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Rhinocypha anisoptera is distributed in Sumatra and Java. In Java, this species was previously recorded from Mount Wilis, Mount Arjuno, Mount Welirang, Mount Kawi, Nongkojajar, Mount Tengger, Mount Semeru, Ijen Crater and Baju-kidul, with most recent encounter at Mount Kelud. Despite the vast encounter localities, there was lack of specimens collected to reveal its typical characteristic and behavior. This study confirmed the existence of R. anisoptera at most localities in East Java as reported in 1934 by Lieftinck, with additional new distribution in Mount Anjasmoro. R. anisoptera is typically characterized by dark coloration at the hind wing leaving transparent in the bases with metallic blue-tinged covering 4–5 % area in mid-section of the hindwing. Differ from other Chlorocyphidae, R. anisoptera perch on leaves more frequently compared to perching on twigs and rocks near waterways.

International audience; The first fossil representative of the jewel damselflies (Calopterygoidea: Chlorocyphidae), a family of large, prominent, and often brilliantly colored Old World tropical Zygoptera, is described and figured. Chlorocypha cordasevae n. sp. was recovered from the Late Miocene (Early Pannonian, Serravalian to Tortonian, c.11 Ma) locality of Paldau, in the Styrian Basin, Austria. The fossil seems to be related to the African genus Chlorocypha Fraser, and within a larger group of African genera also including Stenocypha Dijkstra, Africocypha Pinhey, and Platycypha Fraser, and collectively set apart from southern Asiatic genera. The discovery of a central European species of Chlorocypha as recently as the Late Miocene reveals a much wider range to the family than its generally disjunctive modern distribution, demonstrating a Neogene contraction to their range, likely in connection with climatic cooling, drying, and developing seasonality. Modern chlorocyphids live under warm, humid climates, and the presence of C. cordasevae in the Pannonian fauna of Paldau further corroborates such a subtropical paleoclimate for the locality at that time.

Ilhamdi ML, Al Idrus A, Santoso D, Hadiprayitno G. 2020. Short Communication: Community structure and diversity of Odonata in Suranadi Natural Park, West Lombok Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 718-723. Odonata is an order of insects. The life cycle of this order is dependent on freshwater habitat. Sensitivity to environmental changes causes odonates to be important bioindicators of ecosystem change. The importance of the ecological role of odonates is not followed by adequate scientific information on Odonata communities, especially in the Suranadi Natural Park (SNP). The study aimed to monitor the existence and community structure of Odonata in the SNP area every six months in period. The data collection technique was using a survey method by following the transect line, namely the waterway transect line (WTL), plantation border transect (PT) and settlement border transect (ST). Data collection was done 4 times from April to May 2019, once every 2 weeks. The sampling was done twice in the morning from 08.00 to 11.00 AM and in the afternoon from 03.00 to 05.00 PM. Data were analyzed using the relative frequency equation and Diversity Index. The results showed that there were 16 species of odonates consisting of the family Libellulidae (11 species), Platycnemididae (1 species), Chlorocyphidae (1 species), and Coegrinidae (3 species). Orthetrum sabina, Neurothemis ramburii, Diplacodes trivialis, Gynacantha subinterrupta, Copera marginipes, and Pantala flavescens, are species that are present in all of each observation sites. The waterway transect has the highest diversity index (2.027), followed by settlement transect (1.367), and the lowest is plantation transect (1.131).

