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This study revises the taxonomy and species limits of Chondrina taxa living in the Cantabrian mountain region of N Spain, based mainly on molecular data but supplemented with morphological data. On...

Es fa una revisió de totes les cites d’Abida occidentalis a la península Ibèrica. S’estudien els antecedents històrics. L’espècie va ser citada en la dècada de 1980 de diverses localitats de Catalunya, Andorra i Navarra, i no havia tornat a citar-se. Es confirma que majoritàriament eren confusions amb d’altres espècies semblants del gènere, i que només es pot considerar vàlida la cita de Navarra d’Eikenboom (1990). Es proposa una redescripció de l’espècie i una clau dicotòmica per a diferenciar-ne els tàxons similars. review of all records of Abida occidentalis in the Iberian Peninsula is made. Historical background is studied. The species was cited in the 1980s in several localities in Catalonia, Andorra and Navarre, and had not been mentioned again. It is confirmed that they were mostly confused with other similar species of the genus, and that only the citation of Navarre by Eikenboom (1990) can be considered valid. A redescription of the species and a dichotomous key to differentiate similar taxa are proposed.

Indisputable Chondrinidae, Granariinae species, characterized by shell shape and apertural dentition, are known from Eocene deposits to the Recent. The generic classification of the extant species is based on conchological, anatomical and molecular data that are available now for most of the known species, including ‘Granaria’ persica as a representative of the once problematic group of so-called eastern Granaria species. According to molecular and anatomical characters, these eastern species have to be classified with Granopupa granum in Granopupa. Graniberia gen. n. is introduced for Granaria braunii on the basis of molecular and conchological data. For the pre-Pleistocene species, two generic names are equally well available now, viz. Granopupa and Granaria. Shell characters only do not enable a decision here. For the sake of nomenclatorial stability we propose to use Granaria for these species. Because both molecular and anatomical data most likely will never be known for the fossils, it will remain unclear whether the combined extant and extinct Granaria species form a monophyletic group.

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Chondrinid snails are common in Middle to Late Miocene freshwater sediments of the North Alpine Foreland Basin (Molasse Zone) and the deposits of adjacent, time-equivalent fossil lakes, but their taxonomic status is unclear in most cases. This paper provides a taxonomic reassessment of this group. Granaria is the only genus of chondrinid snails identified in fossil material thus far. A neotype for Granaria schuebleri (Klein, 1847) is defined, while G. antiqua (Schubler in von Zieten, 1832) is considered a synonym of G. schuebleri (Klein, 1847). It is suggested that G. grossecostata (GottSchicK & WenZ, 1919) be accepted as a separate species instead of a subspecies of G. schuebleri (Klein, 1847). The taxonomic status of G. noerdlingensis (Klein, 1853) seems very doubtful, because the original description is based on incomplete casts and steinkerns. In Steinheim am Albuch, the type locality of the common species Granaria schuebleri (Klein, 1847), two further species could be confirmed, namely G. grossecostata (GottSchicK & WenZ, 1919) and G. pachygastra (FraaS in Miller, 1900). The original specimen of Pupa n. sp. (Klein 1853) was located, but a species designation is impossible due to its poor preservation.

Extreme morphological variation in the land snail Abida secale has been categorized in 17 currently recognized subspecies. Fourteen of these occur in a relatively small area of the species’ range. Within this subspecies complex, based on shell morphological analyses, a ‘ring-species’ scenario has been postulated. To evaluate this scenario and to define (sub)species boundaries within the complex, the mitochondrial marker cytochrome oxidase I was analysed. The phylogeny reconstruction reveals two clades in Abida secale. These clades do not correspond to subspecies definitions based on shell morphological analyses. One clade of A. secale has A. attenuata, a morphologically well-defined species, as its sister taxon. These results could be explained by either incomplete lineage-sorting of the mitochondrial genome and/or by introgression of the A. attenuata mitochondrial genome into A. secale. Circumstantial evidence favours the second scenario. Whichever scenario has caused the observed pattern, the results of the mitochondrial DNA analyses do not show evidence of reduced gene flow between A. s. cadiensis and A. s. cadica. Since these two subspecies are the postulated ‘ends’ of the ring, there was no support for a ring-species scenario in Abida secale.

