Search

Abstract Background The proposed research study introduces independent concentration extraction (ICE) as a novel UV–Vis spectrophotometric approach. The approach can be used for extracting the concentration of two analytes with severely overlapped spectra from their binary mixtures. ICE is based on spectral extraction platform involving simple smart successive methods that can directly extract the original zero order spectra of the analytes at their characteristic (λmax). Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and Levocloperastine fendizoate (LCF) are two commonly co-formulated drugs in cough preparations. The combined mixture was used to confirm the validity of the developed ICE tool. Another less green HPTLC was developed for the first time to separate both drugs and help also in confirming the proposed tool. Methods For the simultaneous determination of CPM and LCF, two ecologically friendly techniques were employed. The first approach encompasses the use of the ICE spectrophotometric method that could be successively applied for extracting the concentration of two analytes with severely overlapped unresolved spectra in their binary mixtures. Other complementary methods aiming at original spectral extraction; including spectrum subtraction (SS) and unity subtraction (US) were also successfully employed to resolve the zero order spectra of the combined drugs with all their characteristic features and peaks. The second technique used, a high-performance TLC-densitometric one, was performed on silica plates with silica plates F254 and a mobile phase with a ratio of 3:3:3:1 by volume of toluene, ethanol, acetone, and ammonia as a developing system at 230 nm. Results The presented extraction approach was executed without any optimization steps or sample pretreatment for the simultaneous determination of CPM and LCF. The method was found to be valid for their determination within concentration range of 3.0–30.0 μg mL−1 for both drugs. For HPTLC method, the resulting Rf values of CPM and LCF were 0.37 and 0.78, within concentration ranges of 0.3–4.0 μg/spot and 0.8–10.0 μg/spot, respectively. Greenness assessment of both developed methodologies showed that the HPTLC method is less green than the spectrophotometric method, yet with comparable sustainability when it comes to the used technique. Conclusion The procedures were found to be selective, accurate, and precise for analysis of the studied binary mixture. Furthermore, the environmental impact of the introduced methods was assessed using novel greenness metrics, namely AGREE and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) to prove their ecological safety. In addition, white analytical chemistry (WAC) evaluation metric was employed to ensure the synergy and coherence of analytical, practical, and ecological attributes.

Background: The proposed research study introduces independent concentration extraction (ICE) as a novel UV–Vis spectrophotometric approach. The approach can be used for extracting the concentration of two analytes with severely overlapped spectra from their binary mixtures. ICE is based on spectral extraction platform involving simple smart successive methods that can directly extract the original zero order spectra of the analytes at their characteristic (λmax). Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and Levocloperastine fendizoate (LCF) are two commonly co-formulated drugs in cough preparations. The combined mixture was used to confirm the validity of the developed ICE tool. Another less green HPTLC was developed for the first time to separate both drugs and help also in confirming the proposed tool. Methods: For the simultaneous determination of CPM and LCF, two ecologically friendly techniques were employed. The first approach encompasses the use of the ICE spectrophotometric method that could be successively applied for extracting the concentration of two analytes with severely overlapped unresolved spectra in their binary mixtures. Other complementary methods aiming at original spectral extraction; including spectrum subtraction (SS) and unity subtraction (US) were also successfully employed to resolve the zero order spectra of the combined drugs with all their characteristic features and peaks. The second technique used, a high-performance TLC-densitometric one, was performed on silica plates with silica plates F254 and a mobile phase with a ratio of 3:3:3:1 by volume of toluene, ethanol, acetone, and ammonia as a developing system at 230 nm. Results: The presented extraction approach was executed without any optimization steps or sample pretreatment for the simultaneous determination of CPM and LCF. The method was found to be valid for their determination within concentration range of 3.0–30.0 μg mL−1 for both drugs. For HPTLC method, the resulting Rf values of CPM and LCF were 0.37 and 0.78, within concentration ranges of 0.3–4.0 μg/spot and 0.8–10.0 μg/spot, respectively. Greenness assessment of both developed methodologies