The study was carried out in eight provinces of China, with 16 different localities. A total of 150 adult damselflies were collected for the study from the area. Mitochondrial (COI) was the target gene to sequence from all 51 representative samples of the entire collection. From the resulted sequences, ten species belonging to seven genera and four families were identified. The families are Calopterygidae, Coenagrinidae, Chlorocyphidae and Devadattiade. After alignment through BioEdit v6, MEGA7 was used for phylogenetic tree construction as well as the calculation of genetic divergence, whereas genetic diversity was calculated by DnaSP v5. All species from the respective families had clustered together within the groups, but divided into sub-groups. Maximum genetic divergence (9.31%) was found in the genus Rhinocypha, followed by Hetaerina with (8.23%), while, minimum divergence was observed for the genus Ceriagrion (0.32%) followed by Ischnura (0.48%). However, significant genetic diversity was found for all sequences at 346 mutations confirmed by two tests, Tajima's D and Fu's Fs. Maximum genetic diversity among genera was also observed, the genus Hetaerina has maximum genetic diversity (181 mutations) followed by Rhinocypha (68 mutations) while minimum genetic diversity was observed for the genus Ceriagrion followed by Ischnura. The presented results showed a higher diversity of damselflies in the south China regions.

Rhinocypha frontalis sulselensis ssp. nov. (Figs 34, 35, 37, 84) Material studied Holotype ♂. » Borong Rapoa. 800 m. 20–23 Aug. 1949. Leg. A. Diakonoff « (JvT 22887; in RMNH) (Fig. 34). Paratypes (7♂ 4♀) Sulawesi Selatan 1♀, Boeloedoea (Barroe). 670 m. June 1935. Leg. C. Veen; 1♀, Boeloedoea (Bar- roe). Brooklet in forest. CdR XXXIII. 27 Apr. 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 6♂ 1♀, Borong Rapoa. 800 m. 20–23 Aug. 1949 [some handwritten labels with erroneous year ‘1948’]. Leg. A. Diakonoff (same data as holotype); 1♀, Mangkoso, stream emerging from forest. Alt. at least 400 m. July 2013. Leg. R.A. Dow; 1♂, 20 km E of Padaelo: mountain stream crossing Jl. Poros Barru-Soppeng (4.51082°S, 119.78648°E). Alt. 698 m. 20 July 2013. Leg. H. Cahilog. Etymology Sulselensis, an adjective based on the frequently used abbreviation ‘SulSel’, for the province of Sulawesi Selatan, or ‘South Sulawesi’. Diagnosis Largely agrees with specimens assigned to the nominotypical subspecies of R. frontalis, but is distinguished by its significantly larger size, and a more extensive black area in the wing space between the Costa and Subcosta, i.e., from 8 Ax anterior to the nodus in the fore wing and 6 Ax anterior to the nodus in the hind wing (Fig. 34, compare with Figs 3, 24); opaque marking in wings wedge-shaped, and base reaching to distal side of q. The female is distinctly different from the nominotypical subspecies, particularly in the wing marking, although the nominotypical subspecies shows significant variation in these characters as well. In R. frontalis sulselensis the wings are nearly fully brown (Fig. 37, compare with Fig. 36): the base is very darkly enfumed, approximately to the level of the nodus, merging to the opaque part of the wing distal to nodus; apex of wings distal to middle of pterostigma paler, the tip opaque white. The females are thus rather similar to sympatric females of R. monochroa (Fig. 6). However, the latter species usually with fore wing transparent distal to ca 14 Px anterior to pterostigma, and also has a fully (brownish) black frons; its pronotum has an oblong spot on the median lobe; the lateral lobe has only a small spot. Description Male (holotype, JvT 22887) Head — Labium, labrum and anteclypeus glossy brownish black; mandi- bles blue, except for a narrow black stripe bordering labrum; dorsal side of head velvet black; frons with a paired blue spot, large and squarish, tapering abaxiad; very small creamish spots behind lateral ocelli; spots on post-ocu- lar lobe sub-oval, larger than those on vertex; gena with large blue marking, somewhat extending along eye. Thorax — Pronotum velvet black; anterior lobe with relative large oval, creamy, paired spot; lateral lobe fully covered by large creamy marking, and an oblong creamy stripe along margin below lateral lobe. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum creamish. Synthorax black, with pale markings as follows: a short pale stripe on dorsal carina in mesothoracic triangle; ante-humeral stripe about ⅔ the length of mesepisternum, taper- ing posteriad; mesepimeron posteriorly with short and narrow stripe; stripe over lower side of synthorax from mesokatepisternum to posterior corner of metepimeron, dorso-posterior projection on metepisternum not reaching posterior margin; coxa of all legs with narrow stripe along posterior margin. Legs —Black; tibiae of mid and hind legs white in distal ⁴/₅. Wings — Base of wings transparent, somewhat enfumed; both wings with opaque brown band distal to Ax8 in costal and subcostal space, wedge- shaped and reaching to first fork in Rs; quadrangle transparent; pterostigma of fore and hind wings dark brown. Abdomen — Dorsum black, with lateral blue markings similar to nomino- typical form. Female Larger than nominotypical form; coloration very similar to that form, except for the coloration of the wings: fully brown, with base enfumed very dark, subtly merging towards the fully opaque distal part of the wing, distal to ca level of nodus; apex distal to middle of pterostigma paler, the tip opaque white. Variation in paratypes Measurements of male specimens [mm] — Hind wing length length (n =4) x= 27.5 (27.0–27.5), hind wing width (n = 4) x =7.0 (6.5–7.0); abdomen (in- cluding appendages) x =22.5 (22.0–22.5). Measurements of female specimens [mm] —Hind wing length (n =3) x= 30.0 (29.0–31.0); hind wing width (n = 3) x =6.5 (6.5–7.0); abdomen (in- cluding appendages) (n = 3) x =21.5 (20.0–22.5). Distribution and habitat South-western Sulawesi. The limited number of observations suggests that this species occurs above ca 400 m a.s.l. However, we also have records of the sympatric R. monochroa from altitudes up to 1 0 0 0 m. Remarks We identified this taxon from a series in RMNH, collected in 1949 (the year 1948 on some labels is incorrect) at Borong Rapoa, a village on the flank of the Mt. Lompobatang, east of Makassar, by A. Diakonoff. Other specimens in RMNH included a female with label »C. S. Celebes, 670 m / S. Bone, Bu- ludua / vi.1935 / C. Veen« (in RMNH, JvT 22891), and one female from the same site, collected by L. Coomans de Ruiter on 27-iv-1941 (JvT 22890), which both agree with a female from the Borong Rapoa series. The Buludua site presumably is at a distance of about 10 km WNW of Bulu Bulu (ca 4°51’32”S, 120°09’43”E; Buludua is just another spelling of the same place), since there is no place of more than 600 m altitude closer to that village. Recently, we have received two specimens collected about 20 km east of Padaelo (about 4°30’S, 119°47’E) at ca 700 m a.s.l., agreeing with the specimens mentioned above. The status of these populations needs to be studied more in detail. We de- scribe these specimens as a separate subspecies, since we are unaware of any populations with characters intermediate between those from northern and those from southwest Sulawesi. Fortunately, we were able to compare molecular characters (CO1) of these specimens with those of specimens collected near Manado (northern pe- ninsula, near the type locality). The results are equivocal. Nearly all specimens from the Minahassa agree to a large extend in molecular characters, and the specimens from SW Sulawesi differ in these characters. However, one specimen from the Minahassa is sister to the clade of the other Mina- hassa specimens plus the South-western population. These results are too preliminary to draw firm conclusions.

