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Chondropsis cf. lamella (Lendenfeld, 1888) (Fig. 13 A–H), Published as part of Samaai, Toufiek, Pillay, Ruwen & Janson, Liesl, 2019, Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa, pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 4587 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4587.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2651448, {"references":["Lendenfeld, R. Von (1888) Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum. Taylor & Francis, Sidney and London, xiv + 260, 12 pls."]}

Sponges are characterised by high levels of phenotypic plasticity, thus allowing the same species to live in different habitats by taking different shapes. Here we describe 28 sponge species associated with the octocorals Carijoa riisei, Paratelesto rosea and Alertigorgia hoeksemai in Indonesia, Hawai’i and Vietnam, including four species that are new to science (Chondropsis subtilis, Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) spinata, Hymedesmia (Stylopus) perlucida, Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata). Moreover, a large proportion of the described sponge species (21.4%) represent new records for the studied areas (Indonesia and Hawai’i). In total, we have studied 47 colonies of C. riisei associated with 24 sponge species, 5 colonies of P. rosea associated with 4 species and one colony of A. hoeksemai associated with one sponge species. Collectively, these examples of associations highlight the importance of epibiosis as a biodiversity enhancing process.

Antiproliferative bioassay-guided fractionation of an aqueous extract of the marine sponge Chondropsis sp. provided two novel macrolides, chondropsins A (1) and B (2). The structures were elucidate...

Chondropsis subtilis n. sp. (Fig. 6 A���H) (Tab. 3) Holotype material. MSNG 56260: sample Bugor 504: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Manado Tua Island, Negeri, 15 m, September 2007. Paratype material. MSNG 56261: sample Siladen Village: Indonesia, North Sulawesi, Siladen Island, 10 m, October 2008. Comparative material: Chondropsis wilsoni Dendy, 1895 holotype material BMNH, 1902.10.18.155- 156-157 (three slides). Diagnosis. Chondropsis subtilis is characterised by a surface that is covered by a reticulated pattern of fine sand, a main skeleton of longitudinal, ascending tracts of sand, strongyles and foreign spicules embedded in spongin; spicules are thin strongyles (2 ��m) as megascleres and small sigmas as microscleres. Description. The sponge (holotype) encrusts a colony of Carijoa riisei as a pellicle up to 0.5 mm thick (Fig. 6 A, B), leaving only the polyp openings free. The holotype occurs on several branches of the coral, up to 14 cm long (Fig. 6 C). The paratype occurs on several inter-crossing branches of C. riisei covered by numerous other epibionts (bryozoans, vermetids, foraminifera). Consistency soft and compressible. Surface microconulose due to protruding choanosomal bundles; in some portions of the sponge surface sand and spicules create a fine network (Fig. 6 D). In the paratype the surface is collapsed, the conules are more prominent and the sponge surface is strongly shaggy. The colour is pink salmon in situ (Fig. 6 A, B), whitish in ethanol (Fig. 6 C). Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton of scattered, tangential strongyles, sand and abundant foreign spicules. A regular network of polygonal to circular meshes, about 100 ��m in diameter, is evident on the sponge surface (Fig. 6 D); in some parts of the sponge, the surface consists of an homogeneous layer of sand, foreign spicules and strongyles (Fig. 6 E) and the regular pattern of sand is not evident. Choanosomal skeleton of longitudinal, ascending tracts of spongin (70���125 ��m in diameter), embedded sand grains, strongyles and foreign spicules connected by debris and transverse strongyles; they sometimes branch dichotomously reaching the ectosome (Fig. 6 F). Strongyles from the longitudinal tracts extend beyond the surface thus making it microhispid (Fig. 6 F). Spicules. Abundant strongyles, straight and very thin, (Fig. 6 G), with a central black canal, 142.5 ��� 180 x 2 ��m. Sigmas (Fig. 6 H) ���C��� shaped very thin, abundant and ���S��� shaped rare, 13.5 ��� 18.5 ��m. Refer to Tab. 3 for complete measurements. Remarks. The in situ photograph of the holotype shows a massive sponge with scattered oscules close to the colony of Carijoa riisei (Fig. 6 B) and spreading over the octocoral. The massive sponge has the same colour as the epibiontic one described above. They also share similar surface features. We collected only the epibiontic portion but it is very likely that the species is also able to grow in a massive form. All species of Chondropsis have been described from the Indo-Pacific (van Soest et al. 2011). Among these, the species with spicular complement similar to C. subtilis n. sp. (strongyles and sigmas as the unique type of microscleres) are C. ceratosus Kirkpatrick, 1900, C. chaliniformis Lendenfeld, 1889, C. columnifera Dendy, 1895, C. confoederata (Lamarck, 1814), C. kirkii (Bowerbank, 1841), C. lamella (Vacelet, Vasseur & Lev��, 1976) and C. wilsoni Dendy, 1895. Chondropsis australis (Dendy, 1896) differs in having isochelae in addition to sigmas. The remaining species lack microscleres. Chondropsis ceratosus, C. chaliniformis and C. columnifera differ from the new species mainly in having larger sigmas (30���50 ��m, 30 ��m and 35 ��m respectively). Chondropsis kirkii has very small sigmas (5 ��m). Chondropsis lamella differs in having two size categories of sigmas (25���30 ��m and 12 ��m). The examination of the holotype of C. wilsoni reveals that it differs from the new species in having: i) strongyles or tylotes, with irregular extremities, as megascleres (180 x 2.5 ��m), ii) the distribution on the surface of small, scattered exogenous material, without a sandy dermal reticulation, and iii) tracts of strongyles in the choanosome being perpendicular to the surface without tangential, connecting strongyles; these tracts of spicules end in tufts. Chondropsis confoederata differs in having flexuous or bent strongyles (140 ��� 160 x 1 ��� 3 ��m) and a choanosomal skeleton of spongin fibres without clear orientation. Etymology. Named after the latin ��� subtilis ���, meaning thin; referring to its very thin strongyles., Published as part of Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel & Cerrano, Carlo, 2013, Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 3617 (1) on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/248150, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1895) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (New Series), 7, 232 - 260.","Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011).","Kirkpatrick, R. (1900). Description of Sponges from Funafuti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7) 6 (34), 345 - 362.","Lendenfeld, R. Von (1889) A Monograph of the Horny Sponges. Trubner and Co., London, 936 pp.","Lamarck, J. B. P. de Monet, Comte de (1814) Sur les polypiers empates. Annales Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 20, 370 - 386, 432 - 458.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1841) Descriptions of three species of sponge, containing some new forms of organization. Microscopical Journal London, 1, 161 - 162.","Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. & Levi, C. (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 49,1 - 116.","Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (New Series), 8, 14 - 51."]}

Sixteen species of Xanthoparmelia are recognised in the New Zealand flora. X. australasica D. Galloway is described and the new combinations X. flavescentireagens (Gyelnik) D. Galloway and X. mougeotina (Nyl.) D. Galloway are proposed. Typification, synonymy, morphology, chemistry, distribution, and habitat information of each taxon are given and a key to species includes the superficially similar Chondropsis semiviridis. X. amphixantha, X.flavescentireagens, X. hypoclystoides, X. mexicana, X. notata, X. thamnoides, X. tinctina, X. subnuda, and X. substrigosa are new to the New Zealand flora.

A new lichen species, Chondropsis sorediata, is described from Australia and New Zealand.