showed that the HPTLC method is less green than the spectrophotometric method, yet with comparable sustainability when it comes to the used technique. Conclusion: The procedures were found to be selective, accurate, and precise for analysis of the studied binary mixture. Furthermore, the environmental impact of the introduced methods was assessed using novel greenness metrics, namely AGREE and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) to prove their ecological safety. In addition, white analytical chemistry (WAC) evaluation metric was employed to ensure the synergy and coherence of analytical, practical, and ecological attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal allergies have a negative impact on patients' quality of life. Nurses must be aware of the different treatment options and lifestyle modifications to help patients manage their symptoms. This article discusses the benefits and risks of over-the-counter medications for seasonal allergies and other implications for nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of pulmonary fever and cough oral liquid combined with chlorpheniramine on symptoms， pro/anti-inflammatory balance and prognosis in children with chronic cough. Methods: A total of 150 children with chronic cough in Luohe Central Hospital from June 2017 to December 2019 were selected， and randomly divided into 3 groups， with 50 cases in each group. All 3 groups were treated with conventional treatment， pulmonary fever and cough oral solution+chlorpheniramine in group A， pulmonary fever and cough oral solution in group B， and chlorpheniramine in group C， all treated for 10 days. Clinical efficacy， adverse effects， prognosis and pre- and post-treatment symptom scores， respiratory physiological indexes ［maximum mid-expiratory flow rate（ MMEF75/25）， 1st second forceful expiratory volume as a percentage of expected value（ FEV1%）， maximum peak expiratory flow rate （PEF）］， pro/anti-inflammatory factors （IL-5， IL-13， IFN-γ， IL-10） were observed in three groups. Results: ①Total treat-ment efficiency and PEF， MMEF75/25， FEV1% in group A were higher than those in groups B and C， while symptom scores were lower than those in groups B and C （P<0.05）， there was no statistically significant difference between the total treatment efficiency， symp-tom scores and respiratory physiological indexes in groups B and C （P>0.05）；②After treatment， levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in group A were lower than those in groups B and C， while levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were higher than those in groups B and C. Moreover， levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in group B were lower than those in group C， while levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were higher than those in group C （P< 0.05）； ③There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions and recurrence rate between the three groups （P>0.05）. Conclusion: Pulmonary fever and cough oral liquid combined with chlorpheniramine is effective in treating chronic cough， which is beneficial in relieving cough symptoms and improving respiratory function， and the mechanism may be related to cor-recting the pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study is to develop a simple, delicate, precise and economical protocol for the qualitative and quantitative determination of Chlorpheniramine using spectrophotometer. Our validation is distinctive and provides a precise picture of a very weak chromophore of chlorpheniramine (CPN) that had not been accurately detected before by traditional techniques. The blue color which formed by mixing pheniramine and Cobalt- thiocyanate solution was extracted with chloroform. CPN presented a linearity range of 25 – 125 μg at 628 nm. Limit of quantification (15 μg/mL) and limit of detection (08 μg/mL) of cobalt-chloride were analyzed. The resulting data was statistically significant. Because of the appropriate reproducibility and reliability of this proposed analysis, it can be used to screen CPN in pharmaceutical preparations. It is also validated through the International Council of Harmonization for accuracy, linearity, precision, LOD and LOQ. Various dosage forms of pheniramine were evaluated and have shown that they did not exceed their relative standard deviation by 1%. Their percentage purity was within 99.62 – 103.34%. The suspected sample was treated with 2 – 3 drops of cyanocobalamine after which violet coloration appeared. The percentage relative standard deviation of accuracy and precision was acquired as 1.57 and 1.15, respectively, exactly following the authentication criteria for newly established methods. Because of the profound potential of these developed methods, including precise, fast, flawless and inexpensive, it can easily be adopted in laboratories for the routine analysis of Chlorpheniramine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to eventually come up with the simultaneous estimation of Phenylephrine