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Background and aim: Though recent trends in the management of choledocholithiasis shifted to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and Laparoscopy, the traditional methods of choledochotomy and T-tube drainage and choledochoduodenostomy (CDD) are still relevant. Residual or missed stones and cholangitis are the problems faced by surgeons following biliary surgery for CBD stones. We aim to compare the outcome of the two traditional methods. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, 47 patients with choledocholithiasis were included, out of which 19 patients whose CBD was dilated more than 12mm choledochoduodenostomy was performed, and in the remaining 28 patients, choledocholithotomy and T-tube drainage were performed, and their outcomes reviewed. Intra-operative findings, including any difficulty encountered and postoperative findings like any complications, duration of total hospital stay, and incidence of retained stones, were recorded. Results: The patients with post-cholecystectomy status encountered considerable adhesions. The wound infection rate was 14.3% in the T-tube group and 10.5% in the CDD group. One patient with CDD had 400ml of bile in the drain, which subsided spontaneously. Another with T-tube drainage had a collection of around 300ml of bile following T-tube removal. Hospital stay in the T-tube drainage group was longer. In two cases of the T-tube group, there were retained stones, whereas in the CDD group, there were none. Conclusions: Open surgical procedures for choledocholithiasis still have an important role to play. Both techniques are easy and safe to perform. Choledochoduodenostomy lowers the chances of retained and recurrent stones.

Background/Purpose: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the risk factors for postoperative cholangitis (POC) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and the efficacy of stenting on hepaticojejunostomy (HJ). Methods: We investigated 162 patients. Postoperative cholangitis occurring before and after discharge was defined as early‐onset POC (E‐POC) and late‐onset POC (L‐POC), respectively. Risk factors for E‐POC and L‐POC were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Propensity score matching (PSM) between the stenting group (group S) and the non‐stenting group (group NS), and subgroup analysis in patients with risk factors were performed to evaluate the efficacy of stenting on HJ in preventing POC. Results: Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 and preoperative non‐biliary drainage (BD) were risk factors for E‐POC and L‐POC, respectively. PSM analysis revealed that E‐POC occurrence was significantly higher in group S than in group NS (P =.045). In the preoperative non‐BD group (n = 69), E‐POC occurrence was significantly higher in group S than in group NS (P =.025). Conclusions: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and preoperative non‐BD status were risk factors for E‐POC and L‐POC, respectively. Stenting on HJ implants did not prevent POC after PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Long‐term outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS‐CDS) performed with lumen apposing metal stents (LAMS) have been poorly evaluated in small or retrospective series, leading to an underestimation of LAMS dysfunction. Methods: All consecutive EUS‐CDS performed in three academic referral centers were included in prospectively maintained databases. Technical/clinical success, adverse events (AEs), and dysfunction during follow‐up were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to estimate dysfunction‐free survival (DFS), with Cox proportional hazard regression to evaluate independent predictors of dysfunction. Results: Ninety‐three patients were included (male 56%; mean age, 70 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 68–72]; pancreatic cancer 81%, metastatic disease 47%). In 67% of procedures, 6 mm LAMS were used. Technical and clinical success were achieved in 97.8% and 93.4% of patients, respectively, with AEs occurring in 9.7% (78% mild/moderate). Dysfunction occurred in 31.8% of patients after a mean of 166 days (95% CI 91–241), with an estimated 6 month and 12 month DFS of 75% and 52%, respectively; mean DFS of 394 (95% CI 307–482) days. Almost all dysfunctions (96%) were successfully managed by endoscopic reintervention. Duodenal invasion (hazard ratio 2.7 [95% CI 1.1–6.8]) was the only independent predictor of dysfunction. Conclusions: Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided choledochoduodenostomy shows excellent initial efficacy and safety, although stent dysfunctions occurs frequently during long‐term follow‐up. Almost all stent dysfunctions can be managed successfully by endoscopic reinterventions. We propose a comprehensive classification of the different types of dysfunction that may be encountered and rescue procedures that may be employed under these circumstances. Duodenal invasion seems to increase the risk of developing EUS‐CDS dysfunction, potentially representing a relative contraindication for this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Neoplasms of the biliopancreatic confluence may present with obstruction of the bile tract, leading to jaundice, pruritus and cholangitis. In these cases drainage of the bile tract is imperative. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with placement of a choledochal prosthesis is an effective treatment in about 90% of cases, even in experienced hands. In cases of ERCP failure, therapeutic options traditionally include surgical bypass by hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) or percutaneous transparietohepatic drainage (DPTH). In recent years, endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage techniques have gained space because they are less invasive, effective and have an acceptable incidence of complications. Endoscopic echo-guided drainage of the bile duct can be performed through the stomach (hepatogastrostomy), duodenum (choledochoduodenostomy) or by the anterograde drainage technique. Some services consider ultrasound-guided drainage of the bile duct the procedure of choice in the event of ERCP failure. The objective of this review is to present the main types of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage and compare them with other techniques.

