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Background: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that can cause serious infection. We aimed to analyse the prevalence and susceptibility rates to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) of S. maltophilia. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of S. maltophilia isolates from a university hospital from 2001 to 2020. Clinical information, the numbers of isolates and susceptibility rates were analyzed by year. Susceptibility rates and changes in respiratory and non-respiratory samples were compared. Results: 1,805 S. maltophilia isolates were identified, of which 81.4% (1,469/1,805) were from respiratory samples. There was a male predominance and 52% of the isolates were from general wards. The average susceptibility rate was 87.7% and there was no significant annual trend (p = 0.519). The susceptibility rate was 88.7% in respiratory samples and 84.1% in non-respiratory samples (p = 0.018). Conclusions: Susceptibility analyses using clinical data over long periods can guide the choice of antimicrobials especially for pathogen whose treatment options are limited.

Intracranial infection caused by anaerobic bacteria is rare, and it is difficult to identify absolute anaerobes in the clinical laboratory, especially when the bacterial load is low. Here, we report the first case of intracranial mycotic aneurysm caused by Prevotella intermedia associated with chronic sinusitis and successful identification of the bacteria by 16S rRNA sequencing from bacterial growth in broth only.

Objective Fibrin sealants have been used for hemostasis, sealant for cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and adhesive barrier in neurosurgery. Further, as its clinical use and role of an effective drug delivery vehicle have been proposed. This study was performed to measure antibacterial activity and continuous local antibiotic release from different concentrations of vancomycin-impregnated fibrin sealant in vitro. Methods Antibacterial activity was investigated by disk diffusion test by measuring the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC29213) from vancomycin-embedded fibrin sealant disc diluted at five different concentrations (C1-C5; 8.33, 4.167, 0.83, 0.083, and 0.0083 mg/disc, respectively). Continuous and conditioned release of vancomycin concentration (for 2 weeks and for 5 days, respectively) were also measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. To mimic the physiologic wound conditions with in vitro, conditioned vancomycin release in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was measured and replaced PBS for five consecutive days, half a day or completely daily. Results In the disk diffusion test, the mean diameters of bacterial inhibition zone were 2.54±0.07 cm, 2.61±0.12 cm, and 2.13±0.15 cm (C1, C2, and C3 respectively) but 1.67±0.06 cm and 1.23±0.15 cm in C4 and C5, respectively. Continuous elution test elicited the peak release of vancomycin from the fibrin sealant at 48 hours, with continued release until 2 weeks. However, conditioned vancomycin release decreased to half or more on day 2, however, the sustainable release was measured over the therapeutic dose (10-20 μg/mL) for 5 days and 4 days in assays of half and total exchange of PBS. Conclusion This study suggests that fibrin sealant can provide an efficient vehicle for antibiotic drug release in a wide range of neurosurgical procedures and the safe and effective therapeutic dose will be at the concentration embedded of 4.167 mg/disc or more of vancomycin.

Background Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a systemic inflammatory response caused by the rickettsial bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury (AKI) are rare complications of HGA. Here, we report a case of HGA concurrent with rhabdomyolysis and AKI in an elderly patient. Case presentation An 84-year old woman with a medical history of hypertension was hospitalised after two days of fever, dizziness, whole body pain, and general weakness. Laboratory investigations showed severe thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, impaired renal function, and elevated cardiac enzyme and myoglobin levels. On the day after admission, peripheral blood smear revealed morula inclusions in neutrophils, a suggestive finding of HGA. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results indicated the presence of A. phagocytophilum. Antibiotics were de-escalated to doxycycline monotherapy. After 10 days of antibiotic treatment, laboratory tests showed complete recovery from HGA complicated with rhabdomyolysis and AKI. Conclusions HGA can lead to serious complications in patients with associated risk factors. Therefore, in patients with HGA accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, management with antibiotics and hydration should be initiated immediately, and not delayed until diagnostic confirmation.

