fiercely competitive market. Understanding tourist perception will enable providers to contribute to the construction of rural tourist destinations. Taking Ma Wei Yi Folk Culture Village as a case study, this paper combines the development status of rural tourism in Ma Wei Yi, obtains first-hand data through questionnaire interviews, verifies the research hypothesis, and uses Pearson coefficient to carry out correlation analysis. The paper concluded that tourists’ rural perception has a positive and strong impact on their willingness to revisit, and its factors have different impacts. According to the empirical results, tourist destination providers should pay attention to rural perceptual development in their follow-up development and operation processes. They can effectively attract tourists to visit multiple times, enhance tourist’s sense of enjoyable experience, and achieve sustainable development. RESUMO: O desenvolvimento de destinos de turismo rural na China está enfrentando vários problemas, incluindo a expansão cega e um modelo de desenvolvimento repetitivo, fazendo com que o setor entre em um ciclo vicioso de competição. A percepção dos turistas sobre os destinos de turismo rural e sua vontade de revisitar os lugares fornecerão insights para os prestadores de serviços que os capacitarão a formar melhores estratégias para se destacar no mercado acirrado. Compreender a percepção do turista permitirá que os provedores contribuam para a construção de destinos turísticos rurais. Tomando a aldeia de cultura popular Ma Wei Yi como um estudo de caso, este artigo combina o status de desenvolvimento do turismo rural em Ma Wei Yi, obtém dados em primeira mão por meio de entrevistas por questionário, verifica a hipótese de pesquisa e usa o coeficiente de Pearson para realizar a análise de correlação. O artigo conclui que a percepção rural dos turistas tem um impacto positivo e forte na sua vontade de revisitar, e seus fatores têm impactos diferentes. De acordo com os resultados empíricos, os provedores de destinos turísticos devem prestar atenção ao desenvolvimento perceptivo rural em seus processos de desenvolvimento e operação de acompanhamento. Eles podem então efetivamente atrair turistas para visitar várias vezes, aumentar a sensação de experiência agradável do turista e alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the preferred communication channels to foster energy conservation behaviour among office building users. Energy demand from the commercial sector in Malaysia is, at 33.2 per cent, the highest after the industry sector, at 45.1 per cent. The country’s progress in actively practising energy conservation is lacking, despite various energy conservation programmes having been launched in recent years. A large amount of energy is wasted by users’ poor energy conservation behaviour. To market voluntary energy conservation behaviour, the delivery of energy conservation messages using the appropriate communication channels remains an important strategy. Design/methodology/approach This paper involves two-stage data collection. The communication categories associated with a set of channels identified from expert interview serve as the basis for the second stage of empirical data gathering using conjoint analysis. A choice-based conjoint analysis assisted by Sawtooth Software is used to analyse the 525 usable empirical data gathered from a final questionnaire survey among the office building users in Malaysia. Findings This paper has identified five communication categories associated with a total of 19 channels. The mass media is acknowledged as the most preferred communication channel among office building users in the marketing of energy conservation behaviour, while the least preferred channel to communicate energy conservation information is audio-visual media. Originality/value This study contributes to existing literature with a novel case in Malaysia office building by identifying the preferred combination of communication channels in fostering energy conservation behaviour. The findings could benefit the building managers in marketing energy conservation behaviour among office building users to effectively achieve the desired change for sustainable development.

Background Malaysia, as one of the countries that intend to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations (UN). Under the responsible consumption and production goals category, Malaysian households should take part by practising waste separation at home when the Separation at Source Initiative (SSI) under Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672) launched and effective in September 2015. However, many households in Malaysia is unwilling to participate. As the local authority has taken an extrinsic motivation thru SSI, this paper will study the impact of intrinsic motivation among the households. This paper purpose is to emphasise the part of intrinsic motivation thru extended Theory of Planned Behaviour in influencing households waste separation behaviour. A questionnaire survey was conducted towards high-rise residential units in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and obtained a total of 900 valid questionnaires. Data are analysed using the Smart PLS software. The results show that all the determinants from the model that consists of attitude towards behaviour, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control, and moral norm are significant. All the determinants positively influence the waste separation behaviour with the moral norm as the most influential determinant in improving households intrinsic motivation to engage with the waste separation at source behaviour. This paper result with the suggestions to foster waste separation behaviour among households based on the findings. Objectives To identify the factors that could positively influence the waste separation at source behaviour among high-rise residents in Kuala Lumpur. This paper intends to discover the application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) extended with Moral Norm (MN) element in influencing the Waste Separation at Source Behaviour (WSB) among households. As this research focuses on intrinsic motivation, the MN element is included as it is one of the elements that represent a person intrinsic motivation. The result will support the application of moral norm together with TPB determinants. Furthermore, it shows the significance of the extended TPB. Originality/value Most past papers studied the recycling intentions and behaviour among households. This paper is the first study that applying the extended TPB in investigating the WSB among high-rise residents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The implication of the findings is useful for the local authority to encourage waste separation at source behaviour among households.

National Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is evaluated every two years to examine the environmental performance in Malaysia concerning different indicators such as climate change and water quality. Considering the causes of environmental degradation are mainly due to anthropogenic activities, this study aims to explore the need of indicating the social-psychological factors among Malaysians in qualifying the level of public environmental awareness and behaviour. A nationwide study has been conducted to examine environmental awareness and behaviour from 13 States and three Federal Territories. The result demonstrated current level of environmental awareness and behaviour among Malaysians, as according to the four categories; water pollution, air pollution, waste management and climate change.

Fostering energy conservation behavior is an important component of moving towards a sustainable energy future. This study aims to identify the key determinants predicting energy conservation intention in a university setting. The theory of planned behavior is adopted as the theoretical framework to investigate the underlying determinants of energy conservation intention using structural equation modeling analysis. A total of 2,000 students from the five leading public universities in Malaysia were used as the sample. The theory of planned behavior constructs was found to explain 87% of the variance in Malaysian university students’ intention to conserve energy. The results of the structural equation analysis revealed that attitude demonstrates the strongest relationship with energy conservation intention, followed by subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. The results have implications for university management’s utility policy development and for the design of a more focused and specific scheme to foster effective energy conservation behavior. Additionally, the behavioral, normative, and control beliefs identified in the study provide information for interventions to target the specific beliefs relevant to the targeted population. The implications of the present study and recommendations for future research are discussed.

This study investigates the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis using a country’s ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ninety-three countries were examined, categorized by income. The fixed effects and the generalized method of moments results clearly showed an inverted U-shaped relationship between the ecological footprint and GDP growth, which represents the EKC hypothesis in upper middle- and high-income countries but not in low- and lower middle-income countries. This relationship only occurs in a stage of economic development in which technologies are available that improve energy efficiency, energy saving and renewable energy, which are not accessible for countries with low income due to their high cost. Moreover, energy consumption, urbanization, and trade openness increase environmental damage through their positive effect on the ecological footprint of most countries across all income groups. However, financial development reduces environmental degradation in lower middle-, upper middle- and high-income countries. This relationship confirms that loans from banks are primarily given to firms that establish investments in projects that are mostly environmentally friendly. From the results of this study, a number of recommendations can be provided for the investigated countries.

This study attempts to identify the optimum social marketing mix for marketing energy conservation behaviour to students in Malaysian universities. A total of 2000 students from 5 major Malaysian universities were invited to provide their preferred social marketing mix. A choice-based conjoint analysis identified a mix of five social marketing attributes to promote energy conservation behaviour; the mix is comprised of the attributes of Product, Price, Place, Promotion, and Post-purchase Maintenance. Each attribute of the mix is associated with a list of strategies. The Product and Post-purchase Maintenance attributes were identified by students as the highest priority attributes in the social marketing mix for energy conservation behaviour marketing, with shares of 27.12% and 27.02%, respectively. The least preferred attribute in the mix is Promotion, with a share of 11.59%. This study proposes an optimal social marketing mix to university management when making decisions about marketing energy conservation behaviour to students, who are the primary energy consumers in the campus. Additionally, this study will assist university management to efficiently allocate scarce resources in fulfilling its social responsibility and to overcome marketing shortcomings by selecting the right marketing mix.