Rhinocypha sangihensis sp. nov. (Figs 66–70) Material studied Holotype ♂. » INDONESIA / Sangihe Islands: Manganitu. Riverine gar- dens, coconut plantations, secondary forest. 25 May 1985. 3°35’N, 125°32’E. Leg. F.G. Rozendaal « (JvT 5310, in RMNH; Fig. 66). Paratypes (5♂ 1♀) [Sulawesi Utara province] 2♂ 1♀, »Sangihe Islands. Manganitu. 3°35’N, 125°32’E. Riverine gardens, coconut plantations, secondary forest. 10–25 May 1985. Leg. F.G. Rozendaal«; 3♂, »Sangihe Islands. SSW of Liwung. NW slope of Gn Sahendaruman. [Alt.] 600–650 m a.s.l. 3°32’N, 125°32’E. Primary forest and forest edge, water trickle and small stream. 12–19 May 1985. Leg. F.G. Rozendaal«. Etymology Sangihensis, an adjective based on the type locality Sangihe. Diagnosis Small and slender species with narrow wings. Only Rhinocypha known from the Sangihe Islands. The males share the following characters with R. frontalis from northern Sulawesi: head with paired spot on frons (but crescent- shaped and very small in R. sangihensis), a paired pale spot on the anterior lobe of the pronotum, extensive and multiple spots on lateral lobe of pro- notum, synthorax with both ante-humeral stripe on mesepisternum and a short stripe posteriorly on mesepimeron, band on synthorax with dorsoposterior projection, which is, however, distinctly shorter in R. sangihensis; white areas on tibiae of mid and hind legs short, approximately ⅔ length of tibiae; abdomen with large blue marking on S9. Rhinocypha sangihensis males differ from R. frontalis by the following characters: smaller size, white base of labium, mid lobe of pronotum with small triangular spot in latero- anterior corner (but no pale marking in lateral corner of anterior lobe), blue markings of S4–S8 extended dorso-anteriorly and running along anterior margin to dorsum, wings with narrower opaque patches, although there is much variation in R. frontalis. Diagnostic characters of females difficult to define due to insufficient material, but R. frontalis seems to have a larger opaque brown band on the wings, frequently have no pale markings on the frons, or on mid lobe of the pronotum. Description Male (holotype; JvT 5310; head separate and crushed; Fig. 66) Head (Fig. 67) — Labium with extensive pale coloration; base and basal half of (divided) middle lobe creamy yellow; base of lateral lobes creamy yellow; remainder black. Labrum glossy brownish black. Mandibles with large bluish white spot in basal part, covering nearly entire base; anteclypeus brownish black, shiny; postclypeus, frons, vertex, occiput and post-ocular lobe velvet black with a paired, irregular spot at base of frons ca the diameter of distance between spot an antennal base (these markings much smaller than in R. frontalis); spots behind lateral ocelli yellow, somewhat larger than ocelli, and a paired oval yellow spot on post-ocular lobe close to occiput; ge- nae with extensive bluish white markings, being almost completely covered at level of base of mandibles with separate oval spot just above it; marking on gena not extending dorsally along eye. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 68): anterior lobe with paired oval marking, well removed from lateral margin, median lobe with a small bluish-white mark- ing in latero-anterior corner, pointed posteriorly; lateral lobe with large creamy white spot covering most of this lobe, extending on ventral margin of pronotum as pale stripe. Synthorax (Fig. 69). Mesopreepisternum yellowish white. Black with bluish or creamy white markings. Mesepisternum anteriorly with triangu- lar marking, widest anteriorly; mesepimeron black with short pale stripe in dorso-posterior corner; wide blue stripe from mesokatepisternum over mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron; stripe dorsally very ir- regular, ventrally more or less straight; mesokatepisternum with trian- gular spot in posterior corner against coxa, continuing on mesepimeron and metepisternum, widening dorsally at level of metathoracic spiracle, halfway the height of mesepimeron; posterior side on metepisternum with posterior projection, continuing posteriorly towards, but not touching hind margin. Legs — Hind margin of coxae of all legs with triangular pale blue markings. Legs black, but white innerside in distal ⁵/₇ of mid tibiae, and distal ³/₅ of hind leg; posterior side of coxae with sub-triangular spots. Wings — Dark opaque patch posterior to nodus or Px1, hind wing with indistinct pattern of metallic sheen on ventral side, purplish or posteriorly more brownish; base of wings transparent with brownish tinge; pterostigma of fore and hind wings brownish black, covering only five underlying cells (usually 7 in R. frontalis, and 8 or more in R. monochroa). Abdomen (Fig. 70) — Dorsum black; side of tergites with extensive blue markings as follows: on segment 1 sub-triangular spot, anteriorly tapering; on S2 and S3 rectangular markings, S2 with distinct and S3 with small ven- tro-anterior emargination; S4–S9 with progressively smaller spots, tapered posteriorly, especially on dorsal side, those on S6–S9 not reaching posterior end of segment; blue markings on S4–S8 dorso-anteriorly projected run- ning dorsad along the anterior border of segment; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm] —Hind wing length 21.0 mm, hind wing width 5.0 mm; abdomen (including appendages) 17.5. Female [JvT 5353] A teneral, crushed and incomplete specimen (S5–S10 missing). Head — Dark, base of labium pale coloured; mandibles with large creamy spot, with a small triangular pale spot on lowest part of gena next to man- dible; another pale spot of irregular shape more dorsal on gena, with a ven- tral extension along the eye; a short and narrow stripe along the eye at level of antenna; frons between antennae with irregular creamy paired spot, ap- proximately the diameter of post-ocular spot; somewhat smaller paired spot behind lateral ocelli; remainder of head velvet black. Thorax — Pronotum with anterior lobe with paired oval pale spot; lateral lobe with large pale spots, whitish with bluish tones. Synthorax. Brownish black with yellowish or creamish markings.Long ante- humeral stripe reaching from anterior side or mesepisternum beyond level of short stripe on mesepimeron; last stripe ca ⅓ the length of metepimeron; pale stripe over synthorax from mesokatepisternum to posterior corner of metepimeron, somewhat irregular, but straight. Legs — Brownish black. Wings (colours not fully developed) — Opaque brown transverse band from Px 15 to distal side of pterostigma; tip opaque white, base of wing transparent with brown fume. Abdomen — S1 with sub-triangular spot,pointed anteriad;S2 with three spots, one sub-oval against anterior border of segment, one sub-triangular against hind margin, and a smaller oblong spot against ventral margin of tergite; S3 with L-shaped marking extending along anterior and dorsal margin of side of tergite; shorter rectangular spot ventro-posteriorly, sub-quadrangular spot against posterior border; S4 too crushed to evaluate, rest of abdomen missing. Variation in paratypes Mesurements [mm]. Males (n = 5). Hind wing length: x= 21.5 (20.5–23.0); hind wing width: x= 5.0 (5.0–5.0), abdomen (n =4): x= 18.0 (17.0–18.5). Distribution and habitat This species is only known from a small series collected by F.G. Rozendaal on Manganitu (Sangihe Islands) in 1985. The habitat indicated on the labels includes »riverine gardens, coconut plantations and secondary forest«. A recent promotion film on the internet on Manganitu suggests that the hills above the town are still covered with remnants of forest, interspersed with gardens and plantations. Some parts of the island are set apart to protect endemic bird species. We presume that the streams will still be inhabited by this and other endemic odonate species, including Celebophlebia carolinae van Tol, 1987, Protosticta rozendalorum van Tol, 2000 and Libellago manganitu van Tol, 2007 (VAN TOL 1987b, 2000, 2007). These were all taken by the same collector during the same field trip., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 361-366, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha flavipoda sp. nov. (Figs 18–23, 83) Rhinocypha monochroa Form b (pro parte). — RIS (1916): 312 (one specimen [Ris no. 1443] from »Takala-Gebirge«) Rhinocypha tincta semitincta [nec Selys]. — VAN TOL & GASSMANN (2007): 66 (in- cluded Sulawesi in range) Material studied Holotype ♂. » Indonesia. Sulawesi Selatan. E. of Malili, Crocodile river, 2°38’09’’S, 121°12’18’’E, Alt. 150 m, 21 Oct 1993, Leg. J. van Tol « (JvT 0 1461, in RMNH) (Fig. 18). Paratypes (30♂ 1♀) Sulawesi Selatan 5♂, »Central Celebes. Luwu, [Kali] Lamangke, 17-viii-1932, leg. R. Woltereck«; 1♂, »Indonesia. Sulawesi. 