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1. In-Canopy Turbulence—State of the Art and Potential Improvements

Author

Theobald, M., Loubet, B., Ammann, C., Branislava, L., Chojnicki, B., Ganzeveld, L., Grosz, B., Kaasik, M., Noe, S., Olejnik, J., Rinne, J., Shapkalijevski, M., Simpson, D., Tchepel, O., Tuovinen, J.-P., Weidinger, T., Wichink Kruit, R., Massad, Raia-Silva, editor, and Loubet, Benjamin, editor

Published
2015
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2. Global maps of soil temperature

Author

Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), van den Hoogen, J. (Johan), Aalto, J. (Juha), Ashcroft, M. B. (Michael B.), De Frenne, P. (Pieter), Kemppinen, J. (Julia), Kopecky, M. (Martin), Luoto, M. (Miska), Maclean, I. M. (Ilya M. D.), Crowther, T. W. (Thomas W.), Bailey, J. J. (Joseph J.), Haesen, S. (Stef), Klinges, D. H. (David H.), Niittynen, P. (Pekka), Scheffers, B. R. (Brett R.), Van Meerbeek, K. (Koenraad), Aartsma, P. (Peter), Abdalaze, O. (Otar), Abedi, M. (Mehdi), Aerts, R. (Rien), Ahmadian, N. (Negar), Ahrends, A. (Antje), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Alexander, J. M. (Jake M.), Allonsius, C. N. (Camille Nina), Altman, J. (Jan), Ammann, C. (Christof), Andres, C. (Christian), Andrews, C. (Christopher), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Arzac, A. (Alberto), Aschero, V. (Valeria), Assis, R. L. (Rafael L.), Assmann, J. J. (Jakob Johann), Bader, M. Y. (Maaike Y.), Bahalkeh, K. (Khadijeh), Barancok, P. (Peter), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Barros, A. (Agustina), Barthel, M. (Matti), Basham, E. W. (Edmund W.), Bauters, M. (Marijn), Bazzichetto, M. (Manuele), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bell, M. C. (Michael C.), Benavides, J. C. (Juan C.), Benito Alonso, J. L. (Jose Luis), Berauer, B. J. (Bernd J.), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Bjork, R. G. (Robert G.), Bjorkman, M. P. (Mats P.), Bjornsdottir, K. (Katrin), Blonder, B. (Benjamin), Boeckx, P. (Pascal), Boike, J. (Julia), Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Brum, B. N. (Barbara N. S.), Bruna, J. (Josef), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Camargo, J. L. (Jose Luis), Campoe, O. C. (Otavio C.), Candan, O. (Onur), Canessa, R. (Rafaella), Cannone, N. (Nicoletta), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Carnicer, J. (Jofre), Casanova-Katny, A. (Angelica), Cesarz, S. (Simone), Chojnicki, B. (Bogdan), Choler, P. (Philippe), Chown, S. L. (Steven L.), Cifuentes, E. F. (Edgar F.), Ciliak, M. (Marek), Contador, T. (Tamara), Convey, P. (Peter), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curasi, S. R. (Salvatore R.), Curtis, R. (Robin), Cutini, M. (Maurizio), Dahlberg, C. J. (C. Johan), Daskalova, G. N. (Gergana N.), Angel de Pablo, M. (Miguel), Della Chiesa, S. (Stefano), Dengler, J. (Juergen), Deronde, B. (Bart), Descombes, P. (Patrice), Di Cecco, V. (Valter), Di Musciano, M. (Michele), Dick, J. (Jan), Dimarco, R. D. (Romina D.), Dolezal, J. (Jiri), Dorrepaal, E. (Ellen), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eklundh, L. (Lars), Erickson, T. E. (Todd E.), Erschbamer, B. (Brigitta), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewers, R. M. (Robert M.), Exton, D. A. (Dan A.), Fanin, N. (Nicolas), Fazlioglu, F. (Fatih), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Fenu, G. (Giuseppe), Ferlian, O. (Olga), Fernandez Calzado, M. R. (M. Rosa), Fernandez-Pascual, E. (Eduardo), Finckh, M. (Manfred), Higgens, R. F. (Rebecca Finger), Forte, T. G. (T'ai G. W.), Freeman, E. C. (Erika C.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Fuentes-Lillo, E. (Eduardo), Garcia, R. A. (Rafael A.), Garcia, M. B. (Maria B.), Geron, C. (Charly), Gharun, M. (Mana), Ghosn, D. (Dany), Gigauri, K. (Khatuna), Gobin, A. (Anne), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Gottschall, F. (Felix), Goulding, K. (Keith), Govaert, S. (Sanne), Graae, B. J. (Bente Jessen), Greenwood, S. (Sarah), Greiser, C. (Caroline), Grelle, A. (Achim), Guenard, B. (Benoit), Guglielmin, M. (Mauro), Guillemot, J. (Joannes), Haase, P. (Peter), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Halbritter, A. H. (Aud H.), Hamid, M. (Maroof), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Hampe, A. (Arndt), Haugum, S. V. (Siri, V), Hederova, L. (Lucia), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Helfter, C. (Carole), Hepenstrick, D. (Daniel), Herberich, M. (Maximiliane), Herbst, M. (Mathias), Hermanutz, L. (Luise), Hik, D. S. (David S.), Hoffren, R. (Raul), Homeier, J. (Juergen), Hörtnagl, L. (Lukas), Hoye, T. T. (Toke T.), Hrbacek, F. (Filip), Hylander, K. (Kristoffer), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. A. (Marcin Antoni), Jactel, H. (Herve), Jarveoja, J. (Jarvi), Jastrzebowski, S. (Szymon), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Jimenez, J. J. (Juan J.), Jonsdottir, I. S. (Ingibjorg S.), Jucker, T. (Tommaso), Jump, A. S. (Alistair S.), Juszczak, R. (Radoslaw), Kanka, R. (Robert), Kaspar, V. (Vit), Kazakis, G. (George), Kelly, J. (Julia), Khuroo, A. A. (Anzar A.), Klemedtsson, L. (Leif), Klisz, M. (Marcin), Kljun, N. (Natascha), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Kobler, J. (Johannes), Kollar, J. (Jozef), Kotowska, M. M. (Martyna M.), Kovacs, B. (Bence), Kreyling, J. (Juergen), Lamprecht, A. (Andrea), Lang, S. I. (Simone, I), Larson, C. (Christian), Larson, K. (Keith), Laska, K. (Kamil), Maire, G. I. (Guerric Ie), Leihy, R. I. (Rachel, I), Lens, L. (Luc), Liljebladh, B. (Bengt), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lorite, J. (Juan), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Lynn, J. (Joshua), Macek, M. (Martin), Mackenzie, R. (Roy), Magliulo, E. (Enzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Malfasi, F. (Francesco), Malis, F. (Frantisek), Man, M. (Matej), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Manco, A. (Antonio), Manise, T. (Tanguy), Manolaki, P. (Paraskevi), Marciniak, F. (Felipe), Matula, R. (Radim), Clara Mazzolari, A. (Ana), Medinets, S. (Sergiy), Medinets, V. (Volodymyr), Meeussen, C. (Camille), Merinero, S. (Sonia), Guimaraes Mesquita, R. d. (Rita de Cassia), Meusburger, K. (Katrin), Meysman, F. J. (Filip J. R.), Michaletz, S. T. (Sean T.), Milbau, A. (Ann), Moiseev, D. (Dmitry), Moiseev, P. (Pavel), Mondoni, A. (Andrea), Monfries, R. (Ruth), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moriana-Armendariz, M. (Mikel), di Cella, U. M. (Umberto Morra), Moersdorf, M. (Martin), Mosedale, J. R. (Jonathan R.), Muffler, L. (Lena), Munoz-Rojas, M. (Miriam), Myers, J. A. (Jonathan A.