Ecological footprint (EF) is potential to be applied in universities to assist building management units to coordinate in order to reduce environmental impact and to achieve sustainable resource consumption from its main activities including teaching-learning, research and operations. As many Malaysian universities declare to become sustainability campus, the adoption of ecological footprint in measuring campus sustainability will provide insight and better understanding about the performance of campus sustainability efforts. The main concept of ecological footprint which convert levels of consumption into the amount of land needed, will able to reveal the average student performance and impacts towards the campus. Further, a study is conducted to determine the average ecological footprint level of students in research universities Malaysia considering students formed the majority of the community in a campus. A pilot study has been conducted in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) among students staying in hostel together with staffs from UTM Office of Student Affairs and Alumni (HEMA) and UTM Office of Asset and Development (PHB). Then, Redefining Progress (RP) ecological footprint online calculator is used in computing the ecological footprint of UTM students.

To create a cost effective environment during the management of building facilities, energy conservation is important among building users as it can help to conserve energy and reduce energy cost. To promote energy conservation, the behavior of user should be focused where their behavior should be improved to reduce energy wastage. Prompt is among the simplest and inexpensive behavioural interventions to improve energy conservation behavior. The prompt has been used wisely in healthcare sectors to promote healthy lifestyles, but no recent study on energy conservation behavior. The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of prompt in prompting energy conservation behavior among the building users in university. An experiment was designed and carried out to examine the effectiveness of local and global types prompt messages for prompting efficiency use of energy. This research findings show that there was no significant difference between local and global types prompt messages, however, the findings indicate that both prompt messages were able to prompt the behavior change among the energy users and local type prompt message was more able to prompt the users than global types prompt messages. This finding could provide the useful information to society nowadays on using prompt to manage the energy efficiently.

The role of FM practitioners is to create an environment that sustains the primary objectives of the organisation. In managing healthcare facilities, the aim is to serve the healthcare users with efficient and quality medical environments in order to enhance the healing process. However, dysfunction that exists in environmental design is one of the issues often faced by the healthcare FM practitioners these days. Psychological stress is viewed as a consequence of design-behaviour dysfunction when the existing environmental design can no longer fit the need of users. With the possibility of certain environmental features to act as the sources of stressors, it is vital for FM practitioners to discover those features from the surrounding environment that appear to be harmful to the healthcare users. This paper provides an overview of the effect of the surrounding environment on stress. The association between environmentally induced-stress and the impacts of health is further discussed. Lastly, the application of evidence-based practice (EBP) is suggested in order to further the understanding for the association and intervention between environmental stressors and clinical outcomes.

With regards to the growing evidences of potential benefits derived from high quality healing environment to both the patient and staff in healthcare facilities, there is an increase of awareness and application of quality healing environment to compliment the current healthcare delivery services. It is proved that proper lighting design would intensified nursing care value, hospital wall color could reduce stress, and existing of window could reduce anxiety among patients. However, the healthcare users’ needs toward the healing environment are still not thoroughly interpret and understood by healthcare facilities providers. Previous research suggests that satisfaction acceptance from patients and staffs are the key indicators of quality healing environment. This study intends to investigate the perception among patient and staff as an important indication of the quality of healing environment by utilized the National Health Service’s evaluation toolkit, A Staff and Patient Environment Calibration Toolkit (ASPECT). Findings revealed patient and staff suggest that provision of wards with diverse character by presenting different colours, composition and material as an important segment for healthcare experiences. This in relation to make patients and staffs to feel located meaningfully. The research findings would serve as guidance for healthcare facilities providers regarding the quality physical environment, in responsive to patient and staffs’ needs.

Considering the causes of environmental degradation are mainly due to anthropogenic activities, this study aims to explore the need of indicating the social-psychological factors among Malaysians in qualifying the level of public environmental awareness and behaviour. A nationwide study has been conducted to examine environmental awareness and behaviour from 13 States and three Federal Territories. The result demonstrated current level of environmental awareness and behaviour among Malaysians, as according to the four categories; water pollution, air pollution, waste management and climate change.2398-4279 © 2017 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Environmental Performance Index; Environmental Awareness; Environmental Behaviour; Malaysian

Energy awareness is the first step to achieve energy sustainability. Without energy awareness, effort in energy conservation can be difficult and leading to energy wastage. This paper intends to introduce the Conceptual Model of Energy Awareness Development Process (CMEADP) as a guide for facilities and energy managers to raise energy awareness and improve energy-use behaviour among the building's users in Malaysian university. The CMEADP consisted of two segments: receiver dominated segment that represents the energy awareness achievement process and transferor dominated segment that represents the energy awareness development process. Each of the segments consist a sequence of core processes. This paper focus on the transferor dominated segment which play an essential role in creating energy awareness and lead to energy saving.