HCl, Chlorpheniramine maleate and Dextromethorphan hydrobromide and its degradant products by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography [RP-HPLC] with green analytical chemistry principles. An Agilent Inertsil ODS 3 (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used to achieve separation. A 0.45 μm membrane filter was used to filter the solutions. Phosphate buffer and ethanol were employed as the mobile phase. The injection volume was set to 10 μL, the flow rate was set to 1 mL/min and the detection wavelength was set to 220 nm. The gradient elution was used. Phenylephrine HCl had a retention time of 6.8 minutes, chlorpheniramine maleate of 3.5 minutes and dextromethorphan hydrobromide of 12.2 minutes. Phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan hydrobromide had linear concentration ranges of 1-6 μg/ml, 1-6 μg/ml, and 2-12 μg/ml, respectively. Phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan hydrobromide had correlation coefficients of R2 of 0.999, 0.998, and 0.998, respectively. The method that was developed was environmentally friendly, according to the results of the greenness evaluation tools. Optimized using Central composite design and greenness of the method evaluated using green evaluation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intermolecular interactions and solution properties of the antihistamine drug chlorpheniramine (CP) in aqueous, aqueous solutions of electrolyte and non-electrolyte have been examined in the current work using volumetric and spectroscopic approaches to investigate how the drug is affected by co-solutes. Also, a drug's behavior in water and other aqueous systems can be studied to learn more about the chemistry of biological systems. Using an Anton Paar density and sound velocity meter, densities and sound velocities for CP (0–0.10 mol⋅kg−1) at various temperatures (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K) in water and in aqueous 0.05 mol⋅kg−1 urea, glucose, and sodium chloride have been measured to determine apparent molar properties: apparent molar volume ( V ϕ) and apparent molar compressibility (K ϕ , S) . A number of derived parameters, including limiting apparent molar volume V ϕ 0 , limiting apparent molar compressibility ( K ϕ , S 0) , limiting apparent molar expansibility ( ϕ E 0) , and isobaric thermal expansion coefficient (ɑ) were obtained using the data on apparent molar properties. While analyzing the data, solute–solvent interactions are taken into account, as well as their considerable effects on CP hydration when co-solutes, are introduced to the combination. The negative transfer properties suggest the predominance of ion-hydrophobic and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions in all the studied systems. Positive and small negative values of Hepler's constant revealed the structure-making capability of CP in aqueous urea, glucose, and sodium chloride. Also, an IR study has been done to verify the results obtained from volumetric and compressibility data. Understanding how drugs behave in various solvent systems during drug development is made easier by understanding drug interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chlorpheniramine is an H1 receptor inverse agonist, which belongs to the first-generation class. It is generally regarded as a strong antihistamine with a wide variety of indications in allergic and non-allergic diseases. The extensive consumption of chlorpheniramine might culminate in less evident adverse effects, such as genotoxicity. Objectives: In this study, we attempted to assess the possible potential of chlorpheniramine in inducing genotoxicity. Methods: Human lymphocytes were separated into groups as follows: control group (Phosphate Buffered saline), Chlorpheniramine group (0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5 mM), and Positive control group (cisplatin 0.4 µg/mL). After 24 hours of incubation, we conducted an alkaline comet assay to evaluate the DNA damage. Also, oxidative stress damage was evaluated by the levels of lipid peroxidation and glutathione oxidation. Results: Significant increases were observed in DNA percentage in tail and tail moment at high concentration (1.5mM, P

Simple Summary: Chlorpheniramine hydrochloride (ROBH) is a synthetic anticoccidial drug in global aquaculture. The abuse and inappropriate use of ROBH may result in mortality in animals and drug residues in foodborne animals. Mass balance studies not only provide insights into the drug disposal process in animals, but also provide information on the metabolite composition and elimination pathways, leading to the identification of pharmacological metabolites. However, there are no related reports of mass balance studies for ROBH in fish. In addition to prodrugs, ROBH may include PCBA and PCHA as major metabolites. Therefore, this study was conducted to monitor ROBH levels and possible metabolites in Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to provide a theoretical