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Nagy, L. (Laszlo), Nardino, M. (Marianna), Naujokaitis-Lewis, I. (Ilona), Newling, E. (Emily), Nicklas, L. (Lena), Niedrist, G. (Georg), Niessner, A. (Armin), Nilsson, M. B. (Mats B.), Normand, S. (Signe), Nosetto, M. D. (Marcelo D.), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Nunez, M. A. (Martin A.), Ogaya, R. (Roma), Ogee, J. (Jerome), Okello, J. (Joseph), Olejnik, J. (Janusz), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Opedal, O. H. (Oystein H.), Orsenigo, S. (Simone), Palaj, A. (Andrej), Pampuch, T. (Timo), Panov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Pärtel, M. (Meelis), Pastor, A. (Ada), Pauchard, A. (Aníbal), Pauli, H. (Harald), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Pearse, W. D. (William D.), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pellissier, L. (Loïc), Penczykowski, R. M. (Rachel M.), Penuelas, J. (Josep), Petit Bon, M. (Matteo), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Phartyal, S. S. (Shyam S.), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Pio, C. (Casimiro), Pitacco, A. (Andrea), Pitteloud, C. (Camille), Plichta, R. (Roman), Porro, F. (Francesco), Portillo-Estrada, M. (Miguel), Poulenard, J. (Jérôme), Poyatos, R. (Rafael), Prokushkin, A. S. (Anatoly S.), Puchalka, R. (Radoslaw), Pușcaș, M. (Mihai), Radujković, D. (Dajana), Randall, K. (Krystal), Ratier Backes, A. (Amanda), Remmele, S. (Sabine), Remmers, W. (Wolfram), Renault, D. (David), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Rixen, C. (Christian), Robinson, S. A. (Sharon A.), Robroek, B. J. (Bjorn J. M.), Rocha, A. V. (Adrian V.), Rossi, C. (Christian), Rossi, G. (Graziano), Roupsard, O. (Olivier), Rubtsov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Saccone, P. (Patrick), Sagot, C. (Clotilde), Sallo Bravo, J. (Jhonatan), Santos, C. C. (Cinthya C.), Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.), Scharnweber, T. (Tobias), Schmeddes, J. (Jonas), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Scholten, T. (Thomas), Schuchardt, M. (Max), Schwartz, N. (Naomi), Scott, T. (Tony), Seeber, J. (Julia), Segalin De Andrade, A. C. (Ana Cristina), Seipel, T. (Tim), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Senior, R. A. (Rebecca A.), Serra-Diaz, J. M. (Josep M.), Sewerniak, P. (Piotr), Shekhar, A. (Ankit), Sidenko, N. V. (Nikita V.), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Siegwart Collier, L. (Laura), Simpson, E. (Elizabeth), Siqueira, D. P. (David P.), Sitková, Z. (Zuzana), Six, J. (Johan), Smiljanic, M. (Marko), Smith, S. W. (Stuart W.), Smith-Tripp, S. (Sarah), Somers, B. (Ben), Sørensen, M. V. (Mia Vedel), Souza, J. J. (José João L. L.), Souza, B. I. (Bartolomeu Israel), Dias, A. S. (Arildo Souza), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Speed, J. D. (James D. M.), Spicher, F. (Fabien), Stanisci, A. (Angela), Steinbauer, K. (Klaus), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Steinwandter, M. (Michael), Stemkovski, M. (Michael), Stephan, J. G. (Jörg G.), Stiegler, C. (Christian), Stoll, S. (Stefan), Svátek, M. (Martin), Svoboda, M. (Miroslav), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Tanentzap, A. J. (Andrew J.), Tanneberger, F. (Franziska), Theurillat, J.-P. (Jean-Paul), Thomas, H. J. (Haydn J. D.), Thomas, A. D. (Andrew D.), Tielbörger, K. (Katja), Tomaselli, M. (Marcello), Treier, U. A. (Urs Albert), Trouillier, M. (Mario), Turtureanu, P. D. (Pavel Dan), Tutton, R. (Rosamond), Tyystjärvi, V. A. (Vilna A.), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Ujházy, K. (Karol), Ujházyová, M. (Mariana), Uogintas, D. (Domas), Urban, A. V. (Anastasiya V.), Urban, J. (Josef), Urbaniak, M. (Marek), Ursu, T.-M. (Tudor-Mihai), Vaccari, F. P. (Francesco Primo), Van De Vondel, S. (Stijn), Van Den Brink, L. (Liesbeth), Van Geel, M. (Maarten), Vandvik, V. (Vigdis), Vangansbeke, P. (Pieter), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Veenendaal, E. (Elmar), Venn, S. E. (Susanna E.), Verbeeck, H. (Hans), Verbrugggen, E. (Erik), Verheijen, F. G. (Frank G. A.), Villar, L. (Luis), Vitale, L. (Luca), Vittoz, P. (Pascal), Vives-Ingla, M. (Maria), Von Oppen, J. (Jonathan), Walz, J. (Josefine), Wang, R. (Runxi), Wang, Y. (Yifeng), Way, R. G. (Robert G.), Wedegärtner, R. E. (Ronja E. M.), Weigel, R. (Robert), Wild, J. (Jan), Wilkinson, M. (Matthew), Wilmking, M. (Martin), Wingate, L. (Lisa), Winkler, M. (Manuela), Wipf, S. (Sonja), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Xenakis, G. (Georgios), Yang, Y. (Yan), Yu, Z. (Zicheng), Yu, K. (Kailiang), Zellweger, F. (Florian), Zhang, J. (Jian), Zhang, Z. (Zhaochen), Zhao, P. (Peng), Ziemblińska, K. (Klaudia), Zimmermann, R. (Reiner), Zong, S. (Shengwei), Zyryanov, V. I. (Viacheslav I.), Nijs, I. (Ivan), Lenoir, J. (Jonathan), Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), van den Hoogen, J. (Johan), Aalto, J. (Juha), Ashcroft, M. B. (Michael B.), De Frenne, P. (Pieter), Kemppinen, J. (Julia), Kopecky, M. (Martin), Luoto, M. (Miska), Maclean, I. M. (Ilya M. D.), Crowther, T. W. (Thomas W.), Bailey, J. J. (Joseph J.), Haesen, S. (Stef), Klinges, D. H. (David H.), Niittynen, P. (Pekka), Scheffers, B. R. (Brett R.), Van Meerbeek, K. (Koenraad), Aartsma, P. (Peter), Abdalaze, O. (Otar), Abedi, M. (Mehdi), Aerts, R. (Rien), Ahmadian, N. (Negar), Ahrends, A. (Antje), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Alexander, J. M. (Jake M.), Allonsius, C. N. (Camille Nina), Altman, J. (Jan), Ammann, C. (Christof), Andres, C. (Christian), Andrews, C. (Christopher), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Arzac, A. (Alberto), Aschero, V. (Valeria), Assis, R. L. (Rafael L.), Assmann, J. J. (Jakob Johann), Bader, M. Y. (Maaike Y.), Bahalkeh, K. (Khadijeh), Barancok, P. (Peter), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Barros, A. (Agustina), Barthel, M. (Matti), Basham, E. W. (Edmund W.), Bauters, M. (Marijn), Bazzichetto, M. (Manuele), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bell, M. C. (Michael C.), Benavides, J. C. (Juan C.), Benito Alonso, J. L. (Jose Luis), Berauer, B. J. (Bernd J.), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Bjork, R. G. (Robert G.), Bjorkman, M. P. (Mats P.), Bjornsdottir, K. (Katrin), Blonder, B. (Benjamin), Boeckx, P. (Pascal), Boike, J. (Julia), Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Brum, B. N. (Barbara N. S.), Bruna, J. (Josef), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Camargo, J. L. (Jose Luis), Campoe, O. C. (Otavio C.), Candan, O. (Onur), Canessa, R. (Rafaella), Cannone, N. (Nicoletta), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Carnicer, J. (Jofre), Casanova-Katny, A. (Angelica), Cesarz, S. (Simone), Chojnicki, B. (Bogdan), Choler, P. (Philippe), Chown, S. L. (Steven L.), Cifuentes, E. F. (Edgar F.), Ciliak, M. (Marek), Contador, T. (Tamara), Convey, P. (Peter), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curasi, S. R. (Salvatore R.), Curtis, R. (Robin), Cutini, M. (Maurizio), Dahlberg, C. J. (C. Johan), Daskalova, G. N. (Gergana N.), Angel de Pablo, M. (Miguel), Della Chiesa, S. (Stefano), Dengler, J. (Juergen), Deronde, B. (Bart), Descombes, P. (Patrice), Di Cecco, V. (Valter), Di Musciano, M. (Michele), Dick, J. (Jan), Dimarco, R. D. (Romina D.), Dolezal, J. (Jiri), Dorrepaal, E. (Ellen), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eklundh, L. (Lars), Erickson, T. E. (Todd E.), Erschbamer, B. (Brigitta), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewers, R. M. (Robert M.), Exton, D. A. (Dan A.), Fanin, N. (Nicolas), Fazlioglu, F. (Fatih), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Fenu, G. (Giuseppe), Ferlian, O. (Olga), Fernandez Calzado, M. R. (M. Rosa), Fernandez-Pascual, E. (Eduardo), Finckh, M. (Manfred), Higgens, R. F. (Rebecca Finger), Forte, T. G. (T'ai G. W.), Freeman, E. C. (Erika C.