Shewanella are Gram-negative rods and marine pathogens. Here, we report a case of bacterial keratitis caused by Shewanella algae without marine exposure. A 66-year-old man with suspected pneumonia was sent to the emergency department from a nursing hospital. He had been in there for 2 years in a vegetative state and could not close his eyes voluntarily. Neither the patient nor his family had experienced any marine exposure. Keratitis was suspected in his right eye. Gram-negative rods grew from swab culture and identified as S. algae by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA sequencing. The patient was treated with topical tobramycin, moxifloxacin and ofloxacin as well as steroids for 14 days, and the keratitis improved. S. algae is a rare human pathogen, and most human infections involve marine exposure. This is the second report of bacterial keratitis caused by S. algae worldwide and the first in Asia.

Babesiosis is a tick-transmitted intraerythrocytic zoonosis. In Korea, the first mortalities were reported in 2005 due to Babesia sp. detection in sheep; herein we report epidemiological and genetic characteristics of a second case of babesiosis. Microscopic analysis of patient blood revealed polymorphic merozoites. To detect Babesia spp., PCR was performed using Babesia specific primers for β-tubulin, 18S rDNA, COB, and COX3 gene fragments. 18S rDNA analysis for Babesia sp., showed 98% homology with ovine Babesia sp. and with Babesia infections in Korea in 2005. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA, COB, and COX3 revealed close associations with B. motasi. For identifying the infectious agent, Haemaphysalis longicornis (296) and Haemaphysalis flava (301) were collected around the previous residence of the babesiosis patient. Babesia genes were identified in three H. longicornis: one sample was identified as B. microti and two samples were 98% homologous to B. motasi. Our study is the first direct confirmation of the infectious agent for human babesiosis. This case most likely resulted from tick bites from ticks near the patient house of the babesiosis patient. H. longicornis has been implicated as a vector of B. microti and other Babesia sp. infections.

BACKGROUND Preanalytical errors cause a decrease in the accuracy of clinical laboratory results. We analyzed preanalytical errors (preAEs) made in the clinical laboratory of a university hospital. METHODS All samples received in a centralized laboratory from January 1, to December 31, 2018, were analyzed retrospectively. The categories of preAEs were improper request, incorrect labeling, improper collection/transport, inadequate sample volume, inappropriate container, hemolysis, and sample clotting. The rates of preAEs in these categories were calculated according to sample type, laboratory subunit, department, sampling place, sampling time, and patient age. RESULTS Of 1,082,014 samples received and analyzed by the laboratory, 6,848 (0.63%) were classified as having preAEs. The most frequent categories of preAE were hemolysis (44.6%), sample clotting (30.8%), and inadequate volume (16.7%). The most frequent preAE category for whole-blood and serum/plasma was clotting and hemolysis, respectively. The most frequent preAE category in the blood bank, clinical chemistry, immunology, and test referral service laboratory subunits was hemolysis, in the hematology subunit it was sample clotting, and in the microbiology and urinalysis subunits it was inadequate sample volume. Surgical departments had a higher rate of preAEs than did non-surgical departments (p < 0.0001). Samples drawn in the sampling room showed the lowest frequencies of preAEs (0.01%). Samples drawn on general wards from 5 pm to 5 am, when duty nurses perform sampling, showed a preAE rate of 2.80%. The rate of preAEs increased with patient age. CONCLUSIONS This analysis of preAEs is the most comprehensive to date. Our findings will promote the provision of high-quality laboratory services to clinicians and their patients.

Background Clinicians need to know timelines of requested laboratory tests to provide effective patient management. We developed a real‐time laboratory progress checking system and measured its effectiveness using appropriate indicators in an emergency room setting. Methods In our original in‐house health information system display, blank spaces, which were generated for test results when tests were ordered, remained empty until the final results reported. We upgraded the laboratory reporting system to show real‐time testing information. The stages included requests for test, label printing, sampling, laboratory receipts, performance of tests, verification of results, and interpretation of results and final report by laboratory physician. To assess the usefulness of the function, we measured the emergency department healthcare workers' satisfaction and compared the number of phone calls about test status before and after implementation. Results After the system upgrade, the healthcare workers' understanding of the testing process increased significantly as follows. More clinicians could estimate the time of final test results through the real‐time testing status information (61.9% and 85.7%, P = .002), and respondents reported that the upgraded system was more convenient than the original system (41.3% and 22.2%, respectively, P = .022). The number of phone calls about the test status decreased after implementation of the upgrade; however, the difference was not statistically significant (before, 0.13% [63 calls/48 637 tests] and after, 0.09% [42/46 666]; P = .066). Conclusions The real‐time display of laboratory testing status increased understanding of testing process among healthcare workers in emergency room, which ultimately may increase the usefulness and efficiency of the laboratory service use.