Granaria sp. (Fig. 23) Material examined. BSPG 1952 VIII 46 (1 spcm.), 47 (2 spcm.). Description. Shell small, with acuminated spire top. Protoconch (1 ½ whorl) narrow, rounded, smooth; transition to teleoconch unclear. Whorl profile convex. Suture deep. Teleoconch sculptured by regularly distributed, very fine prosocline ribs; distance between ribs approximately twice rib width. Previous identification of the material. Gall (1980: Nr. 31): Cochlostoma sp. Discussion. Only spire fragments remain and thus a more precise identification is not possible. The regular whorl growth and the fine, straight and regular ribs indicate the genus Granaria (Höltke & Rasser 2013). Moreover, the present specimens are indistinguishable from the Granaria sp. described from the Middle Miocene (MN 5) of Sandelzhausen, southeastern Germany (Salvador 2014). Paleoecological remarks. Recent Granaria species prefer dry and open habitats, usually calcareous (Welter- Schultes 2012)., Published as part of Salvador, Rodrigo B., 2014, The fossil land and freshwater snails of Gündlkofen (Middle Miocene, Germany), pp. 271-287 in Zootaxa 3785 (2) on page 279, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/224845, {"references":["Gall, H. (1980) Eine Gastropodenfauna aus dem Landshuter Schotter der Oberen Sußwassermolasse (Westliche Paratethys, Badenien) von Gundlkofen / Niederbayern. Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fur Palaontologie und historische Geologie, 20, 51 - 77.","Holtke, O. & Rasser, M. W. (2013). The chondrinid land snail Granaria (Stylommatophora: Chondrinidae) in the Miocene of the Alpine Foreland: state of the art and taxonomic reassessment. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 270 (2), 181 - 194. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1127 / 0077 - 7749 / 2013 / 0364","Salvador, R. B. (2014) The fossil pulmonate snails of Sandelzhausen (Early / Middle Miocene, Germany): Ellobiidae, Pupilloidea, and Clausilioidea. Palaontologische Zeitschrift. [published online] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 013 - 0210 - 4","Welter-Schultes, F. (2012) European Non-marine Molluscs, a Guide for Species Identification. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 679 + 78 pp."]}

Salvador, Rodrigo B. (2014): The fossil land and freshwater snails of Gündlkofen (Middle Miocene, Germany). Zootaxa 3785 (2): 271-287, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3785.2.9

We have examined the resistance to desiccation among rock-dwelling land snails of various phylogenetic groups:Cristataria genezarethana (Clausiliidae),Rupestrella rhodia (Chondrinidae) andLevantina caesareana (Helicidae), all from the same location in Israel.L. caesareana was the most resistant andR. rhodia the least resistant to desiccation andC. genezarethana was of intermediate resistance. Differences in the rates of water loss during desiccation were determined mainly by rate of water loss during the first 2 days of desiccation. The high rates of water loss in rock-dwelling species exceed those of other snails in the Mediterranean habitat of Israel. However, snails collected in the field at the end of aestivation were in only a mild state of dehydration, suggesting that the rocky habitat protects its occupants against desiccation. We also suggest that among the rock-dwelling species, the protective role of the rock is more important in the more evolutionarily primitive genera (the chondrinidRupestrella and the clausiliidCristataria) and that physiological capacities are more effective in the more highly evolved helicidLevantina.

Granaria braunii marcusi subspec. nov. is described from E Spain. The distributional records of the two subspecies of G. braunii are summarized on a UTM distribution map.