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Fuentes-Lillo, E. (Eduardo), Garcia, R. A. (Rafael A.), Garcia, M. B. (Maria B.), Geron, C. (Charly), Gharun, M. (Mana), Ghosn, D. (Dany), Gigauri, K. (Khatuna), Gobin, A. (Anne), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Gottschall, F. (Felix), Goulding, K. (Keith), Govaert, S. (Sanne), Graae, B. J. (Bente Jessen), Greenwood, S. (Sarah), Greiser, C. (Caroline), Grelle, A. (Achim), Guenard, B. (Benoit), Guglielmin, M. (Mauro), Guillemot, J. (Joannes), Haase, P. (Peter), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Halbritter, A. H. (Aud H.), Hamid, M. (Maroof), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Hampe, A. (Arndt), Haugum, S. V. (Siri, V), Hederova, L. (Lucia), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Helfter, C. (Carole), Hepenstrick, D. (Daniel), Herberich, M. (Maximiliane), Herbst, M. (Mathias), Hermanutz, L. (Luise), Hik, D. S. (David S.), Hoffren, R. (Raul), Homeier, J. (Juergen), Hörtnagl, L. (Lukas), Hoye, T. T. (Toke T.), Hrbacek, F. (Filip), Hylander, K. (Kristoffer), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. A. (Marcin Antoni), Jactel, H. (Herve), Jarveoja, J. (Jarvi), Jastrzebowski, S. (Szymon), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Jimenez, J. J. (Juan J.), Jonsdottir, I. S. (Ingibjorg S.), Jucker, T. (Tommaso), Jump, A. S. (Alistair S.), Juszczak, R. (Radoslaw), Kanka, R. (Robert), Kaspar, V. (Vit), Kazakis, G. (George), Kelly, J. (Julia), Khuroo, A. A. (Anzar A.), Klemedtsson, L. (Leif), Klisz, M. (Marcin), Kljun, N. (Natascha), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Kobler, J. (Johannes), Kollar, J. (Jozef), Kotowska, M. M. (Martyna M.), Kovacs, B. (Bence), Kreyling, J. (Juergen), Lamprecht, A. (Andrea), Lang, S. I. (Simone, I), Larson, C. (Christian), Larson, K. (Keith), Laska, K. (Kamil), Maire, G. I. (Guerric Ie), Leihy, R. I. (Rachel, I), Lens, L. (Luc), Liljebladh, B. (Bengt), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lorite, J. (Juan), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Lynn, J. (Joshua), Macek, M. (Martin), Mackenzie, R. (Roy), Magliulo, E. (Enzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Malfasi, F. (Francesco), Malis, F. (Frantisek), Man, M. (Matej), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Manco, A. (Antonio), Manise, T. (Tanguy), Manolaki, P. (Paraskevi), Marciniak, F. (Felipe), Matula, R. (Radim), Clara Mazzolari, A. (Ana), Medinets, S. (Sergiy), Medinets, V. (Volodymyr), Meeussen, C. (Camille), Merinero, S. (Sonia), Guimaraes Mesquita, R. d. (Rita de Cassia), Meusburger, K. (Katrin), Meysman, F. J. (Filip J. R.), Michaletz, S. T. (Sean T.), Milbau, A. (Ann), Moiseev, D. (Dmitry), Moiseev, P. (Pavel), Mondoni, A. (Andrea), Monfries, R. (Ruth), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moriana-Armendariz, M. (Mikel), di Cella, U. M. (Umberto Morra), Moersdorf, M. (Martin), Mosedale, J. R. (Jonathan R.), Muffler, L. (Lena), Munoz-Rojas, M. (Miriam), Myers, J. A. (Jonathan A.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Nagy, L. (Laszlo), Nardino, M. (Marianna), Naujokaitis-Lewis, I. (Ilona), Newling, E. (Emily), Nicklas, L. (Lena), Niedrist, G. (Georg), Niessner, A. (Armin), Nilsson, M. B. (Mats B.), Normand, S. (Signe), Nosetto, M. D. (Marcelo D.), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Nunez, M. A. (Martin A.), Ogaya, R. (Roma), Ogee, J. (Jerome), Okello, J. (Joseph), Olejnik, J. (Janusz), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Opedal, O. H. (Oystein H.), Orsenigo, S. (Simone), Palaj, A. (Andrej), Pampuch, T. (Timo), Panov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Pärtel, M. (Meelis), Pastor, A. (Ada), Pauchard, A. (Aníbal), Pauli, H. (Harald), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Pearse, W. D. (William D.), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pellissier, L. (Loïc), Penczykowski, R. M. (Rachel M.), Penuelas, J. (Josep), Petit Bon, M. (Matteo), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Phartyal, S. S. (Shyam S.), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Pio, C. (Casimiro), Pitacco, A. (Andrea), Pitteloud, C. (Camille), Plichta, R. (Roman), Porro, F. (Francesco), Portillo-Estrada, M. (Miguel), Poulenard, J. (Jérôme), Poyatos, R. (Rafael), Prokushkin, A. S. (Anatoly S.), Puchalka, R. (Radoslaw), Pușcaș, M. (Mihai), Radujković, D. (Dajana), Randall, K. (Krystal), Ratier Backes, A. (Amanda), Remmele, S. (Sabine), Remmers, W. (Wolfram), Renault, D. (David), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Rixen, C. (Christian), Robinson, S. A. (Sharon A.), Robroek, B. J. (Bjorn J. M.), Rocha, A. V. (Adrian V.), Rossi, C. (Christian), Rossi, G. (Graziano), Roupsard, O. (Olivier), Rubtsov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Saccone, P. (Patrick), Sagot, C. (Clotilde), Sallo Bravo, J. (Jhonatan), Santos, C. C. (Cinthya C.), Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.), Scharnweber, T. (Tobias), Schmeddes, J. (Jonas), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Scholten, T. (Thomas), Schuchardt, M. (Max), Schwartz, N. (Naomi), Scott, T. (Tony), Seeber, J. (Julia), Segalin De Andrade, A. C. (Ana Cristina), Seipel, T. (Tim), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Senior, R. A. (Rebecca A.), Serra-Diaz, J. M. (Josep M.), Sewerniak, P. (Piotr), Shekhar, A. (Ankit), Sidenko, N. V. (Nikita V.), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Siegwart Collier, L. (Laura), Simpson, E. (Elizabeth), Siqueira, D. P. (David P.), Sitková, Z. (Zuzana), Six, J. (Johan), Smiljanic, M. (Marko), Smith, S. W. (Stuart W.), Smith-Tripp, S. (Sarah), Somers, B. (Ben), Sørensen, M. V. (Mia Vedel), Souza, J. J. (José João L. L.), Souza, B. I. (Bartolomeu Israel), Dias, A. S. (Arildo Souza), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Speed, J. D. (James D. M.), Spicher, F. (Fabien), Stanisci, A. (Angela), Steinbauer, K. (Klaus), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Steinwandter, M. (Michael), Stemkovski, M. (Michael), Stephan, J. G. (Jörg G.), Stiegler, C. (Christian), Stoll, S. (Stefan), Svátek, M. (Martin), Svoboda, M. (Miroslav), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Tanentzap, A. J. (Andrew J.), Tanneberger, F. (Franziska), Theurillat, J.-P. (Jean-Paul), Thomas, H. J. (Haydn J. D.), Thomas, A. D. (Andrew D.), Tielbörger, K. (Katja), Tomaselli, M. (Marcello), Treier, U. A. (Urs Albert), Trouillier, M. (Mario), Turtureanu, P. D. (Pavel Dan), Tutton, R. (Rosamond), Tyystjärvi, V. A. (Vilna A.), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Ujházy, K. (Karol), Ujházyová, M. (Mariana), Uogintas, D. (Domas), Urban, A. V. (Anastasiya V.), Urban, J. (Josef), Urbaniak, M. (Marek), Ursu, T.-M. (Tudor-Mihai), Vaccari, F. P. (Francesco Primo), Van De Vondel, S. (Stijn), Van Den Brink, L. (Liesbeth), Van Geel, M. (Maarten), Vandvik, V. (Vigdis), Vangansbeke, P. (Pieter), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Veenendaal, E. (Elmar), Venn, S. E. (Susanna E.), Verbeeck, H. (Hans), Verbrugggen, E. (Erik), Verheijen, F. G. (Frank G. A.), Villar, L. (Luis), Vitale, L. (Luca), Vittoz, P. (Pascal), Vives-Ingla, M. (Maria), Von Oppen, J. (Jonathan), Walz, J. (Josefine), Wang, R. (Runxi), Wang, Y. (Yifeng), Way, R. G. (Robert G.), Wedegärtner, R. E. (Ronja E. M.), Weigel, R. (Robert), Wild, J. (Jan), Wilkinson, M. (Matthew), Wilmking, M. (Martin), Wingate, L. (Lisa), Winkler, M. (Manuela), Wipf, S. (Sonja), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Xenakis, G. (Georgios), Yang, Y. (Yan), Yu, Z. (Zicheng), Yu, K. (Kailiang), Zellweger, F. (Florian), Zhang, J. (Jian), Zhang, Z. (Zhaochen), Zhao, P. (Peng), Ziemblińska, K. (Klaudia), Zimmermann, R. (Reiner), Zong, S. (Shengwei), Zyryanov, V. I. (Viacheslav I.), Nijs, I. (Ivan), and Lenoir, J. (Jonathan)