basis for the development of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for ROBH in aquatic animals. This study aims to determine the mass balance of chlorpheniramine hydrochloride (ROBH) in the body of Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). ROBH was administered orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg; following drug administration, the water samples were collected at predetermined time points (12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h), the experimental fish were executed after the water samples were obtained at 168 h, and the tissue samples were collected separately from the bones. The water and tissue samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) for concentrations of ROBH and its potential major metabolites, 4-chlorohippuric acid (PCHA) and 4-chlorobenzoic acid (PCBA). The tissue samples were prepared using a modified QuEChERS procedure; the water samples were prepared using a liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) procedure. The results show that the recovery rate of ROBH in fish is very low, less than 2% of the total amount of the drug, and the recovery in water can reach 80.7% of the total amount of the drug. The content of PCBA accounted for 42.4% of the total amount of the drug; the content of ROBH accounted for 38.3% of the total amount of the drug. The content of PCHA accounted for less than 1% of the total amount of the drug. The results show that, after a single administration, ROBH is rapidly metabolized in vivo and excreted in the form of ROBH as well as metabolite PCBA. ROBH and PCBA can be used as the main targets for the metabolism detection of ROBH in Channel catfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This randomized clinical trial aimed to assess and compare patient satisfaction and sedation outcomes in bronchoscopy procedures using two distinct sedation protocols: fentanyl/chlorpheniramine (FC) and ketamine/chlorpheniramine (KC). Ninety patients undergoing simple bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were randomly assigned to receive either FC (1 µg/kg fentanyl and 10 mg chlorpheniramine) or KC (0.5 mg/kg ketamine and 10 mg chlorpheniramine). Lidocaine was also administered during bronchoscopy. Primary outcomes included patient satisfaction scores, while secondary outcomes encompassed sedation levels, bronchoscopist satisfaction, cough rates, lidocaine usage, and physiological parameters. Patients in the FC group exhibited significantly higher satisfaction levels compared to the KC group (P=0.002). Bronchoscopist satisfaction was also superior in the FC group (P=0.001). Although cough rates did not differ significantly, severe persistent coughs were more prevalent in the KC group. Physiological parameters such as oxygen saturation were comparable, but the KC group demonstrated higher increases in systolic blood pressure and heart rate. The use of fentanyl/chlorpheniramine resulted in higher patient and bronchoscopist satisfaction during simple bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage compared to ketamine/chlorpheniramine. This study suggests that the combination of fentanyl and chlorpheniramine may be a preferable sedation choice for bronchoscopy procedures.

The first-generation antihistamine chlorpheniramine (CPA) is believed to have both anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. The current study sought to assess the mechanisms behind the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of CPA therapy concerning oxidative stress, inflammation, and nuclear factor p45 for erythroid 2-Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Nrf2-BDNF) signaling pathway in forced swimming-induced depressive-like behavior and anxiety. Eighteen male Wistar rats (180–200 gm) rats were separated into three groups (n = 6): a stressed group (acute stress) that underwent the forced swimming test (FST) and a stressed group that received pretreatment with CPA (10 mg/kg body weight) for 3 weeks (CPA + acute stress). Animals were subsequently put through the following behavioral tests after undergoing a forced swim test (FST) for 5 min: an immobility test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test. Serum cortisol levels were measured when the rats were euthanized at the end of the experiments. Brain neurotransmitters (cortisol, serotonin, and noradrenaline), oxidative stress (SOD and MDA), inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-1) biomarkers, and the Nrf2-BDNF signaling pathway in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex tissues was determined. CPA prevented stress-induced increases in cortisol levels (p < 0.0001), decreased brain neurotransmitters, and increased oxidative stress and inflammation. CPA also upregulated the Nrf2-BDNF signaling pathway. Thus, CPA mitigates depressive-like behavior and anxiety by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation and upregulating the Nrf2-BDNF signaling pathway in the brain tissues.

