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This study aimed to examine the association between educational level and unable to work due to ill-health (UWdIH) among 30- to 79-year-old South Koreans.

It has been suggested that long working hours are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although studies on health inequality caused by income inequality have been performed, income levels of workers have been considered only as an adjusting factor in the relationship between long working hours and CVD. In the present study, we investigated the modifying effects of household income level in the relationship between working hours and estimated risk of CVD. We analysed a total of 11,602 Koreans who were randomly enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007‐2016) with complete data. Nonparametric associations between weekly working hours and estimated risk of CVD were explored according to quartiles of equalised household income by gender, and the size of linear associations among weekly working hours and estimated CVD risk after stratifying for equalised household income by gender was considered. A 4.1% increased risk of CVD was associated with 10 hours or longer per day weekly working hours among males with the highest household income after adjusting for age, equalised household income, occupation, and shift work, but such was not associated among lower income groups. Negative associations between equalised household income and estimated CVD risk were observed only among low household income males. Long working hours and household income level can have differential effects on the risk of CVD by socioeconomic status. This study shows that positive income effect may dominate the potential negative effect of long working hours with respect to the risk of CVD in the low‐income group.

Objectives: This study explored the association of emotional labor and workplace violence with health-related productivity loss (HRPL).Methods: We used the initial dataset from a survey known as the Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study, an ongoing nationwide panel study initiated in 2022. To assess emotional labor, the study included 2386 workers who worked in customer service. The Korean Workplace Violence Scale-13 and the Korean Emotional Labour Scale-11 were used to assess the level of exposure to workplace violence, and the intensity of emotional labor, respectively. The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire was used to measure HRPL, including absenteeism and presenteeism. We examined differences in HRPL based on workplace violence and emotional labor using generalized linear regression models.Results: HRPL increased with an increase in workplace violence and emotional labor scores. Notably, the mean HRPL was highest in the high-risk groups for both workplace violence and emotional labor. The mean HRPL increased as the number of “high-risk” components for workplace violence and emotional labor increased. All the workplace violence and emotional labor components exhibited higher HRPL in the “high-risk” groups compared with the “low-risk” groups.Conclusions: Our study showed that both emotional labor and workplace violence are associated with reduced productivity.Key points:What is already known on this topic: Emotional labor and workplace violence have been linked to poor psychosomatic health, higher turnover rates, low job satisfaction, and higher sickness absences.What this study adds: This study investigated the association between emotional labor and workplace violence with health-related productivity loss using data from an ongoing nationwide panel study in Korea. Our study showed that both emotional labor and workplace violence are positively associated with HRPL. Notably, the mean HRPL was highest in high-risk groups for both workplace violence and emotional labor.How this study might affect research, practice, or policy: The results of this study highlight the need for more active management plans to protect workers from emotional labor and workplace violence.

Membrane transporters can be major determinants of the pharmacokinetic profiles of anticancer drugs. The associations between genetic variations of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) genes and cancer survival were investigated through a meta-analysis and an association study in the Seoul Breast Cancer Study (SEBCS). Including the SEBCS, the meta-analysis was conducted among 38 studies of genetic variations of transporters on various cancer survivors. The population of SEBCS consisted of 1338 breast cancer patients who had been treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. A total of 7750 SNPs were selected from 453 ABC and/or SLC genes typed by an Affymetrix 6.0 chip. ABCB1rs1045642 was associated with poor progression-free survival in a meta-analysis (HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.07–1.64). ABCB1, SLC8A1, and SLC12A8were associated with breast cancer survival in SEBCS (Pgene< 0.05). ABCB1rs1202172 was differentially associated with survival depending on the chemotherapy (Pinteraction= 0.035). Our finding provides suggestive associations of membrane transporters on cancer survival.

Borohydride exchange resin (BER) - nickel acetate system in methanol readily reduces both aliphatic and aromatic azides to the corresponding amines in excellent yields.

Alkyl iodides can be coupled with α,β-unsaturated esters using Ni 2B(0.05–0.2 eq)-BER(3 eq) in methanol at room temperature. Products (68–95%) are conveniently isolated, simply filtering the resin and evaporating the excess enoates and methanol.

Internal alkynes were hydrogenated quantitatively to the corresponding cis-alkenes over nickel boride (Ni 2B), prepared on borohydride exchange resin (BER) in methanol under hydrogen atmosphere. Further hydrogenation was very slow under the reaction conditions, and pure cis-alkenes were conveniently isolated in excellent yields. Hydroxy and ester functional groups did not interfere with the semihydrogenation.

Various thiols are prepared quantitatively from the corresponding thioacetates via Pd catalyzed methanolysis with borohydride exchange resin under a mild and neutral conditions. One-pot synthesis of thiols from alkyl halides through the formation of alkyl thioacetates using thioacetate exchange resin followed by methanolysis is also described.

Borohydride Exchange Resin is a useful, convenient reducing agent for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones in alcoholic solvent.

Various β-alkylthio acid derivatives were prepared conveniently from thioacetates and α,β-unsaturated compounds through borohydride exchange resin (BER)-Pd catalyzed transesterification of thioacetates to the corresponding thiols and Michael addition of the resulting thiols to α,β-unsaturated compounds.

While estrogen action is the major driver of uterine development, androgens acting via the androgen receptor (AR) may also promote uterine growth as suggested by uterine phenotypes in global AR knockout (ARKO) female mice. Because AR is expressed in uterine endometrial glands, we generated (Cre/loxP) uterine gland epithelium-specific ARKO (ugeARKO) to determine the role of endometrial gland-specific androgen actions. However, AR in uterine gland epithelium may not be required for normal uterine development and function because ugeARKO females had normal uterine development and fertility. To determine if exogenous androgens acting via AR can fully support uterine growth in the absence of estrogens, the ARKO and ugeARKO females were ovariectomized and treated with supraphysiological doses of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (nonaromatizable androgen). Both dihydrotestosterone and testosterone supported full uterine regrowth in wild-type females while ARKO females had no regrowth (comparable to ovariectomized only). These findings suggest that androgens acting via AR can promote full uterine regrowth in the absence of estrogens. The ugeARKO had 50% regrowth when compared to intact uterine glands, and histomorphologically, both the endometrial and myometrial areas were significantly (P< 0.05) reduced, suggesting glandular epithelial AR located in the endometrium may indirectly modify myometrial development. Additionally, to confirm Cre function in endometrial glands, we generated uge-specific PTEN knockout mouse model. The ugePTEN knockout females developed severe endometrial hyperplasia and therefore present a novel model for future research.

In the presence of CsI, Pd catalyst on borohydride exchange resin (BER) in 95% ethanol exhibits a perfect selectivity for the semihydrogenation of acetylenes, providing the corresponding terminal olefins or cis-olefins quantitatively at room temperature.

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