Abstract

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0‐5 and 5‐15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km² pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10° degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/‐ 2.1° degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/‐2.3° degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (‐0.7 +/‐ 2.3° degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological

Published
2022

3. Global maps of soil temperature

Author

Lembrechts, JJ, van den Hoogen, J, Aalto, J, Ashcroft, MB, De Frenne, P, Kemppinen, J, Kopecký, M, Luoto, M, Maclean, IMD, Crowther, TW, Bailey, JJ, Haesen, S, Klinges, DH, Niittynen, P, Scheffers, BR, Van Meerbeek, K, Aartsma, P, Abdalaze, O, Abedi, M, Aerts, R, Ahmadian, N, Ahrends, A, Alatalo, JM, Alexander, JM, Nina Allonsius, C, Altman, J, Ammann, C, Andres, C, Andrews, C, Ardö, J, Arriga, N, Arzac, A, Aschero, V, Assis, RL, Johann Assmann, J, Bader, MY, Bahalkeh, K, Barančok, P, Barrio, IC, Barros, A, Barthel, M, Basham, EW, Bauters, M, Bazzichetto, M, Belelli Marchesini, L, Bell, MC, Benavides, JC, Luis Benito Alonso, J, Berauer, BJ, Bjerke, JW, Björk, RG, Björkman, MP, Björnsdóttir, K, Blonder, B, Boeckx, P, Boike, J, Bokhorst, S, Brum, BNS, Brůna, J, Buchmann, N, Buysse, P, Luís Camargo, J, Campoe, OC, Candan, O, Canessa, R, Cannone, N, Carbognani, M, Carnicer, J, Casanova‐Katny, A, Cesarz, S, Chojnicki, B, Choler, P, Chown, SL, Cifuentes, EF, Čiliak, M, Contador, T, Convey, P, Cooper, EJ, Cremonese, E, Curasi, SR, Curtis, R, Cutini, M, Johan Dahlberg, C, Daskalova, GN, Angel de Pablo, M, Della Chiesa, S, Dengler, J, Deronde, B, Descombes, P, Di Cecco, V, Di Musciano, M, Dick, J, Dimarco, RD, Dolezal, J, Dorrepaal, E, Dušek, J, Eisenhauer, N, Eklundh, L, Erickson, TE, Erschbamer, B, Eugster, W, Ewers, RM, Exton, DA, Fanin, N, Fazlioglu, F, Feigenwinter, I, Fenu, G, Ferlian, O, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M, Fernández‐Pascual, E, Finckh, M, Finger Higgens, R, Forte, TGW, Freeman, EC, Frei, ER, Fuentes‐Lillo, E, García, RA, García, MB, Géron, C, Gharun, M, Ghosn, D, Gigauri, K, Gobin, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Gottschall, F, Goulding, K, Govaert, S, Jessen Graae, B, Greenwood, S, Greiser, C, Grelle, A, Guénard, B, Guglielmin, M, Guillemot, J, Haase, P, Haider, S, Halbritter, AH, Hamid, M, Hammerle, A, Hampe, A, Haugum, SV, Hederová, L, Heinesch, B, Helfter, C, Hepenstrick, D, Herberich, M, Herbst, M, Hermanutz, L, Hik, DS, Hoffrén, R, Homeier, J, Hörtnagl, L, Høye, TT, Hrbacek, F, Hylander, K, Iwata, H, Antoni Jackowicz‐Korczynski, M, Jactel, H, Järveoja, J, Jastrzębowski, S, Jentsch, A, Jiménez, JJ, Jónsdóttir, IS, Jucker, T, Jump, AS, Juszczak, R, Kanka, R, Kašpar, V, Kazakis, G, Kelly, J, Khuroo, AA, Klemedtsson, L, Klisz, M, Kljun, N, Knohl, A, Kobler, J, Kollár, J, Kotowska, MM, Kovács, B, Kreyling, J, Lamprecht, A, Lang, SI, Larson, C, Larson, K, Laska, K, le Maire, G, Leihy, RI, Lens, L, Liljebladh, B, Lohila, A, Lorite, J, Loubet, B, Lynn, J, Macek, M, Mackenzie, R, Magliulo, E, Maier, R, Malfasi, F, Máliš, F, Man, M, Manca, G, Manco, A, Manise, T, Manolaki, P, Marciniak, F, Matula, R, Clara Mazzolari, A, Medinets, S, Medinets, V, Meeussen, C, Merinero, S, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, R, Meusburger, K, Meysman, FJR, Michaletz, ST, Milbau, A, Moiseev, D, Moiseev, P, Mondoni, A, Monfries, R, Montagnani, L, Moriana‐Armendariz, M, Morra di Cella, U, Mörsdorf, M, Mosedale, JR, Muffler, L, Muñoz‐Rojas, M, Myers, JA, Myers‐Smith, IH, Nagy, L, Nardino, M, Naujokaitis‐Lewis, I, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, L, Niedrist, G, Niessner, A, Nilsson, MB, Normand, S, Nosetto, MD, Nouvellon, Y, Nuñez, MA, Ogaya, R, Ogée, J, Okello, J, Olejnik, J, Eivind Olesen, J, Opedal, Ø, Orsenigo, S, Palaj, A, Pampuch, T, Panov, AV, Pärtel, M, Pastor, A, Pauchard, A, Pauli, H, Pavelka, M, Pearse, WD, Peichl, M, Pellissier, L, Penczykowski, RM, Penuelas, J, Petit Bon, M, Petraglia, A, Phartyal, SS, Phoenix, GK, Pio, C, Pitacco, A, Pitteloud, C, Plichta, R, Porro, F, Portillo‐Estrada, M, Poulenard, J, Poyatos, R, Prokushkin, AS, Puchalka, R, Pușcaș, M, Radujković, D, Randall, K, Ratier Backes, A, Remmele, S, Remmers, W, Renault, D, Risch, AC, Rixen, C, Robinson, SA, Robroek, BJM, Rocha, AV, Rossi, C, Rossi, G, Roupsard, O, Rubtsov, AV, Saccone, P, Sagot, C, Sallo Bravo, J, Santos, CC, Sarneel, JM, Scharnweber, T, Schmeddes, J, Schmidt, M, Scholten, T, Schuchardt, M, Schwartz, N, Scott, T, Seeber, J, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, A, Seipel, T, Semenchuk, P, Senior, RA, Serra‐Diaz, JM, Sewerniak, P, Shekhar, A, Sidenko, NV, Siebicke, L, Siegwart Collier, L, Simpson, E, Siqueira, DP, Sitková, Z, Six, J, Smiljanic, M, Smith, SW, Smith‐Tripp, S, Somers, B, Vedel Sørensen, M, João L. L. Souza, J, Israel Souza, B, Souza Dias, A, Spasojevic, MJ, Speed, JDM, Spicher, F, Stanisci, A, Steinbauer, K, Steinbrecher, R, Steinwandter, M, Stemkovski, M, Stephan, JG, Stiegler, C, Stoll, S, Svátek, M, Svoboda, M, Tagesson, T, Tanentzap, AJ, Tanneberger, F, Theurillat, J, Thomas, HJD, Thomas, AD, Tielbörger, K, Tomaselli, M, Albert Treier, U, Trouillier, M, Dan Turtureanu, P, Tutton, R, Tyystjärvi, VA, Ueyama, M, Ujházy, K, Ujházyová, M, Uogintas, D, Urban, AV, Urban, J, Urbaniak, M, Ursu, T, Primo Vaccari, F, Van de Vondel, S, van den Brink, L, Van Geel, M, Vandvik, V, Vangansbeke, P, Varlagin, A, Veen, GF, Veenendaal, E, Venn, Susanna, Verbeeck, H, Verbrugggen, E, Verheijen, FGA, Villar, L, Vitale, L, Vittoz, P, Vives‐Ingla, M, von Oppen, J, Walz, J, Wang, R, Wang, Y, Way, RG, Wedegärtner, REM, Weigel, R, Wild, J, Wilkinson, M, Wilmking, M, Wingate, L, Winkler, M, Wipf, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Xenakis, G, Yang, Y, Yu, Z, Yu, K, Zellweger, F, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhao, P, Ziemblińska, K, Zimmermann, R, Zong, S, Zyryanov, VI, Nijs, I, Lenoir, J, Lembrechts, JJ, van den Hoogen, J, Aalto, J, Ashcroft, MB, De Frenne, P, Kemppinen, J, Kopecký, M, Luoto, M, Maclean, IMD, Crowther, TW, Bailey, JJ, Haesen, S, Klinges, DH, Niittynen, P, Scheffers, BR, Van Meerbeek, K, Aartsma, P, Abdalaze, O, Abedi, M, Aerts, R, Ahmadian, N, Ahrends, A, Alatalo, JM, Alexander, JM, Nina Allonsius, C, Altman, J, Ammann, C, Andres, C, Andrews, C, Ardö, J, Arriga, N, Arzac, A, Aschero, V, Assis, RL, Johann Assmann, J, Bader, MY, Bahalkeh, K, Barančok, P, Barrio, IC, Barros, A, Barthel, M, Basham, EW, Bauters, M, Bazzichetto, M, Belelli Marchesini, L, Bell, MC, Benavides, JC, Luis Benito Alonso, J, Berauer, BJ, Bjerke, JW, Björk, RG, Björkman, MP, Björnsdóttir, K, Blonder, B, Boeckx, P, Boike, J, Bokhorst, S, Brum, BNS, Brůna, J, Buchmann, N, Buysse, P, Luís Camargo, J, Campoe, OC, Candan, O, Canessa, R, Cannone, N, Carbognani, M, Carnicer, J, Casanova‐Katny, A, Cesarz, S, Chojnicki, B, Choler, P, Chown, SL, Cifuentes, EF, Čiliak, M, Contador, T, Convey, P, Cooper, EJ, Cremonese, E, Curasi, SR, Curtis, R, Cutini, M, Johan Dahlberg, C, Daskalova, GN, Angel de Pablo, M, Della Chiesa, S, Dengler, J, Deronde, B, Descombes, P, Di Cecco, V, Di Musciano, M, Dick, J, Dimarco, RD, Dolezal, J, Dorrepaal, E, Dušek, J, Eisenhauer, N, Eklundh, L, Erickson, TE, Erschbamer, B, Eugster, W, Ewers, RM, Exton, DA, Fanin, N, Fazlioglu, F, Feigenwinter, I, Fenu, G, Ferlian, O, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M, Fernández‐Pascual, E, Finckh, M, Finger Higgens, R, Forte, TGW, Freeman, EC, Frei, ER, Fuentes‐Lillo, E, García, RA, García, MB, Géron, C, Gharun, M, Ghosn, D, Gigauri, K, Gobin, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Gottschall, F, Goulding, K, Govaert, S, Jessen Graae, B, Greenwood, S, Greiser, C, Grelle, A, Guénard, B, Guglielmin, M, Guillemot, J, Haase, P, Haider, S, Halbritter, AH, Hamid, M, Hammerle, A, Hampe, A, Haugum, SV, Hederová, L, Heinesch, B, Helfter, C, Hepenstrick, D, Herberich, M, Herbst, M, Hermanutz, L, Hik, DS, Hoffrén, R, Homeier, J, Hörtnagl, L, Høye, TT, Hrbacek, F, Hylander, K, Iwata, H, Antoni Jackowicz‐Korczynski, M, Jactel, H, Järveoja, J, Jastrzębowski, S, Jentsch, A, Jiménez, JJ, Jónsdóttir, IS, Jucker, T, Jump, AS, Juszczak, R, Kanka, R, Kašpar, V, Kazakis, G, Kelly, J, Khuroo, AA, Klemedtsson, L, Klisz, M, Kljun, N, Knohl, A, Kobler, J, Kollár, J, Kotowska, MM, Kovács, B, Kreyling, J, Lamprecht, A, Lang, SI, Larson, C, Larson, K, Laska, K, le Maire, G, Leihy, RI, Lens, L, Liljebladh, B, Lohila, A, Lorite, J, Loubet, B, Lynn, J, Macek, M, Mackenzie, R, Magliulo, E, Maier, R, Malfasi, F, Máliš, F, Man, M, Manca, G, Manco, A, Manise, T, Manolaki, P, Marciniak, F, Matula, R, Clara Mazzolari, A, Medinets, S, Medinets, V, Meeussen, C, Merinero, S, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, R, Meusburger, K, Meysman, FJR, Michaletz, ST, Milbau, A, Moiseev, D, Moiseev, P, Mondoni, A, Monfries, R, Montagnani, L, Moriana‐Armendariz, M, Morra di Cella, U, Mörsdorf, M, Mosedale, JR, Muffler, L, Muñoz‐Rojas, M, Myers, JA, Myers‐Smith, IH, Nagy, L, Nardino, M, Naujokaitis‐Lewis, I, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, L, Niedrist, G, Niessner, A, Nilsson, MB, Normand, S, Nosetto, MD, Nouvellon, Y, Nuñez, MA, Ogaya, R, Ogée, J, Okello, J, Olejnik, J, Eivind Olesen, J, Opedal, Ø, Orsenigo, S, Palaj, A, Pampuch, T, Panov, AV, Pärtel, M, Pastor, A, Pauchard, A, Pauli, H, Pavelka, M, Pearse, WD, Peichl, M, Pellissier, L, Penczykowski, RM, Penuelas, J, Petit Bon, M, Petraglia, A, Phartyal, SS, Phoenix, GK, Pio, C, Pitacco, A, Pitteloud, C, Plichta, R, Porro, F, Portillo‐Estrada, M, Poulenard, J, Poyatos, R, Prokushkin, AS, Puchalka, R, Pușcaș, M, Radujković, D, Randall, K, Ratier Backes, A, Remmele, S, Remmers, W, Renault, D, Risch, AC, Rixen, C, Robinson, SA, Robroek, BJM, Rocha, AV, Rossi, C, Rossi, G, Roupsard, O, Rubtsov, AV, Saccone, P, Sagot, C, Sallo Bravo, J, Santos, CC, Sarneel, JM, Scharnweber, T, Schmeddes, J, Schmidt, M, Scholten, T, Schuchardt, M, Schwartz, N, Scott, T, Seeber, J, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, A, Seipel, T, Semenchuk, P, Senior, RA, Serra‐Diaz, JM, Sewerniak, P, Shekhar, A, Sidenko, NV, Siebicke, L, Siegwart Collier, L, Simpson, E, Siqueira, DP, Sitková, Z, Six, J, Smiljanic, M, Smith, SW, Smith‐Tripp, S, Somers, B, Vedel Sørensen, M, João L. L. Souza, J, Israel Souza, B, Souza Dias, A, Spasojevic, MJ, Speed, JDM, Spicher, F, Stanisci, A, Steinbauer, K, Steinbrecher, R, Steinwandter, M, Stemkovski, M, Stephan, JG, Stiegler, C, Stoll, S, Svátek, M, Svoboda, M, Tagesson, T, Tanentzap, AJ, Tanneberger, F, Theurillat, J, Thomas, HJD, Thomas, AD, Tielbörger, K, Tomaselli, M, Albert Treier, U, Trouillier, M, Dan Turtureanu, P, Tutton, R, Tyystjärvi, VA, Ueyama, M, Ujházy, K, Ujházyová, M, Uogintas, D, Urban, AV, Urban, J, Urbaniak, M, Ursu, T, Primo Vaccari, F, Van de Vondel, S, van den Brink, L, Van Geel, M, Vandvik, V, Vangansbeke, P, Varlagin, A, Veen, GF, Veenendaal, E, Venn, Susanna, Verbeeck, H, Verbrugggen, E, Verheijen, FGA, Villar, L, Vitale, L, Vittoz, P, Vives‐Ingla, M, von Oppen, J, Walz, J, Wang, R, Wang, Y, Way, RG, Wedegärtner, REM, Weigel, R, Wild, J, Wilkinson, M, Wilmking, M, Wingate, L, Winkler, M, Wipf, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Xenakis, G, Yang, Y, Yu, Z, Yu, K, Zellweger, F, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhao, P, Ziemblińska, K, Zimmermann, R, Zong, S, Zyryanov, VI, Nijs, I, and Lenoir, J