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the duration of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) according to methicillin resistance and the primary foci of infection. We also aimed to newly define persistent SAB considering these results. Nonduplicated episodes of SAB in patients aged ≥15 years from 14 hospitals in the Republic of Korea were analyzed between January 2009 and February 2018. The duration of SAB was defined as the number of days from the time of administration of an antibiotic to which the isolate was susceptible after the onset of SAB to the last day of a positive blood culture for S. aureus. SAB durations were described and compared based on methicillin resistance and the primary foci of infection. Cases in the top quartile for the duration of bacteremia in the respective clinical context were classified as newly defined persistent SAB, and its association with in-hospital mortality was evaluated. A total of 1,917 cases were analyzed. The duration of SAB was longer in patients with methicillin-resistant SAB (MRSAB; n = 995) than in patients with methicillin-susceptible SAB (MSSAB; n = 922) (median duration, 1 day [interquartile range, 1 to 3 days] for MSSAB and 1 day [interquartile range, 0 to 5 days] for MRSAB; P

Background: Hyperuricemia is reported to be related to rapid progression of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Allopurinol, a uric acid lowering agent, protects renal progression. However, it is not widely used in patients with CKD because of its serious adverse event. Febuxostat can be alternatively used for patients who are intolerable to allopurinol. We aimed to determine renoprotective effect and urate-lowering effect between the two drugs. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effects of febuxostat compared to allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia. MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched to identify research publications. Results: Four relevant publications were selected from among 3,815 studies. No significant differences were found in the changes in serum creatinine from baseline between the febuxostat and allopurinol groups. Changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were observed between the two groups at 1 month (mean difference 1.65 mL/min/1.73 m², 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38, 2.91 mL/min/1.73 m²; heterogeneity χ² = 1.25, I² = 0%, P = 0.01); however, the changes in eGFR were not significantly different at 3 months. A significant difference did exist in the changes in albuminuria levels from baseline between the febuxostat and allopurinol groups (mean difference −80.47 mg/gCr, 95% CI −149.29, −11.64 mg/gCr; heterogeneity χ² = 0.81, I² = 0%, P = 0.02). A significant difference was also observed in the changes in serum uric acid from baseline between the febuxostat and allopurinol groups (mean difference −0.92 mg/dL, 95% CI −1.29, −0.56 mg/dL; heterogeneity χ² = 6.24, I² = 52%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Febuxostat might be more renoprotective than allopurinol.

Background We evaluated the performance of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure serum 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 concentrations in 519 infant, paediatric and adolescent serum samples in Korea. Methods We used a Kinetex XB-C18 column and isocratic methanol/water (77.5/22.5, v/v) with 0.025% (v/v) high-performance liquid chromatography solvent additive flowing at 0.25 mL/min, yielding an 11 min/sample run time. A TQD triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in electrospray ionization positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring transition via an MSMS vitamin D kit was used to evaluate precision, carryover, ion suppression and linearity. Samples were prepared using the 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione derivatization method. Results Intra- and inter-run precisions were 1.23–13.28% and 1.02–10.08%, respectively. Group carryovers were −0.27% and 0.10%, respectively. There was no ion suppression. The calibration curve showed good linearity from calibrator Level 1 (11.75 nmol/L) to 6 (375 nmol/L) with R2 > 0.9999. The 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 peaks were clearly separated in the extracted ion chromatogram. Infant serum samples 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations were significantly higher than paediatric and adolescent concentrations. Conclusions The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay performed acceptably, clearly separating 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. High 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations were observed in infant but not in paediatric and adolescent serum samples.