In the six species of Solatopupa, genetic information apparently disagrees with the taxonomic relationships already inferred from classical comparative analysis of shell morphology; a global re‐examination of data in a phylogenetic perspective is therefore required. Different criteria of phylogenetic inference were applied to allozyme data from previous studies (28 loci) and to a matrix of 17 binary factors descriptive of morphological characters (shell and genital anatomy) with the purpose of making a comparative evaluation of the resulting branching patterns. Results show that, in spite of the initial suggestion, there is no inconsistency between genetically and morphologically inferred phylogenies, if the morphological data are thoroughly examined and globally considerd. These data, in fact, are more insidious to interpret and often misleading. In the case under study, the apparent similarity in the shell shape is probably ascribable to homoplasy, and likely to be the result of very different ...

The snails__ proverbial inertness makes it an ideal subject to study the patterns and processes that lead to speciation. The land snail family Chondrinidae consists of about 70 extant species in six genera. They occur throughout western and central Europe, northern Africa and as far east as Pakistan. These snails share a long and interesting evolutionary history, to the knowledge of which we contribute here.

Granaria braunii marcusi subspec. nov. is described from E Spain. The distributional records of the two subspecies of G. braunii are summarized on a UTM distribution map.

This contribution provides a revision of the stylommatophoran pulmonate family Chondrinidae. Based on newly acquired molecular as well as morphometric and distributional data on the Chondrinidae, some cryptic species were revealed. The following new taxa are formally described in this contribution: Abida secale vilellai, A. s. peteri, A. s. merijni, A. s. ionicae, Chondrina ingae, C. marjae, C. pseudavenacea and C. arigonoides. Some revisions in the currently accepted nomenclature of the Chondrinidae are also made and a new subfamily, Granariinae, is introduced. An annotated checklist is provided for the genus Rupestrella. The variation in shell morphology in Chondrina and the intraspecific variation in Abida secale are illustrated with 13 plates.

The meiotic and mitotic chromosomes of the five recognized species of Solatopupa Pilsbry 1917 are described and compared. Meiosis is of a standard type. The karyotype of S. psarolena (Bourguignat) with 2n=56 chromosomes and a conspicuously large metacentric pair is compared with those of S.pallida (Rossmassler) and S.simonettae (Giusti) having 2n=58 chromosomes, and with that of S.similis (Bruguiere) which has 2n=60. A Robertsonian fusion could be linked with the splitting of S.psarolena from a common ancestor with the congeneric species. The diploid value 2n=58 is most probably the ancestral one.

A review is given of the distribution of Chondrinidae species in the Cantabrian Mountains. Few species occur in that area, Chondrina kobeltoides being the only endemic. Chondrina kobelti and C. kobeltoides are discussed and their characters are compared in a table. The taxon cliendentata is considered to be a subspecies of C. kobeltoides and not of C. kobelti as which it was originally described.

A review is given of the distribution of Chondrinidae species in the Cantabrian Mountains. Few species occur in that area, Chondrina kobeltoides being the only endemic. Chondrina kobelti and C. kobeltoides are discussed and their characters are compared in a table. The taxon cliendentata is considered to be a subspecies of C. kobeltoides and not of C. kobelti as which it was originally described.

The study of the gamete maturation and the seasonal reproductive cycle of Solatopupa has been carried out by the histological analysis of both the ovotestes and the genital ducts of specimens which were periodically sampled from a natural, outcrossing population. S. similis has been demonstrated to be a true hermaphrodite, since both types of its gametes begin to differentiate together and probably undergo simultaneously the meiotic prophase; however, it could be considered functionally protandrous because male gametes come to maturity in spring and summer, while egg maturation and growth is delayed until the late winter. Mature sperms are stored throughout the year in a portion of the ovotestis duct (or first hermaphrodite duct) which functions as a seminal vesicle: thus, functional protandry is certainly not important as a self‐sterility mechanism. The behavioural and adaptive significance of this pattern of gametic maturation and auto‐sperm storage are also discussed.