Published
2021

4. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 2: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author

Flechard, C. R., Van Oijen, M., Cameron, D. R., De Vries, W., Ibrom, A., Buchmann, N., DIse, N. B., Janssens, I. A., Neirynck, J., Montagnani, L., Varlagin, A., Loustau, D., Legout, A., Ziemblińska, K., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Chojnicki, B. H., Drewer, J., Eugster, W., Francez, A. J., Juszczak, R., Kitzler, B., Kutsch, W. L., Lohila, A., Longdoz, B., Matteucci, G., Moreaux, V., Neftel, A., Olejnik, J., Sanz, M. J., Siemens, J., Vesala, T., Vincke, C., Nemitz, E., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Skiba, U. M., Sutton, M. A., Flechard, C. R., Van Oijen, M., Cameron, D. R., De Vries, W., Ibrom, A., Buchmann, N., DIse, N. B., Janssens, I. A., Neirynck, J., Montagnani, L., Varlagin, A., Loustau, D., Legout, A., Ziemblińska, K., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Chojnicki, B. H., Drewer, J., Eugster, W., Francez, A. J., Juszczak, R., Kitzler, B., Kutsch, W. L., Lohila, A., Longdoz, B., Matteucci, G., Moreaux, V., Neftel, A., Olejnik, J., Sanz, M. J., Siemens, J., Vesala, T., Vincke, C., Nemitz, E., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Skiba, U. M., and Sutton, M. A.