Purpose Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a useful biomarker for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the diagnostic value of NGAL for predicting AKI in sepsis patients is unclear. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched to identify research publications. Results Twelve studies from 9 countries including a total of 1582 patients, of whom 315 (19.9%) developed AKI, were included in the study; plasma NGAL levels were significantly higher in adult sepsis patients with AKI than in those without AKI (mean difference, 274.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 106.16-443.15; I 2 = 94%). Urine NGAL levels were not significantly different. The diagnostic odds ratio of plasma NGAL for predicting AKI in sepsis patients was 6.64 (95% CI, 3.80-11.58). The diagnostic accuracy of plasma NGAL was 0.881 (95% CI, 0.819-0.923) for sensitivity, 0.474 (95% CI, 0.367-0.582) for specificity, 0.216 (95% CI, 0.177-0.261) for positive predictive value and 0.965 (95% CI, 0.945-0.977) for negative predictive value. Conclusion Plasma NGAL has a high sensitivity and a high negative predictive value for detection of AKI in adult sepsis patients. However, its low specificity and low positive predictive value could limit its clinical utility. The usefulness of urine NGAL was not revealed in this study.

We performed a point seroprevalence survey of measles among healthcare workers (HCWs) at two Korean teaching hospitals in 2019. A total of 2,830 HCWs underwent an antibody test. The overall seropositivity of measles was 93.1%. The seroprevalence of measles was lowest in HCWs aged 20 - 24 years (81.2%), followed by those aged 25 - 29 years (90.1%). The rates of anti-measles IgG positivity were significantly different between the two hospitals (97.0% vs. 89.4%, P

Background: The purpose of the study was to describe and compare duration of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) according to methicillin resistance and primary foci of infection. We also aimed to redefine persistent SAB considering those results. Methods: We analyzed non-duplicated episodes of SAB in adult patients from three prospective SAB cohorts encompassing 14 hospitals in Korea. The duration of SAB was defined as the number of days from the administration of a susceptible antibiotic after the onset of SAB to the last day of positive blood culture for S. aureus. SAB durations were described and compared based on methicillin resistance and the primary foci of infection. The Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to explore independent risk factors for prolonged bacteremia. Cases in the top quartile for the duration of bacteremia were designated as newly-defined persistent SAB. Findings: A total of 2050 cases were analyzed. The duration of SAB was longer in methicillin-resistant SAB (MRSAB) than in methicillin-susceptible SAB (MSSAB) (median [IQR], 1 [1-3] in MSSAB vs. 1 [0-7] in MRSAB, p < 0.001). While the duration of bacteremia was shortest in the skin and soft tissue infections, they were longer in endocarditis, bone and joint, and endovascular infections, and were independently associated with those foci of infection. Newly-defined persistent SAB showed independent association with in-hospital mortality (aOR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.54-2.58; p < 0.001). Interpretation: Durations of SAB were dependent on methicillin resistance and the primary foci of infection. The newly-defined persistent SAB is independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Funding: Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Research Fund. Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: The analyses of cases from April 2015 to February 2018 were approved by the institutional review board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB No. B-1801-442-102).

Summary Background Burkholderia cepacia is intrinsically resistant to certain antiseptics. The authors noted a sudden increase in the frequency of isolation of B. cepacia from blood cultures in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a university-affiliated hospital. Aim To identify the source and intervene in the ongoing infections. Methods The cases were defined as patients with positive blood cultures for B. cepacia in an NICU between November 2014 and January 2015. Medical records were reviewed and NICU healthcare workers were interviewed. Samples of suspected antiseptics, blood culture bottles, cotton balls, gauze and a needle used in the NICU were analysed microbiologically. Findings During the outbreak period, B. cepacia was identified in 25 blood cultures obtained from 21 patients. The clinical features of the patients were suggestive of pseudobacteraemia. Regarding environmental samples, B. cepacia was cultured from 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) solution products that had been used as a skin antiseptic during blood drawing in the NICU. The clinical B. cepacia isolate and two strains obtained from 0.5% CHG exhibited identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. After the CHG products were withdrawn, the outbreak was resolved. Conclusions The pseudobacteraemia cases were caused by contaminated 0.5% CHG produced by a single manufacturer. Stricter government regulation is needed to prevent contamination of disinfectants during manufacturing. In addition, microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants should be suspected when a B. cepacia outbreak occurs in hospitalized patients.