4–5 km NW of Malili, Sg. Mahulu, 2°36’S, 121°05’E, 0–50 m asl., 30 Apr–1 May 1991, Leg. J. van Tol (Slowly flowing stream, width 4–6 m. Mainly through cultivated area, but bordered by a strip of disturbed forest. Bot- tom coarse sand, pebbles, some boulders. Half-shaded. Some small falls)«; 16♂, »Indonesia. Sulawesi, c. 15 km NNE Malili. 150 m asl. 2°38’[09”]S, 121°12’[18”]E. 2 May 1991 (sample 91JvT28). Leg. J. van Tol. Rivulet through disturbed tropical rain forest (tributary of Sg. Malili), Fast flowing clear water. Coarse pebbles, ponded sites with fine sand. Half shaded. Overhanging vegetation. Rapids. Crocodile«; 2♂, »Indonesia, Sulawesi Selatan. Timampu: Lamapu river near outlet Danau Towuti, 2°40’32”S, 121°24’53”E. 17 Oct. 1993. Leg. J. van Tol«; 2♂ 1♀, »Indonesia. Sulawesi Selatan. 45 km ENE of Malili, near Salura in easternmost part of Danau Matana, just N of outlet (2°31’47”S, 121°28’59”E), Alt 450 m. 19 Oct.1993. Leg. J. van Tol. Stream through disturbed primary forest. w[idth]=2–3 m, d[epth]=0.1 m. Clear water, boulders, shade«; 4♂, Same data as holotype. Other material studied (excluded from type series; 6♂) 1♂, »Takala-Gebirge / Süd Celebes / d[urch] Rolle« (in SMFD) [Ris no. 1443]; 5♂, »Celebes. Luwu distr., Masamba, Zuid Tomoni, 12.vi.1940, Leg. L. L. A. Mauren- brecher«. Etymology Flavipoda, a noun in apposition, meaning ‘those with yellow feet’. Diagnosis Among the Rhinocypha species of Sulawesi the males can be recognized from the pale-yellow tibiae of the mid and hind legs. However, this char- acter is not always clearly visible in museum specimens, in which the tibiae may be faded to white. Males have a small triangular marking on the man- dibles, and a black frons lacking a blue spot; the anterior lobe of the prono- tum has distinct pale oblong spots in the lateral corners, extending on the median lobe (Fig. 20); the synthorax has no ante-humeral stripe, and the long pale stripe over the synthorax is dorsally somewhat irregular in some specimens, but lacks the distinct projection running posteriad over the met- episternum found in R. frontalis (Fig. 21); abdomen with a small triangular spot anteriorly on S9 (Fig. 22); dorsum of abdomen black. The yellowish white tibiae are similar to R. semitincta from Halmahera (Moluccas); see also the remarks below. However, the head of R. semitincta, including the genae, is entirely black, except for very small paired spots on the post-ocular lobe behind the lateral ocelli. Rhinocypha flavipoda also dif- fers from R. semitincta by (i) the anterior lobe of the pronotum, which lacks the paired median spot, (ii) the blue marking of median lobe of pronotum, which extends on the lateral corners of the anterior lobe, (iii) the shape of the blue stripe over metepisternum and metepimeron, which lacks the dor- sal projection, and (iv) the size of the blue markings on the abdomen, which are small, particularly visible on S9. Description Male (holotype, Fig. 18) [JvT 01461] Head (Fig. 19) — Labium with mentum pale, median and lateral lobes brownish black; labrum shiny brownish black; mandibles with pale trian- gular marking with its base at lower basal side; anteclypeus shiny brown- ish black; postclypeus and rest of dorsum of head, including post-ocular lobes velvet black; frons with long setae; small pale spots behind later- al ocelli and a similar paired spot on post-ocular lobe; gena with bluish white marking, widest at eye margins, continuing as a narrow cream line along eye margins to the level of anterior ocellus; post-ocular area with oval pruinose spot. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 20) dull black with more developed pale mark- ings than R. frontalis: anterior lobe with narrow lateral markings (a paired spot in R. frontalis), continuing onto median lobe and running above lateral lobes, not reaching posterior margin; lateral lobes with pale median spots. Synthorax (Fig. 21). Mesopreepisternum blue. Mesepisternum black; remainder black with large bluish stripe, starting anteriorly in posterior cor- ner of mesokatepisternum, dorsally irregular, ending at two-thirds of length of suture between metepisternum and metepimeron, continuing onto met- epimeron, running posteriorly, but bent ventrally just before hind margin, where it ends ca halfway of posterior margin of metepimeron; ventral mar- gin also irregular, from lower anterior corner of metepisternum running just under metathoracic spiracle, continuing towards posterior border, but not touching ventral side of synthorax. Legs — Black, with inner side of mid and hind tibiae and femora entirely pale; pale coloration creamy yellow in live, faded to nearly white after treatment in acetone. Wings — Transverse opaque brownish black patch distal to nodus anteri- orly, at level of nodus at posterior margin, extending further basad in mid- dle of wing, especially below Rs. Metallic sheen on underside of hind wing bluish from base of opaque band to level of Px14 bluish, golden brown from Px14 to wing tip; pterostigma of fore and hind wings brownish black. Abdomen (Fig. 22) — Dorsum velvet black with very small paired, pale spots anteriorly on S4–S8; S1 with large sub-quadrangular blue mark, anteriorly rounded; S2 with similar broad mark obliquely truncated ventro-anterior- ly; S3–S8 with large blue oblong marks, more or less rectangular in S3–S4, on other segments more strongly tapered posteriorly, ventrally more or less complete, although leaving a narrow black ventral line on all segments; S9 with a small, bluish white anterior marking; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm]. Hind wing length 24.0; hind wing width 6.5; abdomen (including appendages) 20.0. Female [JvT 0 1403, supposition] Head (Fig. 23) — Labium shiny black. Labrum swollen, black with a few short stout setae. Mandibles mainly black, but triangular cream spot along outer margin. Anteclypeus black, shiny, with transverse striae. Postclypeus and remainder of dorsum of head velvet black; genae with sub-triangular cream spot, the widest part bordering the eyes; narrow stripe along the eye margin to level of lateral ocelli, separate from triangular spot on genae; very small cream spots beside lateral ocelli,and similar spots on post-ocular lobes. Thorax — Pronotum with anterior lobe black, except for very small pale spot in lateral corners; this spot connected with a short cream spot in an- terior part of median lobe; remainder of median lobe and posterior lobe black; lateral lobe with small, irregular, pale median spot. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum with cream triangular spot. Synthorax predominantly black with purple sheen; the longitudinal cream stripe rath- er straight, starting in ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, con- tinuing (after a narrow interruption) over ventral side of the mesepimeron, running dorsad of metakatepisternum, over metathoracic spiracle towards posterior corner of metepimeron, where it is narrow and interrupted. Legs — Dull black, without pale markings. Wings — Base and anterior part of fore wings transparent, enfumed with brown; hind wing basal to Arculus transparent with brown tint; remainder of fore wing to the level of Px16 opaque dark brown; wingtip clear, ptero- stigma brown with white centre; hind wing opaque dark brown between Arculus and distal side of pterostigma, distal part transparent; pterostigma as in fore wing. Abdomen — Black with subtle purple sheen; pale cream markings on sides of tergites as follows: S1 with sub-quadrangular medioposterior spot, not touch- ing hind margin of segment; S2 with very small anterior spot, a short stripe nearly touching ventral margin of tergite, ca half the length of tergite, and an irregular medioposterior spot, approximately the size of the spot on S1; S3–S7 each with a thin stripe against the anterior border, and a ventral stripe medi- ally against ventral border of segment, that on S3 distinctly more robust and also longer than on other segments; small subcircular spots on S3 and S4, dis- tinctly smaller than similar spot on S2. S8–S10 black without pale markings. Measurements [mm]. Hind wing length 24.0; hind wing width 6.0; abdomen length 23.5. Variation in paratypes Males Measurements [mm]. Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 23.5 (23.0–24.