Abstract

"The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (N-dep) on carbon (C) sequestration in forests have often been assessed by relating differences in productivity to spatial variations of N-dep across a large geographic domain. These correlations generally suffer from covariation of other confounding variables related to climate and other growth-limiting factors, as well as large uncertainties in total (dry + wet) reactive nitrogen (N-r) deposition. We propose a methodology for untangling the effects of N-dep from those of meteorological variables, soil water retention capacity and stand age, using a mechanistic forest growth model in combination with eddy covariance CO2 exchange fluxes from a Europe-wide network of 22 forest flux towers. Total N-r deposition rates were estimated from local measurements as far as possible. The forest data were compared with data from natural or semi-natural, non-woody vegetation sites. The response of forest net ecosystem productivity to nitrogen deposition (dNEP/dN(dep)) was estimated after accounting for the effects on gross primary productivity (GPP) of the co-correlates by means of a meta-modelling standardization procedure, which resulted in a reduction by a factor of about 2 of the uncorrected, apparent dGPP/dN(dep) value. This model-enhanced analysis of the C and N-dep flux observations at the scale of the European network suggests a mean overall dNEP/dN(dep) response of forest lifetime C sequestration to N-dep of the order of 40-50 g C per g N, which is slightly larger but not significantly different from the range of estimates published in the most recent reviews. Importantly, patterns of gross primary and net ecosystem productivity versus N-dep were non-linear, with no further growth responses at high N-dep levels (N-dep > 2.5-3 gNm(-2) yr(-1)) but accompanied by increasingly large ecosystem N losses by leaching and gaseous emissions. The reduced increase in productivity per unit N deposited at high N-dep levels implies that

Published
2020

7. The effect of LAI on the representativeness of eddy covariance estimates of ecosystem respiration during turbulent conditions at night across a range of sites

Author

Myklebust, May, Wohlfahrt, G., Misson, Laurent, Huc, Roland, Delpierre, N., Hipps, L.E., Ryel, R.J., Arain, M.A., Bahn, Michael, Bernhofer, C., Chojnicki, B., Curtis, Peter James, Frokling, S., Lafleur, P., Longdoz, Bernard, Van Gorsel, E., Aurela, M., Cavaleri, M., Desai, A.R., Ito, A., Loescher, S., Oberbauer, S., Pumpanen, J., Ryan, M.G., SAIGUSA, N., Vesala, T., Yi, C., Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University (USU), Department of Wildland Resources, Mc Master University, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology [Dresden], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space [Durham] (EOS), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Department of Geography, Trent University, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Hawaii, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Frontier Research Center for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Partenaires INRAE, National Ecological Observatory Network, Science Office (NEON), University of Colorado [Boulder], Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), University of Helsinki, Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Physics, and City University of New York [New York] (CUNY)

Subjects
indice de surface foliaire, dioxyde de carbone, couvert végétal, méthode de mesure, couvert forestier, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], eddy covariance, écosystème, respiration, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2009

8. Nitrous oxide emissions from European agriculture - an analysis of variability and drivers of emissions from field experiments

Author

Rees, R.M., Augustin, J., Alberti, G., Ball, B.C., Boeckx, P., Cantarel, A., Castaldi, S., Chirinda, N., Chojnicki, B., Giebels, M., Gordon, H., Grosz, B., Horvath, L., Juszczak, R., Kasimir Klemedtsson, Å., Klemedtsson, L., Medinets, S., Machon, A., Mapanda, F., Nyamangara, J., Olesen, J.E., Reay, D.S., Sanchez, L., Sanz Cobena, A., Smith, K.A., Sowerby, A., Sommer, M., Soussana, J.F., Stenberg, M., Topp, C.F.E., van Cleemput, O., Vallejo, A., Watson, C.A., Wuta, M., Rees, R.M., Augustin, J., Alberti, G., Ball, B.C., Boeckx, P., Cantarel, A., Castaldi, S., Chirinda, N., Chojnicki, B., Giebels, M., Gordon, H., Grosz, B., Horvath, L., Juszczak, R., Kasimir Klemedtsson, Å., Klemedtsson, L., Medinets, S., Machon, A., Mapanda, F., Nyamangara, J., Olesen, J.E., Reay, D.S., Sanchez, L., Sanz Cobena, A., Smith, K.A., Sowerby, A., Sommer, M., Soussana, J.F., Stenberg, M., Topp, C.F.E., van Cleemput, O., Vallejo, A., Watson, C.A., and Wuta, M.

Abstract

Nitrous oxide emissions from a network of agricultural experiments in Europe were used to explore the relative importance of site and management controls of emissions. At each site, a selection of management interventions were compared within replicated experimental designs in plot-based experiments. Arable experiments were conducted at Beano in Italy, El Encin in Spain, Foulum in Denmark, Logården in Sweden, Maulde in Belgium, Paulinenaue in Germany, and Tulloch in the UK. Grassland experiments were conducted at Crichton, Nafferton and Peaknaze in the UK, Gödöllö in Hungary, Rzecin in Poland, Zarnekow in Germany and Theix in France. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured at each site over a period of at least two years using static chambers. Emissions varied widely between sites and as a result of manipulation treatments. Average site emissions (throughout the study period) varied between 0.04 and 21.21 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, with the largest fluxes and variability associated with the grassland sites. Total nitrogen addition was found to be the single most important determinant of emissions, accounting for 15% of the variance (using linear regression) in the data from the arable sites (p < 0.0001), and 77% in the grassland sites. The annual emissions from arable sites were significantly greater than those that would be predicted by IPCC default emission factors. Variability of N2O emissions within sites that occurred as a result of manipulation treatments was greater than that resulting from site-to-site and year-to-year variation, highlighting the importance of management interventions in contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation.

Published
2013

9. Development of long-term reactive N flux network in Europe

Author

Twigg, M., Famulari, D., Flechard, C., Chojnicki, B., Urbaniak, M., Olejnik, J., Sutton, M., Nemitz, E., Twigg, M., Famulari, D., Flechard, C., Chojnicki, B., Urbaniak, M., Olejnik, J., Sutton, M., and Nemitz, E.

Abstract

Long term dry deposition of ammonia (NH3) and nitric acid (HNO3) can have a detrimental effect on sensitive ecosystems. Knowledge of the dry deposition of these two reactive N gases is through primarily short intensive field campaigns, as a result of the difficulty in measuring fluxes of both gases due to their sticky nature. Deposition models have been developed based on this knowledge, and they are used in conjunction with long-term concentration measurements to infer a flux over different ecosystems, but results are still uncertain (Flechard et al., 2010). As a result, information is limited on the variations across ecosystems and climatic conditions. The following work focuses on the development of a low cost, long-term flux monitoring approach for reactive nitrogen over different ecosystems to obtain more direct, measurement based ecosystem inputs. The COnditional Time Average Gradient (COTAG) system was developed to carry out long term average flux measurements of NH3 and HNO3, based on a well established system in the UK (Famulari et al. 2009). The COTAG was then deployed to 15 European sites as part of the NitroEurope IP.

Published
2011

10. Nitrous oxide emissions from European agriculture – an analysis of variability and drivers of emissions from field experiments

Author

Rees, R. M., primary, Augustin, J., additional, Alberti, G., additional, Ball, B. C., additional, Boeckx, P., additional, Cantarel, A., additional, Castaldi, S., additional, Chirinda, N., additional, Chojnicki, B., additional, Giebels, M., additional, Gordon, H., additional, Grosz, B., additional, Horvath, L., additional, Juszczak, R., additional, Kasimir Klemedtsson, Å., additional, Klemedtsson, L., additional, Medinets, S., additional, Machon, A., additional, Mapanda, F., additional, Nyamangara, J., additional, Olesen, J. E., additional, Reay, D. S., additional, Sanchez, L., additional, Sanz Cobena, A., additional, Smith, K. A., additional, Sowerby, A., additional, Sommer, M., additional, Soussana, J. F., additional, Stenberg, M., additional, Topp, C. F. E., additional, van Cleemput, O., additional, Vallejo, A., additional, Watson, C. A., additional, and Wuta, M., additional

Published
2013
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11. Mögliche Auswirkungen der Klimaveränderungen auf den Wasserhaushalt von Agrarlandschaften in Nord-Mitteleuropa

Author

Eulenstein, F., Olejnik, J., Willms, M., Schindler, U., Chojnicki, B., Meißner, Ralph, Eulenstein, F., Olejnik, J., Willms, M., Schindler, U., Chojnicki, B., and Meißner, Ralph

Abstract

Es wurde untersucht, wie sich die Sickerwasserbildung und Verdunstung in Agrarlandschaften mit überwiegend sandigen Böden in Folge des prognostizierten Klimawandels ändern könnten. In Gebieten mit mehr als 700mm/a werden sich die Wachstumsbedingungen verbessern. In Regionen mit sandigen Bodenbildungen und weniger als 600mm/a Niederschlag werden sich die schon jetzt schwierigen pflanzenbaulichen Rahmenbedingungen durch verschärfte Wasserknappheit in der Vegetationsperiode noch ungünstiger entwickeln.

Published
2006

12. Nitrous oxide emissions from European agriculture; an analysis of variability and drivers of emissions from field experiments

Author

Rees, R. M., primary, Augustin, J., additional, Alberti, G., additional, Ball, B. C., additional, Boeckx, P., additional, Cantarel, A., additional, Castaldi, S., additional, Chirinda, N., additional, Chojnicki, B., additional, Giebels, M., additional, Gordon, H., additional, Grosz, B., additional, Horvath, L., additional, Juszczak, R., additional, Klemedtsson, Å. K., additional, Klemedtsson, L., additional, Medinets, S., additional, Machon, A., additional, Mapanda, F., additional, Nyamangara, J., additional, Olesen, J., additional, Reay, D., additional, Sanchez, L., additional, Sanz Cobena, A., additional, Smith, K. A., additional, Sowerby, A., additional, Sommer, M., additional, Soussana, J. F., additional, Stenberg, M., additional, Topp, C. F. E., additional, van Cleemput, O., additional, Vallejo, A., additional, Watson, C. A., additional, and Wuta, M., additional

Published
2012
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13. Thawing sub-arctic permafrost - effects on vegetation and methane emissions

Author

Byrne, K., Chojnicki, B., Christensen, T. R., Drösler, M., Freibauer, A., Friborg, Thomas, Frolking, S., Lindroth, A., Mailhammer, J., Malmer, N., Selin, P., Turunen, J., Valentini, R., Zetterberg, L., Byrne, K., Chojnicki, B., Christensen, T. R., Drösler, M., Freibauer, A., Friborg, Thomas, Frolking, S., Lindroth, A., Mailhammer, J., Malmer, N., Selin, P., Turunen, J., Valentini, R., and Zetterberg, L.

