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Fulminant hepatitis is characterized by rapid and massive immune-mediated liver injury. Dosage-sensitive sex reversal-adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the X chromosome, gene 1 (DAX1; NR0B1) represses the transcription of various genes. Here, we determine whether DAX1 serves as a regulator of inflammatory liver injury induced by concanavalin A (ConA). C57BL/6J (WT), myeloid cell-specific Dax1 knockout (MKO), and hepatocyte-specific Dax1 knockout (LKO) mice received single intravenous administration of ConA. Histopathological changes in liver and plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in Dax1 MKO mice were comparable with those in WT mice following ConA administration. Unlike Dax1 MKO mice, Dax1 LKO mice were greatly susceptible to ConA-induced liver injury, which was accompanied by enhanced infiltration of immune cells, particularly CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in the liver. Factors related to T-cell recruitment, including chemokines and adhesion molecules, significantly increased following enhanced and prolonged phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in the liver of ConA-administered Dax1 LKO mice. This is the first study to demonstrate that hepatocyte-specific DAX1 deficiency exacerbates inflammatory liver injury via NF-κB p65 activation, thereby causing T-cell infiltration by modulating inflammatory chemokines and adhesion molecules. Our results suggest DAX1 as a therapeutic target for fulminant hepatitis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the evolution of platform companies from the perspective of venture ecosystem development. Since traditional tycoons have a governance structure of owner-oriented companies, they can be a platform for production assemblers who have led outsourcing of H/W ventures through closed innovation activities. On the other hand, since IT platform companies have the governance structure of professional management companies, it can be a platform for market makers who mediated the commercialisation of S/W ventures through open innovation activities. Based on these discussions, this study conducted an empirical analysis on Naver, a representative IT platform company in Korea, to investigate the effects of open innovation activities on IT platform companies' market value. As a result, among the outward-type open innovation activities, 'Affiliated companies divided into affiliates' and 'Affiliated companies started new businesses' had a positive effect on Naver's market value rather than Naver's headquarter. Second, among inward-type open innovation activities, 'Headquarter invested in a venture fund', 'Affiliated had J/V with external companies', and 'Headquarter acquired external companies' had a positive effect on Naver's market value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]