Creatine kinase MB isoform (CK-MB) is a biochemical marker that is used to evaluate patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Rapid immunoassays to measure CK-MB mass concentration use various monoclonal anti-CK-MB antibodies, and these have been reported to be highly sensitive, specific, and free of interference [1]. Here, we report the first case of a false-positive CK-MB result (as determined by a mass assay) from a patient who underwent nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. A 78-yr-old man was admitted to the Urology department of Ilsan Paik Hospital in Goyang, Korea, for partial nephrectomy for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. He developed dyspnea and tachycardia at three days after the surgery. The electrocardiogram revealed atrial fibrillation. CK-MB mass concentrations, CK activity, and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) levels increased to 10.44 µg/L (reference range

Purpose: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a useful biomarker for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI), and can also be elevated in patients with sepsis. However, the diagnostic value of NGAL for predicting AKI in sepsis patients is uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic value of plasma and urine NGAL in predicting AKI in sepsis patients. Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Results: Thirteen studies from nine countries with a total of 1,592 patients, of whom 329 (20.7%) developed AKI, were included; plasma NGAL levels were significantly higher in adult sepsis patients with AKI than in those without AKI (mean difference 274.7 (95% CI 106.16-443.15), I2 = 94%). Urine NGAL levels of adult sepsis patients and plasma/urine NGAL levels of pediatric sepsis patients with and without AKI were not significantly different. The diagnostic odds ratio of plasma NGAL to predict AKI in sepsis patients was 6.64 (95% CI, 3.80-11.58). The diagnostic accuracy of plasma NGAL was 0.881 (95% CI, 0.819-0.923) for sensitivity and 0.474 (95% CI, 0.367-0.582) for specificity. Conclusion: Plasma NGAL is a useful early marker for predicting AKI in adult sepsis patients. Reference: Bagshaw SM, Bennett M, Haase M, et al. Plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in septic versus non-septic acute kidney injury in critical illness. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:452-61. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational,multicenter study. JAMA 2005;294:813-18.

Actinomyces meyeriis an uncommon cause of human actinomycosis. Here, we report a rare case of empyema caused byA. meyeri. A 49-year-old male presented with a history of 10 days of dyspnea and chest pain. A large amount of loculated pleural effusion was present on the right side and multiple lung nodules were documented on radiological studies. A chest tube was inserted and purulent pleural fluid was drained.A. meyeriwas isolated in anaerobic cultures of the pleural fluid. The infection was alleviated in response to treatment with intravenous penicillin G (20 million IU daily) and oral amoxicillin (500 mg every 8 hours) for 4 months, demonstrating that short-term antibiotic treatment was effective.

Introduction. Genetic testing services for disease prediction, drug responses, and traits are commercially available by several companies in Korea. However, there has been no evaluation study for the accuracy and usefulness of these services. We aimed to compare two genetic testing services popular in Korea with 23andMe service in the United States.Materials and Methods. We compared the results of two persons (one man and one woman) serviced by Hellogene Platinum (Theragen Bio Institute), DNAGPS Optimus (DNAlink), and 23andMe service.Results. Among 3 services, there were differences in the estimation of relative risks for the same disease. For lung cancer, the range of relative risk was from 0.9 to 2.09. These differences were thought to be due to the differences of applied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each service for the calculation of risk. Also, the algorithm and population database would have influence on the estimation of relative disease risks. The concordance rate of SNP calls between DNAGPS Optimus and 23andMe services was 100% (30/30).Conclusions. Our study showed differences in disease risk estimations among three services, although they gave good concordance rate for SNP calls. We realized that the genetic services need further evaluation and standardization, especially in disease risk estimation algorithm.

Morganella morganii is a facultative gram-negative and anaerobic rod. It may be a cause of devastating infections in neonates and immunocompromised hosts. Some bacterial infections such as Clostridium and Vibrio are associated with hemolysis. However, massive hemolysis caused by M. morganii sepsis has not yet been reported. We observed a 59-yr-old man who had chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and was found to have massive hemolysis and metabolic acidosis due to sepsis. He died 6 hr after admission in spite of aggressive treatment. Two sets of blood cultures revealed the growth of M. morganii. We report here that M. morganii sepsis can cause fatal massive hemolysis leading to death.