Objective: Rare disease Background: Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis is caused by a breach of the blood-ocular barrier by pathogens originating from distant infective foci. Here, we report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis due to cholangitis complicated by common bile duct stones, which is a rare source of infection. Case Report: A 73-year-old man with type II diabetes mellitus underwent endoscopic choledocholithotripsy 20 years ago and laparoscopic cholecystectomy 18 years ago. He had choledocholith-related cholangitis 6, 5, and 1 years previously and 4 times in the last year and underwent endoscopic choledocholithotripsy each time. Three days after the last surgery, the patient developed right endogenous endophthalmitis and vitrectomy was performed. Four months later, the patient relapsed with cholangitis and required surgery for recurrent endophthalmitis. Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy was performed with curative intent, and the patient was followed up for 5 years without recurrence of choledocholith, cholangitis, or endophthalmitis. Conclusions: The recommended treatment strategy for patients diagnosed with common bile duct stones or choledocholithiasis is stone extraction. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic intervention is a widely accepted procedure. However, in cases of recurrent choledocholithiasis, the rate of recurrence increases and the interval between ERCP becomes shorter in proportion to the number of recurrences. In such intractable cases requiring numerous sessions of endoscopic stone removal, bypass Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy should be performed to prevent possible rare complications such as endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided choledochoduodenostomy using a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) allows access to the biliary system with a sufficiently large diameter stent. However, an appropriate endoscope for this purpose is required. We evaluated the feasibility of per-oral cholangioscopy (POC) using a multibending ultra-slim endoscope through a LAMS for EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy. Methods: Twelve patients who underwent EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy, followed by POC via a LAMS, were enrolled. POC was performed with an multibending ultra-slim endoscope. The primary outcome was technical success, defined as examination of both hepatic ducts and either the distal common bile duct or stricture site within 10 min. The types of intervention and adverse events were also assessed. Results: Technical success was achieved in all cases with the multibending ultra-slim endoscope. Narrow-band imaging endoscopy was performed in five cases (41.7%) and POC-guided targeted biopsy was performed in three cases (25.0%). Stone extraction during POC was performed in two patients (16.7%) and foreign body removal from the intrahepatic duct was performed in one patient. One patient underwent additional metal stent insertion under direct visualization. After POC, no stent migration or severe adverse events were seen in any case. Conclusions: POC using a multibending ultra-slim endoscope for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes can be performed effectively and safely through a LAMS after EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (PTCSL) is a minimally invasive treatment for hepatolithiasis. But it may make a long cycle of treatment so that it was further improved to complete the percutaneous hepatic choledochotomy and choledochoscopic lithotripsy in phase I surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the modified technique comparing with laparoscopic choledochotomy. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of patients with hepatolithiasis or choledocholithiasis consulted at our hospital from February 2018 to December 2021. The cases were divided into two groups according to surgical modality, intraoperative ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (IUG-PTCSL) and laparoscopic choledochotomy lithotripsy (LC-L). Contrast analysis determined the advantages of the two approaches. Results: IUG-PTCSL was performed in 44 patients, aged 58.14 ± 14.01 years, including 9 male and 35 female. There were 15 patients underwent LC-L, aged 62.13 ± 15.03 years, including 1 male and 14 female. There was not statistically significant difference in the composition of patients' age and sex between the two groups (p = 0.356, 0.219). The success rate of intraoperative