Abstract

vådområder, økosystemer, global change, drivhusgasser

Published
2004

14. Measurements of methane emission from a temperate wetland by the eddy covariance method.

Author

Kowalska, N., Chojnicki, B. H., Rinne, J., Haapanala, S., Siedlecki, P., Urbaniak, M., Juszczak, R., and Olejnik, J.

Subjects
*METHANE, *MANURE gases, *ENERGY minerals, *WATER levels, *CAUSTOBIOLITHS
Abstract

Methane emission from a wetland was measured with the eddy covariance system. The location of the system allowed observation of methane efflux from areas that were covered by different vegetation types. The data presented in this paper were collected in the period between the13th of June and the 31st of August 2012. During the warmest months of the summer, there was no strong correlation between methane emissions and either the water table depth or peat temperature. The presence of reed and cattail contributed to a pronounced diurnal pattern of the flux and lower methane emission, while areas covered by sedges emitted higher amounts more with no clear diurnal pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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15. Nitrous oxide emissions from European agriculture; an analysis of variability and drivers of emissions from field experiments.

Author

Rees, R. M., Augustin, J., Alberti, G., Ball, B. C., Boeckx, P., Cantarel, A., Castaldi, S., Chirinda, N., Chojnicki, B., Giebels, M., Gordon, H., Grosz, B., Horvath, L., Juszczak, R., Klemedtsson, Å. K., Klemedtsson, L., Medinets, S., Machon, A., Mapanda, F., and Nyamangara, J.

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC nitrous oxide, AGRICULTURE, EXPERIMENTAL agriculture, GRASSLANDS, GREENHOUSE gas mitigation, EXPERIMENTAL design
Abstract

Nitrous oxide emissions from a network of agricultural experiments in Europe and Zimbabwe were used to explore the relative importance of site and management controls of emissions. At each site, a selection of management interventions were compared within replicated experimental designs in plot based experiments. Arable experiments were conducted at Beano in Italy, El Encin in Spain, Foulum in Denmark, Logården in Sweden, Maulde in Belgium, Paulinenaue in Germany, Harare in Zimbabwe and Tulloch in the UK. Grassland experiments were conducted at Crichton, Nafferton and Peaknaze in the UK, Gödöllö in Hungary, Rzecin in Poland, Zarnekow in Germany and Theix in France. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured at each site over a period of at least two years using static chambers. Emissions varied widely between sites and as a result of manipulation treatments. Average site emissions (throughout the study period) varied between 0.04 and 21.21 kg N2O-Nha-1 yr-1, with the largest fluxes and variability associated with the grassland sites. Total nitrogen addition was found to be the single most important determinant of emissions, accounting for 15% of the variance (using linear regression) in the data from the arable sites (p < 0.0001), and 77% in the grassland sites. The annual emissions from arable sites were significantly greater than those that would be predicted by IPCC default emission factors. Variability in N2O within sites that occurred as a result of manipulation treatments was greater than that resulting from site to site and year to year variation, highlighting the importance of management interventions in contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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23. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author

Flechard, C. R., Ibrom, A., Skiba, U. M., De Vries, W., Van Oijen, M., Cameron, D. R., DIse, N. B., Korhonen, J. F. J., Buchmann, N., Legout, A., Simpson, D., Sanz, M. J., Aubinet, M., Loustau, D., Montagnani, L., Neirynck, J., Janssens, I. A., Pihlatie, M., Kiese, R., Siemens, J., Francez, A.-J., Augustin, J., Varlagin, A., Olejnik, J., Juszczak, R., Aurela, M., Berveiller, D., Chojnicki, B. H., Dämmgen, U., Delpierre, N., Djuricic, V., Drewer, J., Dufrêne, E., Eugster, W., Fauvel, Y., Fowler, D., Frumau, A., Granier, A., Gross, P., Hamon, Y., Helfter, C., Hensen, A., Horvath, L., Kitzler, B., Kruijt, B., Kutsch, W. L., Lobo-Do-Vale, R., Lohila, A., Longdoz, B., Marek, M. V., Matteucci, G., Mitosinkova, M., Moreaux, V., Neftel, A., Ourcival, J.-M., Pilegaard, K., Pita, G., Sanz, F., Schjoerring, J. K., Sebastià, M.-T., Sim Tang, Y., Uggerud, H., Urbaniak, M., Van DIjk, N., Vesala, T., Vidic, S., Vincke, C., Weidinger, T., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Nemitz, E., and Sutton, M. A.

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land
Abstract

The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N$_{r}$) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC/dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of N$_{r}$ deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet N$_{r}$ deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and N$_{r}$ inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N$_{2}$O and CH$_{4}$ fluxes; soil NO$_{3}$̅ leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from -70 to 826 gCm$^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$ at total wet+dry inorganic N$_{r}$ deposition rates (N$_{dep}$) of 0.3 to 4.3 gNm$^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$ and from -4 to 361 g Cm$^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$ at N$_{dep}$ rates of 0.1 to 3.1 gNm$^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$ in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO$_{2}$ exchange, while CH$_{4}$ and N$_{2}$O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated N$_{dep}$ where N$_{r}$ leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N$_{2}$ losses by denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, N$_{2}$O and especially NO$_{3}$̅ were on average 27%(range 6 %–54 %) of N$_{dep}$ at sites with N$_{dep}$ < 1 gNm$^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$ versus 65% (range 35 %–85 %) for N$_{dep}$ > 3 gNm$^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$. Such large levels of N$_{r}$ loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with N$_{r}$ deposition up to 2–2.5 gNm$^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$, with large scatter associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE, defined as the NEP = GPP ratio). At elevated N$_{dep}$ levels (> 2.5 gNm$^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$), where inorganic N$_{r}$ losses were also increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent increase in NEP at low to intermediate N$_{dep}$ levels was partly the result of geographical cross-correlations between N$_{dep}$ and climate, indicating that the actual mean dC/dN response at individual sites was significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward regression of NEP vs. N$_{dep}$.

24. Monitoring of carbon-water fluxes at Eurasian meteorological stations using random forest and remote sensing.

Author

Xie M, Ma X, Wang Y, Li C, Shi H, Yuan X, Hellwich O, Chen C, Zhang W, Zhang C, Ling Q, Gao R, Zhang Y, Ochege FU, Frankl A, De Maeyer P, Buchmann N, Feigenwinter I, Olesen JE, Juszczak R, Jacotot A, Korrensalo A, Pitacco A, Varlagin A, Shekhar A, Lohila A, Carrara A, Brut A, Kruijt B, Loubet B, Heinesch B, Chojnicki B, Helfter C, Vincke C, Shao C, Bernhofer C, Brümmer C, Wille C, Tuittila ES, Nemitz E, Meggio F, Dong G, Lanigan G, Niedrist G, Wohlfahrt G, Zhou G, Goded I, Gruenwald T, Olejnik J, Jansen J, Neirynck J, Tuovinen JP, Zhang J, Klumpp K, Pilegaard K, Šigut L, Klemedtsson L, Tezza L, Hörtnagl L, Urbaniak M, Roland M, Schmidt M, Sutton MA, Hehn M, Saunders M, Mauder M, Aurela M, Korkiakoski M, Du M, Vendrame N, Kowalska N, Leahy PG, Alekseychik P, Shi P, Weslien P, Chen S, Fares S, Friborg T, Tallec T, Kato T, Sachs T, Maximov T, di Cella UM, Moderow U, Li Y, He Y, Kosugi Y, and Luo G

Abstract

Simulating the carbon-water fluxes at more widely distributed meteorological stations based on the sparsely and unevenly distributed eddy covariance flux stations is needed to accurately understand the carbon-water cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. We established a new framework consisting of machine learning, determination coefficient (R 2 ), Euclidean distance, and remote sensing (RS), to simulate the daily net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and water flux (WF) of the Eurasian meteorological stations using a random forest model or/and RS. The daily NEE and WF datasets with RS-based information (NEE-RS and WF-RS) for 3774 and 4427 meteorological stations during 2002-2020 were produced, respectively. And the daily NEE and WF datasets without RS-based information (NEE-WRS and WF-WRS) for 4667 and 6763 meteorological stations during 1983-2018 were generated, respectively. For each meteorological station, the carbon-water fluxes meet accuracy requirements and have quasi-observational properties. These four carbon-water flux datasets have great potential to improve the assessments of the ecosystem carbon-water dynamics., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Published
2023
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25. Global maps of soil temperature.