The possible benefits of employing combination treatment include the ability to increase antinociceptive effects while minimizing the occurrence of unfavorable side effects. As a result, they are combining drugs that provide analgesic synergism allowing for a reduction in needed dosage as well as lowering the occurrence of unwanted side effects. In the current study, we evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively the type of drug interaction between tramadol (a typical opioid analgesic) and chlorpheniramine (an H1-antagonist) at the level of thermal (hot plate) and visceral (writhing reflex) nociceptive stimuli in mice model. The 50% antinociceptive effective dose (ED50) of intraperitoneal administration for tramadol and chlorpheniramine was 12 and 18.4 mg/kg respectively, using the up and down approach and hot plate apparatus. The treated animals showed signs of sedation and immobility. At 0.5:0.5 and 1:1 ED50 ratios of each, the kind of pharmacological interaction between the two medications was synergism at the level of acute antinociceptive impact, using hot plate apparatus and isobolographic analysis. The reduction in ED50 value was significant for tramadol and chlorpheniramine by 58.8 and 58.8 % at 0.5:0.5 ratio while 53.5 and 53.5 % at 1:1 ratio respectively. The synergistic interaction between the two drugs was also confirmed using the double ED50 dose of each drug as simultaneously i.p. injected of these doses producing a synergism antinociceptive effect at visceral (writhing reflex) test. Which represented as prevent 100% writhing induced by i.p. injection of acetic acid compared to the control group and that with each drug alone at the same double doses. The present results concluded that simultaneous injection of tramadol and chlorpheniramine produced synergism, a potent and safe antinociceptive effect even at low doses which may be clinically useful in treating pain in the veterinary clinic.

The adsorption of chlorpheniramine on a predominantly acid-granular activated carbon was studied using diffusional kinetic models. The experiments were performed on rotatory basket batch adsorbers at pH values of 4, 7 and 9 and temperatures of 25, 35 and 45 °C using the equilibrium concentration and uptake of each experiment to describe the equilibrium behavior. The textural characterization demonstrated a type IV N 2 isotherm, indicating that the active carbon used combines micro and mesopores. The adsorption isotherms obtained presented Langmuir behavior with an average deviation of 3%. The diffusional modelling revealed that surface diffusion is the predominant intraparticle diffusion mechanism governing the adsorption process, with contributions to the total intraparticle diffusion being higher than 96% regardless of the radial position. However, these contributions decreased as low as 50% when Chlorpheniramine (CPM) uptake increased. The pH studies demonstrated that the surface diffusion coefficient increased as the pH increased due to a combination of stronger π stacking interactions and electrostatic interactions. Meanwhile the temperature study demonstrated an increase in surface diffusivity as the temperature increased due to the higher energy that the chlorpheniramine molecules gained due to the temperature increment. [Display omitted] • CPM adsorption rate onto GAC was studied using traditional and diffusional modeling. • The GAC surface was covered up to 74% with CPM molecules at a pH of 9. • The adsorption rate is controlled by surface diffusion at low q values. • Crank modeling showed good fits but provided parameters lacking physical meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Three‐dimensional (3D) food printing is widely investigated in the food sectors, such as customised food designs, personalised nutrition and simplifying the supply chain. This study aimed to investigate the rheological properties and filament geometry of buttermilk‐mashed potatoes (BMP) to print 3D animal‐shaped foods through a syringe extrusion 3D printing technique using BMP as the printing material. The rheological studies showed that the BMP made with different weight ratios of mashed potato powder to milk‐water‐butter (BMP 1:4, 1:4.5, 1:5, 1:5.5 and 1:6) showed shear‐thinning properties that were suitable for 3D printing. The addition of liquid component is helpful in decreasing the viscosity of the BMP to flow through nozzles. Furthermore, water‐holding capacity decreased with an increased liquid ratio. The BMP 1:5 was optimal with high accuracy in all nozzles, and the optimal nozzle was 21G. It represented excellent shape fidelity and geometry. BMP1:5 with nozzle size 21G demonstrated 103.3% ± 1.3% active ingredient content, accurate ingredient content in various sizes of 3D‐printed objects and precision in weight. This study suggested that 3D printing based on BMP could produce complex‐shaped food patterns for further development and applications for active ingredient