ultrasound-guided percutaneous hepatic bile duct puncture was 100% followed with the success rate of hepatocholangiostomy was 100%. Although 1 (1/44) patient showed significant bleeding during choledochoscopic lithotripsy and was converted to open choledochotomy for stone extraction, 43 patients completed IUG-PTCSL with the rate of phase I surgical stones removal was 81.40% (35/43), whereas the stones removal rate of LC-L was 66.67% (10/15). There was not statistically significant difference between them (p = 0.067). Both the groups showed no significant complications with the postoperative hospital stay of 8 (6, 10) days and 10 (8, 11) days, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.028). Conclusion: Intraoperative ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy might be a safe and reliable ideal method for bile duct stones with the advantages of rapid recovery for patients. Intraoperative ultrasound-guided percutaneous hepatocholangiostomy may be the key technique for the successful completion of the surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Biliary stricture in necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) has not been systematically categorized; therefore, we sought to define the incidence and natural history of biliary stricture caused by NP. Summary of Background Data: Benign biliary stricture occurs secondary to bile duct injury, anastomotic narrowing, or chronic inflammation and fibrosis. The profound locoregional inflammatory response of NP creates challenging biliary strictures. Methods: NP patients treated between 2005 and 2019 were reviewed. Biliary stricture was identified on cholangiography as narrowing of the extrahepatic biliary tree to <75% of the diameter of the unaffected duct. Biliary stricture risk factors and outcomes were evaluated. Results: Among 743 NP patients, 64 died, 13 were lost to follow-up; therefore, a total of 666 patients were included in the final cohort. Biliary stricture developed in 108 (16%) patients. Mean follow up was 3.5 ± 3.3 years. Median time from NP onset to biliary stricture diagnosis was 4.2 months (interquartile range, 1.8 to 10.9). Presentation was commonly clinical or biochemical jaundice, n = 30 (28%) each. Risk factors for stricture development were splanchnic vein thrombosis and pancreatic head parenchymal necrosis. Median time to stricture resolution was 6.0 months after onset (2.8 to 9.8). A mean of 3.3 ± 2.3 procedures were performed. Surgical intervention was required in 22 (20%) patients. Endoscopic treatment failed in 17% (17/99) of patients and was not associated with stricture length. Operative treatment of biliary stricture was more likely in patients with infected necrosis or NP disease duration ≥6 months. Conclusion: Biliary stricture occurs frequently after NP and is associated with splanchnic vein thrombosis and pancreatic head necrosis. Surgical correction was performed in 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ectopic varices around the choledochojejunostomy site after pancreatoduodenectomy are rare. Diagnosing ectopic varices is difficult but, if untreated or misdiagnosed, the resulting mortality is high. This report describes three cases of ectopic variceal bleeding at the choledochojejunostomy site that were improved by endoscopic glue injection therapy (EGIT) with cyanoacrylate (CA). Case 1 was a 68‐year‐old man admitted to the hospital with hematemesis and melena. Six years prior, the patient underwent a total pancreatectomy for intraductal papillary mucinous adenocarcinoma. We diagnosed ectopic variceal rupture at the choledochojejunostomy site and controlled bleeding by EGIT with alpha‐CA (αCA). Two recurrences of bleeding were improved by EGIT. Case 2 was a 71‐year‐old man admitted to the hospital with melena. Two and a half years prior, the patient underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. We found the red plug on the ectopic varices at the choledochojejunostomy site through endoscopic observation and performed EGIT with αCA. He had no recurrence. Case 3 was a 77‐year‐old woman admitted to the hospital with melena. Eleven years prior, the patient underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for chronic pancreatitis at the pancreatic head. We controlled ectopic variceal bleeding at the choledochojejunostomy site by EGIT with αCA. Seven years after EGIT, ectopic varices could not be identified with an endoscope and there was no recurrence of ectopic bleeding.