Background: Plasmodium vivax malaria is an acute debilitating illness characterized by recurrent paroxysmal fever and relapses from hypnozoites in the liver. Although a few studies reported clinical characteristics of vivax malaria in civilians after reemergence in the Republic of Korea, only a small group of patients was analyzed. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who had been diagnosed with vivax malaria by peripheral blood smear in a university-affiliated hospital located in a malaria-endemic area between January 2005 and December 2009. Results: During the study period, a total of 352 malarial cases from 341 patients were diagnosed. Vivax malaria was most commonly developed in July and August, 24.7% (87/352), and 21.9% (77/352), respectively. The mean (SD) age was 42.5 (14.7) years and the number of male patients was 243 (71.3%). Six patients had a previous history of vivax malaria from 6 months to 10 years before. A total of 337 patients (98.8%) had fever and the mean (SD) body temperature was 38.3 (1.4)°C. Common associated symptoms were chills (213/341, 62.5%), headache (115/341, 33.7%), and myalgia (85/341, 24.9%). Laboratory findings included thrombocytopenia (340/341, 99.7%), anemia (97/341, 28.5%), leukopenia (148/341, 43.4%), increase of aspartate transaminase (177/341, 51.9%), and increase of alanine transaminase (187/341, 54.8%). Hypotension (14/341, 4.1%), altered mentality (3/341, 0.9%), azotemia (3/341, 0.9%), spleen infarction (2/341, 0.6%), and spleen rupture (1/341, 0.3%) developed as complications. Chloroquine was administered to all patients and primaquine was administered with mean (SD) 3.39 (0.82) mg/kg to 320 patients. There were 11 recurrent infections during the study period. The median (range) time to recurrent infection was 100 (32–285) days. Platelet counts were higher (86,550 vs. 56,910/mm 3 ) and time to treatment of malaria was shorter (5 vs. 7 days) in relapsed cases compared with first occurrence cases ( P=0.046). Conclusions: The overall recurrence rate of vivax malaria was 3.2% (11/341) in this study. In recurred cases, malaria was diagnosed earlier and thrombocytopenia was less severe. To evaluate the risk factors associated with recurrence and adequate dose of primaquine in Korean patients, further large-scale prospective studies will be needed.

The optimal dose of the oral anticoagulant warfarin varies with polymorphisms of the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) genes. A fast and reliable method of warfarin dose adjustment is required to prevent serious hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a new warfarin dose genotyping system with an automatic interpretation function.Four VKORC1 and two CYP2C9 SNPs were genotyped by real-time PCR using allele-specific primers and probes. Multiple reactions that included internal positive controls were performed in each well, and an automatic interpretative algorithm was developed. This system was validated using 82 clinical specimens previously genotyped by PCR-direct sequencing. The analytical time of the method was calculated.No interference was observed when multiple samples were included in each reaction, with all internal positive control reactions being successful. In the genotyping algorithm, Ct differences2 and ≥2 identified heterozygotes and homozygotes, respectively. All results obtained were concordant with those of the reference method. The overall analytical time for assay of 12 specimens was around 3 hours.This rapid, accurate, and user-friendly genotyping system improves the efficacy and safety of anticoagulation therapy in clinical practice.

Bacterial infection of biliary tract may cause severe inflammatory response or sepsis. An immediate bile culture and appropriate antibiotic administration are important to control the biliary tract infection. The objective of the study was to identify organisms in bile and the features of antibiotic susceptibility in patients with biliary tract infection.We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 212 patients whose bile had been cultured for variable biliary tract diseases at Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital from Jan. 2000 to Feb. 2007. Bile samples were obtained from percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD, n=89), percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD, n=14) or endoscopic naso-biliary drainage (ENBD, n=49).The overall positive rate of bile culture was 71.7% (152 cases). The organisms cultured were Escherichia coli (25.0%), Enterococcus spp. (13.4%), Klebsiella spp. (11.1%), Pseudomonas spp. (11.1%), and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (9.7%) in decreasing order. Effective antibiotics for Gram-negative organisms were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amikacin, imipenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam in order of effectiveness. Of the cultured blood samples from 160 patients, fifty (31.2%) showed positive bacterial growth. The organisms isolated from blood were similar to those found in the bile.A broad spectrum penicillin/beta-lactamase inhibitor is a recommendable antimicrobial for empirical treatment for biliary tract infection. However, Gram-positive bacteria such as Enterococcus spp. or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are emerging as causative microorganisms. If these organisms are isolated, antimicrobial drugs should be replaced by narrower-spectrum antimicrobials.