administration in children by a food base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loratadine (LRD), a non-sedating and slow-acting antihistamine, is often given in combination with short-onset chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) to increase efficacy. However, LRD has poor water solubility resulting in low bioavailability. The aim of this study was to improve LRD solubility by preparing co-amorphous LRD-CPM. However, the obtained co-amorphous LRD-CPM recrystallized rapidly, and the solubility of LRD returned to a poor state again. Therefore, co-amorphous LRD-CPM solid dispersions using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a carrier were prepared. The obtained solid dispersions were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The solubility, dissolution, and mechanism of drug release from the LRD-CPM/PVP co-amorphous solid dispersions were studied and compared with those of intact LRD, LRD/PVP solid dispersions, and co-amorphous LRD-CPM mixtures. The results from XRPD and DSC confirmed the amorphous form of LRD in the co-amorphous solid dispersions. The FTIR results indicated that there was no intermolecular interaction between LRD, CPM, and PVP. In conclusion, the obtained LRD-CPM/PVP co-amorphous solid dispersions can successfully increase the water solubility and dissolution of LRD and extend the amorphous state of LRD without recrystallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of warming needle therapy on eosinophils, specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), inflammatory factors, and T lymphocyte subsets in patients with lung qi deficiency and cold-type allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods • A total of 155 patients with lung qi deficiency and cold-type AR from May 2021 to December 2022 were randomly divided into a study group of 76 cases and a control group of 79 cases. The control group received medication (chlorpheniramine and fluticasone), and the study group received medication combined with warming needle therapy. The efficacy, TCM syndrome score, eosinophils, IgE, inflammatory factors (interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)), T lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+), and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) scores were evaluated after 2 weeks of treatment. Results • The total effective rate in the study group was 92.11%, which was higher than that in the control group (77.22%) (P<.05). The TCM syndrome scores of the study group were lower than those of the control group after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment (P<.05). The positive rate of eosinophils in the study group was lower than that in the control group after 1 week (47.37% vs. 64.56%, P<.05) and after 2 weeks (21.05% vs. 37.97%, P<.05) of treatment. The serum levels of specific IgE, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the study group were lower than those in the control group after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment (P<.05). The peripheral blood levels of CD3+ and CD4+ were higher and the peripheral blood level of CD8+ was lower in the study group than in the control group after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment (P < .05). The RQLQ scores of the study group were lower than those of the control group after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment (P < .05). Conclusion • Warming needle therapy can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of patients with lung qi deficiency and cold-type AR, reduce inflammation, and enhance immune function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This randomized clinical trial aimed to assess and compare patient satisfaction and sedation outcomes in bronchoscopy procedures using two distinct sedation protocols: fentanyl/chlorpheniramine (FC) and ketamine/chlorpheniramine (KC). Ninety patients undergoing simple bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were randomly assigned to receive either FC (1 µg/kg fentanyl and 10 mg chlorpheniramine) or KC (0.5 mg/kg ketamine and 10 mg chlorpheniramine). Lidocaine was also administered during bronchoscopy. Primary outcomes included patient satisfaction scores, while secondary outcomes encompassed sedation levels, bronchoscopist satisfaction, cough rates, lidocaine usage, and physiological parameters. Patients in the FC group exhibited significantly higher satisfaction levels compared to the KC group (P=0.002). Bronchoscopist satisfaction was also superior in the FC group (P=0.001). Although cough rates did not differ significantly, severe persistent coughs were more prevalent in the KC group. Physiological parameters such as oxygen saturation were comparable, but the KC group demonstrated higher increases in systolic blood pressure and heart rate. The use of fentanyl/chlorpheniramine resulted in higher patient and bronchoscopist satisfaction during simple bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage compared to ketamine/chlorpheniramine. This study suggests that the combination of fentanyl and chlorpheniramine may be a preferable sedation choice for bronchoscopy procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorpheniramine (CPM) is a widely used antihistamine drug that may be desirable to quantify in a variety of samples. We developed a CPM electrochemical sensor based on a composite of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) coated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a surfactant to prevent the aggregation of AgNPs. rGO and AgNPs were co-electrodeposited by cyclic voltammetry, varying the potential from -1.5 to 1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl 3 M KCl. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrode were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The rGO/AgNPs/GCE showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of CPM. The anodic peak potential, measured using CV, was 0.78 V vs. Ag/AgCl in a carbonate-bicarbonate buffer of pH 10. The modified electrode exhibited a linear response for CPM concentrations between 10 and 300 μM, with a limit of detection of 4.2 μM. Several potentially interfering species, including ionic and organic compounds, did not have any significant effect on the CPM determination. This work thus describes a versatile sensor that could be applied to measure CPM in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid, selective, and precise high performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of paracetamol, caffeine, phenylephrine and chlorpheniramine in tablets. The chromatographic analysis was carried out on glass plates pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254 as a stationary phase. The optimized mobile phase was methanol : n-butanol : toluene : acetic acid (8:6:4:0.2 v/v). TLC chamber of 10 × 20 cm was used with saturation time of 15 min. The retardation factor (RF) for chlorpheniramine, phenylephrine, caffeine and paracetamol was found to be 0.15 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.02, 0.50 ± 0.02, 0.68 ± 0.02 respectively. Detection was carried out at 212 nm. Validation study was done following ICH Q2 (R1) guideline. The regression data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with R2 = 0.997 over the concentration range of 300–1,500 ng band−1 for caffeine, R2 = 0.996 over the concentration range of 100–500 ng band−1 for phenylephrine, R2 = 0.996 over the concentration range of 200–600 ng band−1 for chlorpheniramine, R2 = 0.998 over the concentration range of 400–2,400 ng band−1 for paracetamol. The method was validated for precision, accuracy and recovery. Minimum detectable amounts were found to be 304.9 ng band−1, 87.88 ng band−1, 117.18 ng band−1 and 143.06 ng band−1 for caffeine, phenylephrine, chlorpheniramine, and paracetamol respectively while the limit of quantification was found to be 923.95 ng band−1, 266.32 ng band−1, 355.11 ng band−1, and 433.53 ng band−1 in the same order. The method was successfully applied to analyze two marketed tablets in a selective and reproducible manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to develop and assess mucoadhesive in situ nasal gel formulations of loratadine and chlorpheniramine maleate to advance the bioavailability of the drug as compared to its conventional dosage forms. The influence of various permeation enhancers, such as EDTA (0.2% w/v), sodium taurocholate (0.5% w/v), oleic acid (5% w/v), and Pluronic F 127 (10% w/v), on the nasal absorption of loratadine and chlorpheniramine from in situ nasal gels containing different polymeric combinations, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Carbopol 934, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and chitosan, is studied. Among these permeation enhancers, sodium taurocholate, Pluronic F127 and oleic acid produced a noticeable increase in the loratadine in situ nasal gel flux compared with in situ nasal gels without permeation enhancer. However, EDTA increased the flux slightly, and in most cases, the increase was insignificant. However, in the case of chlorpheniramine maleate in situ nasal gels, the permeation enhancer oleic acid only showed a noticeable increase in flux. Sodium taurocholate and oleic acid seems to be a better and efficient enhancer, enhancing the flux > 5-fold compared with in situ nasal gels without permeation enhancer in loratadine in situ nasal gels. Pluronic F127 also showed a better permeation, increasing the effect by >2-fold in loratadine in situ nasal gels. In chlorpheniramine maleate in situ nasal gels with EDTA, sodium taurocholate and Pluronic F127 were equally effective, enhancing chlorpheniramine maleate permeation. Oleic acid has a better effect as permeation enhancer in chlorpheniramine maleate in situ nasal gels and showed a maximum permeation enhancement of >2-fold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]