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Background: Biliary fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of early postoperative biliary fistula for developing biliary anastomotic stricture after PD. Methods: Retrospective review of all PD performed for various indications at a single institution between 2013 and 2018. Postoperative biliary fistulae were graded according to the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS) as grade A–C. Multivariable analysis was performed for all comparative patient subgroups. Results: A total of 843 patients underwent PD for malignant (68%) and benign (32%) indications. Postoperative biliary fistula developed in 66 (8%) patients; ISGLS grade A in 29 (3%), grade B in 32 (4%), and grade C in 5 (0.6%). Ninety-day mortality was 3% (25 patients). The remaining 818 patients were evaluated with a median follow-up of 16 months (IQR, 5–32 months). Biliary anastomotic stricture developed in 41 (5%) patients at a median of 10 months (IQR, 6–18 months) postoperatively. Strictures were managed with percutaneous (27 patients, 66%) or endoscopic (14 patients, 34%) stenting. No biliary stricture required operative anastomotic revision. Postoperative biliary fistula (HR, 4.4; 95% CI, 2.0–9.9; P = 0.0002) was associated with biliary anastomotic stricture; an increased risk for biliary anastomotic stricture was seen in patients with grade A (HR, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.4–16.9; P = 0.0002) and grade B (HR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.2–10.9; P = 0.02) postoperative biliary fistula. Conclusion: Postoperative biliary fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy, including clinically insignificant, transient biliary fistula, is associated with an increased risk of a late biliary anastomotic stricture requiring stenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 93-year-old man presented to our hospital with a fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Computed tomography revealed bilateral bile duct dilation, cystic lesions with bile duct communication, and intraluminal solid nodules arising from the bile duct wall. The patient was diagnosed with intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. Surgery was not performed, considering the patient's age. It was impossible to control cholangitis using conventional endoscopic therapy. We therefore created an access route to the bile duct using endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy and inserted a lumen-apposed metal stent. Thereafter, we performed argon plasma coagulation of the tumor in the bile duct, which successfully prevented cholangitis recurrence.

Background/Aim. Choledochoduodenostomy has been reported as an effective treatment of benign biliary obstructions, but associated with a certain percentage of complications, (primarily cholangitis and the “sump” syndrome), as the consequence of duodenobiliary reflux which may occur. The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety, effectiveness and technical feasibility of choledochoduodenostomy for the treatment of distal benign biliary obstruction and to present its minimal postoperative complications. Methods. This propective study included 50 operated patients who had choledochoduodenal anastomosis created for benign biliary obstructions. The symptoms, biochemical and echosonographic parameters of cholestasis, operative technique, recovery features and complications were analayzed and compared. Based on the analysis of obtained data, safety, efficacy and competence of choledochoduodenal anastomosis were determined. Results. Specific early anastomosis- related complications were observed in 12.0% of patients (mostly minor surgical complications). During the immediate postoperative course, aerobilia as an indirect sign of duodenobiliary reflux, occurred in 91.7% of patients, but it was reduced to 16.7% after 30 days (and was not always associated with symptomatology). Choledochoduodenostomy was associated with a low incidence of cholangitis (2%) and anastomosis dehiscence (2%). Transitory duodenogastric reflux was identified in 6% of patients. The rate of intrahospital mortality was very low, considering patients’ very complex conditions (4%). During early postoperative period, the “sump” syndrome was not identified. Conclusion. Choledochoduodenostomy is a simple and effective method in the management of certain types of biliary obstruction. Serious complications can be avoided by proper selection of patients and careful surgical technique. This type od anastomosis has to be included in basic skills of every general surgeon.

