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Permanent grasslands cover 34% of the European Union's agricultural area and are vital for a wide variety of ecosystem services essential for our society. Over recent decades, the permanent grassland area has declined and land use change continues to threaten its extent. Simultaneously, the management intensity of permanent grasslands increased. We performed a systematic literature review on the multifunctionality of permanent grasslands in Europe, examining the effects of land use and management on 19 grassland ecosystem service indicators. Based on the evidence in 696 out of 70,456 screened papers, published since 1980, we found that both land use change and intensification of management decreased multifunctionality. In particular, preventing conversion of permanent grasslands to croplands secured the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. A lower management intensity was associated with benefits for biodiversity, climate regulation and water purification, but impacted the provision of high-quality animal feed. Increasing the number of species in the sward enhanced multifunctionality of permanent grassland without significant trade-offs such as losses in production. Our review covered many aspects of land use, management and ecosystem services, but we also identified areas with no or only few studies. The most prominent gaps were related to comparisons between permanent and temporary grasslands, and effects of management practices on the provision of cultural values, and on erosion and flood control. We suggest that, despite apparent changes in human dietary preferences, the protection of permanent grasslands in Europe must be prioritised. At the same time, considering the need to reduce ruminant livestock's contribution to climate change, the time seems ripe to increase support for low-intensity grassland management to optimise the provision of essential ecosystem services from Europe's permanent grasslands.

Grassland research stations and experimental farms are essential for applied grassland science and related outreach activities. A large proportion of the experiments conducted at these stations aims to test methods to optimize the ecosystem services (ES) delivered by permanent grasslands. We used the framework of the multi-actor research project SUPER-G to assess a selection of experiments recently conducted, completed (since 2011), and planned at 31 European experimental research stations, farms, or networks. We further provide an overview of the ES measured at these experiments. Results show that on average two ES were assessed per experiment. The most frequent ES measured were production (87% of all experiments), followed by the supporting ES biodiversity (59%) and climate regulation (33%). Our overview on ES research at European research stations highlights that permanent grassland is a multifunctional ecosystem that provides many benefits to society. Yet, research considering more than two ES is still relatively rare and should thus be strengthened in the future.