Na0.5K0.5NbO3 films have been grown onto polycrystalline Pt80Ir20 substrates at two different regimes: high (∼ 400 mTorr) and low (∼ 10 mTorr) oxygen pressure. Films grown at high oxygen pressure have been found to be single phase and highly c-axis oriented. The concept of discriminated thermalization has been developed to explain the dynamics of the laser ablation process and to find reliable pulsed laser deposition (PLD) processing conditions. The phenomenon of self assembling of Na0.5K0.5NbO3 films along [001] direction has been observed. On the other hand, films grown at low oxygen pressure have been found to be mixed phase of ferroelectric Na0.5K0.5 NbO3 and paraelectric potassium niobates. Superparaelectric behavior has been observed in these films: 5% tunability at electric field of 100 kV/cm, losses as low as 0.003 and excellent stability to the temperature and frequency changes.

We report 45 pediatric cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection confirmed by stool culture between May 1993 and June 1994. In 41 (91.1%) cases there had been contact with untreated well or mountain water. Y. pseudotuberculosis was also isolated from 4 samples of mountain spring water thought to be the sources of infection. During the course of the illness, acute renal failure (ARF) developed in 6 patients (13.6%). The age distribution of the ARF group (12.3 +/- 1.2 years) was significantly different from the non-ARF group (8.0 +/- 3.2 years). The serogroups of Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates from stool samples were 5 (n = 30) and 4 (n = 15). Isolates from the water samples were all serogroup 5. The main symptoms of both groups were fever, rash, abdominal pain, and vomiting. ARF developed between the 2nd and 14th days (mean 6 days) after the onset of fever, and oliguria (< 400 ml/m2 per day) developed in 3 patients (3/6, 50%) immediately after their fevers had subsided. ARF underwent a benign course, with complete recovery within a maximum of 4 weeks (mean 10.2 days), with 1 exceptional patient requiring hemodialysis. Renal biopsy showed evidence of tubulointerstitial nephritis. Y. pseudotuberculosis should be included as one of the causes of acute interstitial nephritis causing ARF in children, especially when the children have histories of drinking untreated water in endemic areas.

Abstract - Background: To determine plasma adipokines such as adiponectin, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in women with and without polycystic ovary syndr ome (PCOS) and to assess possible correlations of adipocytokines to the hormonal and metabolic parameters, including measures of insulin resistance (IR). Methods: Forty-four selected women were classified as follows: 13 obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) with PCOS; 15 non-obese (BMI < 25 kg/m 2 ) with PCOS; 8 obese without PCOS, and 8 non-obese without PCOS. Blood samples were collecte d from all women with or without PCOS after an overnight fast. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone, 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), insulin, glucose, adiponectin, TNF-α and IL-6 were measured. Measures of IR included HOMA-IR and QUICKI. Results: In non-obese group, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR in PCOS were significantly higher compared to control. However, Adiponectin, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were found not to be different in obese women with PCOS as compared with obese women without PCOS and in non-obese women with PCOS as compared with non-obese women without PCOS. Adiponectin concentrations correlated inversely with BMI, waist circumference (WC), total fat ma ss, serum insulin, and HOMA-IR in PCOS group. However, multiple regression analysis showed that BMI was the only independent determinant of adiponectin concentration. Conclusion: Our results suggest that insulin sensitivity per se probably does not play any role in the control of adipokines levels such as adiponectin, TNF-α and IL-6 in PCOS women (J Kor Diabetes Assoc 30:104~111, 2006). ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━