Backgrounds/aims: Hepatolithiasis and choledocholithiasis are frequent pathologies and unfortunately, with the current treatment strategies, the recurrence incidence is still high. This study aimed to assess the outcomes of laparoscopic choledochotomy using cholangioscopy via the percutaneous-choledochal tube for the treatment of hepatolithiasis and choledocholithiasis in Vietnamese patients., Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients with hepatolithiasis and/or choledocholithiasis who underwent laparoscopic choledochotomy using intraoperative cholangioscopy via percutaneous-choledochal tube at the Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, 108 Military Central Hospital, from June 2017 to March 2020., Results: A total of 84 patients were analyzed. Most patients were females (56.0%) with a median age of 55.56 years. Among them, 41.8% of patients had previous abdominal operations, with 33.4% having choledochotomy. All patients underwent successful laparoscopic common bile duct exploration followed by T-tube drainage without needing to convert to open surgery. Most patients (64.3%) had both intrahepatic and extrahepatic stones. The rate of stones ≥ 10 mm in diameter was 64.3%. Biliary strictures were observed in 19.1% of patients during cholangioscopy. Complete removal of stones was achieved in 54.8% of patients. Intraoperative complications were encountered in two patients, but there was no need to change the strategy. The mean operating time was 121.85 ± 30.47 minutes. The early postoperative complication rate was 9.6%, and all patients were managed conservatively. The residual stones were removed through the T-tube tract by subsequent choledochoscopy in 34/38 patients, so the total success rate was 95.2%., Conclusions: Laparoscopic choledochotomy combined with cholangioscopy through the percutaneous-choledochal tube is a safe and effective strategy for hepatolithiasis and/or choledocholithiasis, even in patients with a previous choledochotomy.

Primary carcinoma of the duodenum, especially mucinous carcinoma of the duodenum, is extremely rare. We present a case of a long-term response to chemotherapy in mucinous carcinoma of the duodenum with multiple distant metastases. A 60-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with epigastric pain and jaundice. CT showed a thickening of the duodenal wall; extensive lymphadenopathy around the head of the pancreas, in the para-aortic region and the mediastinum; suspected peritoneal dissemination; lung metastases; and bone metastases. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a duodenal stenosis in the descending limb with irregular mucosa, and a diagnosis of mucinous carcinoma of the duodenum was made on the basis of the histological analysis of the biopsy sample. Double bypass surgery involving a choledochojejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy were performed for obstruction of the duodenum and common bile duct. After FOLFOXIRI therapy was initiated, the tumors were reduced markedly. Despite withdrawal after 28 courses of chemotherapy, the patient achieved a long-term response for 10 years after the initiation of chemotherapy.

Choledochojejunostomy has been common surgical treatment of biliary tract disease. Scar formation at anastomotic often results in postoperative complications associated with bleak post-operative recovery, in which local inflammation may be a potential target to modulate local scar formation. This study investigated the effect of regulatory B10 cells on local scar formation through interleukin-10 signal pathway following Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy (RCJS) in a novel rat model. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with RCJS were randomly divided into blank group, experimental group, IL-10 blocking group, control group, and received different interventions and duration. Injected through dorsal vein of penis, rats in different groups were treated respectively according to scheme. These interventions were performed during surgery, on 1st day, and 2nd day after surgery. Related indexes, including blood examination, specimen tissue of anastomotic detection, were recorded and compared in different interventional groups. Rats in experimental groups had more rapid recovery in liver function and inflammatory index, and higher in IL-10 level. Flow cytometry analysis showed that rats in experimental groups had highest content of B10 cells and lowest content of CD4 + CD25 - T cells in peripheral blood. Wider anastomotic by macroscopical observation, and slighter proliferation of collagen fiber and smooth muscle fiber, lower α-SMA and TGF-β1 levels by pathological staining were detected in experimental groups. Higher expression of the IL-10 gene and lower expression of TGF-β1 at anastomotic were detected in experimental groups. B10 cells may relieve local inflammation of anastomotic following RCJS in rats through IL-10-dependent modulatory effect, and improve local scar