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Purpose: This study compared the physiological profiles and energy-system contributions of trained football players engaged in regular-passing and third-man-passing small-sided games (SSGs) that included 4 versus 4 and a goalkeeper. Methods: Ten male trained football players participated in this crossover study. All participants were randomly assigned to either regular-passing SSG or third-man-passing SSG (4 vs 4 with a goalkeeper, 35-m × 17-m pitch size, and 6-min match duration). During these SSGs, physiological parameters including peak and mean heart rate, oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 peak and V ˙ O 2 mean), metabolic equivalents in V ˙ O 2 peak and V ˙ O 2 mean , and blood lactate concentrations (peak La− and delta La− [Δ La−]), were measured. Energy contributions (oxidative [WOxi], glycolytic [WGly], and phosphagen [WPCr] systems) and Global Positioning System (GPS) variables (total distance, total acceleration counts, mean speed, and maximum speed) were also analyzed. Results: No significant differences in physiological parameters and GPS variables were found between regular- and third-man-passing SSGs. WOxi in kilojoules and percentages was significantly higher during both SSGs than WPCr and WGly (P <.0001, respectively). WPCr and WPCr + WGly values during third-man-passing SSGs were significantly higher than those during regular-passing SSGs (P <.05). Additionally, low to moderate positive correlations were observed between WOxi, WGly in kilojoules, V ˙ O 2 peak , V ˙ O 2 mean , peak La−, Δ La−, total acceleration counts, and mean speed (r =.39–.64). Conclusions: Third-man-passing SSGs may be useful for increasing anaerobic capacity. More third-man-passing SSG sessions in preparation for football games may support high metabolic power and repeated powerful anaerobic performances in trained football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the accuracy and fit of 3-dimensional (3D)-printed indirect bonding (IDB) trays fabricated using various photopolymer resin materials. A maxillary plaster model and 60 plaster replicas were created. IDB trays with arbitrary bracket configurations were 3D-printed using 3 hard resins (Amber [AB], TC85DAC [TC], Orthoflex [OF]) and 3 soft resins (IBT [IT], IDB2 [ID], and MED625FLX [MD]). A reference plaster model with a computer-aided design-designed IDB tray attached with nonfunctional, arbitrary bracket configurations on the buccal surface serving as reference points for measurement was superimposed on scanned plaster replicas holding 3D-printed trays to assess transfer accuracy and clinically acceptable error. Printing accuracy was assessed by comparing computer-aided design trays to printed trays, and tray fit was measured by the gap volume between the tray and plaster replica using a Fit-Checker (GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan). Six tray groups showed significant linear transfer errors, particularly in the vertical direction (0.15 mm [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.10-1.15]; P = 0.004). The OF group exhibited the largest vertical error (0.27 mm [95% CI, 0.19-0.35]), whereas the ID group had the smallest (0.10 mm [95% CI, 0.06-0.14]). Angular errors did not exhibit significant differences across the groups. Linear precision error was the highest in OF, followed by ID, TC, and MD, then AB and IT (P <0.001). Of all tray groups, 90.1% and 68.8% met the clinically acceptable linear (<0.25 mm) and angular errors (1°). Linear errors, particularly vertical errors, are more material-dependent than angular errors. Gap volume alone was not a reliable predictor of IDB tray accuracy. Therefore, material-specific designs are needed to control the optimal fit and facilitate precise bracket placement. • 3D printed indirect bonding trays showed significant differences in linear errors by tray group. • Linear errors show better control than angular errors in 3D-printed indirect bonding trays. • Printing accuracy with various resins depends on tray dimension, thickness error, and gap volume. • The accuracy of 3D printed trays varied depending on the material properties by tray group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate retention efficacy by assessing retention stability and patient perspectives according to type of circumferential retainer: the wrap‐around circumferential retainer (WCR) and customized clear retainer (CCR). Materials and Methods: This cohort follow‐up study involved 52 patients aged 18–62 who underwent fixed‐appliance orthodontic treatment without extractions or orthognathic surgery. Following screening consenting participants were divided into WCR and CCR groups. All participants before follow‐up received fixed retainers for the upper and lower anteriors and respective removable retainers within 2 weeks post‐debond. Intraoral scans and lateral cephalograms were taken immediately after debonding (T0) and again 12 months later. Dentoalveolar changes in several measurements were compared to evaluate retention efficacy. Surveys were conducted at 1 month (T1) and 12 months (T2) post‐debonding to assess changes in patient experiences. Outcome assessments were blinded. Paired T‐tests and independent T‐tests were used for intragroup and intergroup comparisons of dentoalveolar measurements, respectively. Survey responses were analysed using the Pearson Chi‐Square test. Results: The final assessment included 32 participants. Model analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups, except for maxillary intermolar width (p =.033). In the WCR group, the cephalometric analysis indicated a significant increase in the incisor mandibular plane angle (p =.002) and a decrease in the interincisal angle (p =.014), while changes in the CCR group were statistically non‐significant. Patient attitude evaluation showed similar trends for wear time and overall satisfaction. However, a higher percentage of respondents in the WCR group reported irritation when wearing the retainers (p =.037) at T1 and discomfort related to speech (p =.038) at T2. Conclusions: CCR showed better retention efficacy in terms of lower incisor inclination. Patients experienced relatively less irritation and speech discomfort with CCRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of mammalian pests is altered by changes in global climate and land cover. Rattus norvegicus is a significant pest that contributes to the catastrophic decline of native species. Therefore, the studies identifying potentially suitable habitats for Rattus norvegicus and the impact of future climate change on the extent of such habitats are crucial. In this study, we determined the effects of key environmental and ecological variables on Rattus norvegicus in South Korea by considering multiple climate changes, land cover, and dispersal scenarios. The available presence locations with the least correlated variables and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model along with multiple Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios were utilized to project current and future habitat suitability. Additionally, three dispersal scenarios were incorporated into the model to enrich the analysis of potential future distribution. Mean diurnal temperature, elevation, and nighttime light were the three most important variables contributing to the species' distribution. The coastal and northern regions of South Korea constitute currently suitable habitats and are expected to exhibit a significant increase in the species' population under future climate projections. The results demonstrate the potential expansion of Rattus norvegicus as a result of changes in climate and land cover and provide crucial insights into the species' environmental niches. This study highlights the potential areas for monitoring, early warning, and developing effective prevention and control strategies for Rattus norvegicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]