Author

Lembrechts JJ, van den Hoogen J, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, De Frenne P, Kemppinen J, Kopecký M, Luoto M, Maclean IMD, Crowther TW, Bailey JJ, Haesen S, Klinges DH, Niittynen P, Scheffers BR, Van Meerbeek K, Aartsma P, Abdalaze O, Abedi M, Aerts R, Ahmadian N, Ahrends A, Alatalo JM, Alexander JM, Allonsius CN, Altman J, Ammann C, Andres C, Andrews C, Ardö J, Arriga N, Arzac A, Aschero V, Assis RL, Assmann JJ, Bader MY, Bahalkeh K, Barančok P, Barrio IC, Barros A, Barthel M, Basham EW, Bauters M, Bazzichetto M, Marchesini LB, Bell MC, Benavides JC, Benito Alonso JL, Berauer BJ, Bjerke JW, Björk RG, Björkman MP, Björnsdóttir K, Blonder B, Boeckx P, Boike J, Bokhorst S, Brum BNS, Brůna J, Buchmann N, Buysse P, Camargo JL, Campoe OC, Candan O, Canessa R, Cannone N, Carbognani M, Carnicer J, Casanova-Katny A, Cesarz S, Chojnicki B, Choler P, Chown SL, Cifuentes EF, Čiliak M, Contador T, Convey P, Cooper EJ, Cremonese E, Curasi SR, Curtis R, Cutini M, Dahlberg CJ, Daskalova GN, de Pablo MA, Della Chiesa S, Dengler J, Deronde B, Descombes P, Di Cecco V, Di Musciano M, Dick J, Dimarco RD, Dolezal J, Dorrepaal E, Dušek J, Eisenhauer N, Eklundh L, Erickson TE, Erschbamer B, Eugster W, Ewers RM, Exton DA, Fanin N, Fazlioglu F, Feigenwinter I, Fenu G, Ferlian O, Fernández Calzado MR, Fernández-Pascual E, Finckh M, Higgens RF, Forte TGW, Freeman EC, Frei ER, Fuentes-Lillo E, García RA, García MB, Géron C, Gharun M, Ghosn D, Gigauri K, Gobin A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Gottschall F, Goulding K, Govaert S, Graae BJ, Greenwood S, Greiser C, Grelle A, Guénard B, Guglielmin M, Guillemot J, Haase P, Haider S, Halbritter AH, Hamid M, Hammerle A, Hampe A, Haugum SV, Hederová L, Heinesch B, Helfter C, Hepenstrick D, Herberich M, Herbst M, Hermanutz L, Hik DS, Hoffrén R, Homeier J, Hörtnagl L, Høye TT, Hrbacek F, Hylander K, Iwata H, Jackowicz-Korczynski MA, Jactel H, Järveoja J, Jastrzębowski S, Jentsch A, Jiménez JJ, Jónsdóttir IS, Jucker T, Jump AS, Juszczak R, Kanka R, Kašpar V, Kazakis G, Kelly J, Khuroo AA, Klemedtsson L, Klisz M, Kljun N, Knohl A, Kobler J, Kollár J, Kotowska MM, Kovács B, Kreyling J, Lamprecht A, Lang SI, Larson C, Larson K, Laska K, le Maire G, Leihy RI, Lens L, Liljebladh B, Lohila A, Lorite J, Loubet B, Lynn J, Macek M, Mackenzie R, Magliulo E, Maier R, Malfasi F, Máliš F, Man M, Manca G, Manco A, Manise T, Manolaki P, Marciniak F, Matula R, Mazzolari AC, Medinets S, Medinets V, Meeussen C, Merinero S, Mesquita RCG, Meusburger K, Meysman FJR, Michaletz ST, Milbau A, Moiseev D, Moiseev P, Mondoni A, Monfries R, Montagnani L, Moriana-Armendariz M, Morra di Cella U, Mörsdorf M, Mosedale JR, Muffler L, Muñoz-Rojas M, Myers JA, Myers-Smith IH, Nagy L, Nardino M, Naujokaitis-Lewis I, Newling E, Nicklas L, Niedrist G, Niessner A, Nilsson MB, Normand S, Nosetto MD, Nouvellon Y, Nuñez MA, Ogaya R, Ogée J, Okello J, Olejnik J, Olesen JE, Opedal ØH, Orsenigo S, Palaj A, Pampuch T, Panov AV, Pärtel M, Pastor A, Pauchard A, Pauli H, Pavelka M, Pearse WD, Peichl M, Pellissier L, Penczykowski RM, Penuelas J, Petit Bon M, Petraglia A, Phartyal SS, Phoenix GK, Pio C, Pitacco A, Pitteloud C, Plichta R, Porro F, Portillo-Estrada M, Poulenard J, Poyatos R, Prokushkin AS, Puchalka R, Pușcaș M, Radujković D, Randall K, Ratier Backes A, Remmele S, Remmers W, Renault D, Risch AC, Rixen C, Robinson SA, Robroek BJM, Rocha AV, Rossi C, Rossi G, Roupsard O, Rubtsov AV, Saccone P, Sagot C, Sallo Bravo J, Santos CC, Sarneel JM, Scharnweber T, Schmeddes J, Schmidt M, Scholten T, Schuchardt M, Schwartz N, Scott T, Seeber J, Segalin de Andrade AC, Seipel T, Semenchuk P, Senior RA, Serra-Diaz JM, Sewerniak P, Shekhar A, Sidenko NV, Siebicke L, Siegwart Collier L, Simpson E, Siqueira DP, Sitková Z, Six J, Smiljanic M, Smith SW, Smith-Tripp S, Somers B, Sørensen MV, Souza JJLL, Souza BI, Souza Dias A, Spasojevic MJ, Speed JDM, Spicher F, Stanisci A, Steinbauer K, Steinbrecher R, Steinwandter M, Stemkovski M, Stephan JG, Stiegler C, Stoll S, Svátek M, Svoboda M, Tagesson T, Tanentzap AJ, Tanneberger F, Theurillat JP, Thomas HJD, Thomas AD, Tielbörger K, Tomaselli M, Treier UA, Trouillier M, Turtureanu PD, Tutton R, Tyystjärvi VA, Ueyama M, Ujházy K, Ujházyová M, Uogintas D, Urban AV, Urban J, Urbaniak M, Ursu TM, Vaccari FP, Van de Vondel S, van den Brink L, Van Geel M, Vandvik V, Vangansbeke P, Varlagin A, Veen GF, Veenendaal E, Venn SE, Verbeeck H, Verbrugggen E, Verheijen FGA, Villar L, Vitale L, Vittoz P, Vives-Ingla M, von Oppen J, Walz J, Wang R, Wang Y, Way RG, Wedegärtner REM, Weigel R, Wild J, Wilkinson M, Wilmking M, Wingate L, Winkler M, Wipf S, Wohlfahrt G, Xenakis G, Yang Y, Yu Z, Yu K, Zellweger F, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhao P, Ziemblińska K, Zimmermann R, Zong S, Zyryanov VI, Nijs I, and Lenoir J

Subjects
Climate Change, Microclimate, Temperature, Ecosystem, Soil
Abstract

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km 2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km 2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications., (© 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2022
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26. Predator-prey mass ratio drives microbial activity under dry conditions in Sphagnum peatlands.

Author

Reczuga MK, Lamentowicz M, Mulot M, Mitchell EAD, Buttler A, Chojnicki B, Słowiński M, Binet P, Chiapusio G, Gilbert D, Słowińska S, and Jassey VEJ

Abstract

Mid- to high-latitude peatlands are a major terrestrial carbon stock but become carbon sources during droughts, which are increasingly frequent as a result of climate warming. A critical question within this context is the sensitivity to drought of peatland microbial food webs. Microbiota drive key ecological and biogeochemical processes, but their response to drought is likely to impact these processes. Peatland food webs have, however, been little studied, especially the response of microbial predators. We studied the response of microbial predators (testate amoebae, ciliates, rotifers, and nematodes) living in Sphagnum moss carpet to droughts, and their influence on lower trophic levels and on related microbial enzyme activity. We assessed the impact of reduced water availability on microbial predators in two peatlands using experimental (Linje mire, Poland) and natural (Forbonnet mire, France) water level gradients, reflecting a sudden change in moisture regime (Linje), and a typically drier environment (Forbonnet). The sensitivity of different microbial groups to drought was size dependent; large sized microbiota such as testate amoebae declined most under dry conditions (-41% in Forbonnet and -80% in Linje). These shifts caused a decrease in the predator-prey mass ratio (PPMR). We related microbial enzymatic activity to PPMR; we found that a decrease in PPMR can have divergent effects on microbial enzymatic activity. In a community adapted to drier conditions, decreasing PPMR stimulated microbial enzyme activity, while in extreme drought experiment, it reduced microbial activity. These results suggest that microbial enzymatic activity resulting from food web structure is optimal only within a certain range of PPMR, and that different trophic mechanisms are involved in the response of peatlands to droughts. Our findings confirm the importance of large microbial consumers living at the surface of peatlands on the functioning of peatlands, and illustrate their value as early warning indicators of change.

Published
2018
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