formation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Background/Aim. Choledochoduodenostomy has been reported as an effective treatment of benign biliary obstructions, but associated with a certain percentage of complications, (primarily cholangitis and the "sump" syndrome), as the consequence of duodenobiliary reflux which may occur. The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety, effectiveness and technical feasibility of choledochoduodenostomy for the treatment of distal benign biliary obstruction and to present its minimal postoperative complications. Methods. This propective study included 50 operated patients who had choledochoduodenal anastomosis created for benign biliary obstructions. The symptoms, biochemical and echosonographic parameters of cholestasis, operative technique, recovery features and complications were analayzed and compared. Based on the analysis of obtained data, safety, efficacy and competence of choledochoduodenal anastomosis were determined. Results. Specific early anastomosis-related complications were observed in 12.0% of patients (mostly minor surgical complications). During the immediate postoperative course, aerobilia as an indirect sign of duodenobiliary reflux, occurred in 91.7% of patients, but it was reduced to 16.7% after 30 days (and was not always associated with symptomatology). Choledochoduodenostomy was associated with a low incidence of cholangitis (2%) and anastomosis dehiscence (2%). Transitory duodenogastric reflux was identified in 6% of patients. The rate of intrahospital mortality was very low, considering patients' very complex conditions (4%). During early postoperative period, the "sump" syndrome was not identified. Conclusion. Choledochoduodenostomy is a simple and effective method in the management of certain types of biliary obstruction. Serious complications can be avoided by proper selection of patients and careful surgical technique. This type od anastomosis has to be included in basic skills of every general surgeon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mirizzi syndrome (MS) is a rare complication of cholecystolithiasis that is characterized by obstruction of the common hepatic duct due to mechanical compression by impacted stones in the neck of the gallbladder or the cystic duct. Treatment of MS is surgical, and operative procedure would vary depending on its classification type. Biliary stricture after surgical treatment of MS is an unusual complication and endoscopic approach is not possible for patients who have undergone bilioenteric anastomosis. We report a case of a 60-year-old patient with biliary anastomotic stricture after surgical management of MS who was successfully treated with long-term percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sump syndrome is a rare complication of side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy (CDD) and occasionally occurs after spontaneous gallbladder-bile duct-digestive tract fistula or end-to-side choledochojejunostomy. Before the development of minimally invasive surgery, conventional surgical operation used to be the most important treatment method. This article reviews the research advances in sump syndrome in recent years and points out that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is the major diagnostic method for this disease, and endoscopic sphincterotomy combined with bile duct debridement is the most simple and effective measure for the treatment of sump syndrome. Meanwhile, this article briefly reviews sump syndrome with reference to related literature and clinical practice, in order to raise the awareness for sump syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the risk factors for postoperative cholangitis (POC) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and the efficacy of stenting on hepaticojejunostomy (HJ)., Methods: We investigated 162 patients. Postoperative cholangitis occurring before and after discharge was defined as early-onset POC (E-POC) and late-onset POC (L-POC), respectively. Risk factors for E-POC and L-POC were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Propensity score matching (PSM) between the stenting group (group S) and the non-stenting group (group NS), and subgroup analysis in patients with risk factors were performed to evaluate the efficacy of stenting on HJ in preventing POC., Results: Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m 2 and preoperative non-biliary drainage (BD) were risk factors for E-POC and L-POC, respectively. PSM analysis revealed that E-POC occurrence was significantly higher in group S than in group NS (P = .045). In the preoperative non-BD group (n = 69), E-POC occurrence was significantly higher in group S than in group NS (P = .025)., Conclusions: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 and preoperative non-BD status were risk factors for E-POC and L-POC, respectively. Stenting on HJ implants did not prevent POC after PD., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery.)