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x= 6.0 (6.0–6.0); abdomen (including appendages) (n =5) x= 20.0 (19.0–20.0). Distribution and habitat Only known from the area around and just west of the so-called Malili lakes of Central Sulawesi (Matana, Mahalona and Towuti; Fig. 83), where it oc- curs in small, rather open streams (Fig. 12). The soil in this region is poor in nutrients and frequently has high levels of toxic minerals hence only well- adapted plants can survive, e.g., Nepenthes species. The banks of the streams are overgrown with impoverished kerangas (heath forest). Five specimens collected in ‘South Tomoni’ in 1940 seem to have white, rather than yellowish tibiae, but agree with the other specimens in other characters. They are provisionally assigned to this taxon, but we have not included them in the type series. We have also excluded from the type series one male from the Takala Mountains (in SMFD), apparently collected to- gether with a small series of R. virgulata sp. nov. Remarks This species initially confused us. The yellowish tibiae of the mid and hind legs were very conspicuous in the field, and appeared very similar to R. semitincta from Halmahera (northern Moluccas); hence we identified these specimens as R. semitincta (see VAN TOL & GASSMANN 2007). How- ever, after careful re-evaluation of all material, we concluded that these populations represent an undescribed species. We have not studied molecular characters, but the coloration of head and pronotum suggests a closer rela- tionship with R. monochroa than with R. frontalis. 19 20 22 21 23, Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 318-323, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha virgulata sp. nov. (Figs 10, 11, 77–82, 87) Rhinocypha monochroa Form b. — RIS (1916): 312. Rhinocypha sp. A. — GÜNTHER (2008a): 48, 89–94. Material studied Holotype ♂. » Indonesia. C. Sulawesi. 45 km NE Malili: stream connecting Danau Matana and D. Mahalona, at easternmost part of D. Matana, just after outlet. At bridge. Fast flowing, clear water. 2°32’15”S, 121°28’45” E. 450 m. 15 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol « (JvT 1375, in RMNH; Fig. 77). Paratypes (32♂ 14♀) Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) 5♂ 4♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 21–22 Mar. 1993, leg. A. Günther; 2♂, Same site, 24 Jul. 1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow; 1♂, NW shore of Danau Poso, Siuri, small stream (1°48’S, 120°32’E), 6 Aug. 1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow; 1♂, NW shore of Danau Poso, Sungai Kamba (1°52’S, 120°30’E), 8 Aug. 1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow; 2♂ 2♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 23–24 Feb. 1997, leg. A. Günther; 1♂, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Tumonda (1°47’S, 120°31’E), 1 Mar. 1997, leg. A. Günther; 7♂ 3♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 5 Mar. 1997, leg. A. Günther; 1♂, N shore of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 2 Sep. 1999, leg. A. Günther. Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi) 3♂ 2♀, »Süd Celebes. Takala Gebirge. [Before 1916]. D[urch] Rolle« (in SMFD); 4♂ 2♀, Outlet of lake Matano near Salura. At temporary bridge, 300 m E of lake. (Local- ity 28). Fast running stream, width=10m; depth=2.5m (?); colour of water light blue; shore with trees and shrubs; disturbed primary forest. 26 Sep. 1993. Leg. M.T. Wass- cher; 7♂ 1♀, Sungai Patea. River from Danau Matana to Danau Mahalona, outlet of Danau Matana. 480 m. 2°32’13”S, 121°28’38”E. 15 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol; 1♂, Sungai Patea. Stream from Danau Matana to Lake Mahalona at bridge close to out- let of Lake Matana. 2°32’15”S, 121°28’45”E. 390 m asl. 19 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol. Etymology Virgulatus, an adjective, meaning ‘banded’. Diagnosis The male of R. virgulata is characterized by the series of blue rings (annu- lae) anteriorly on S4–S8 of the abdomen, which may also be present on S9 (Fig. 10). It is otherwise rather similar to R. flavipoda, but the opaque part of the wings is less extensive; the blue stripe over the synthorax is rather similar in both species, with a posterior projection on the mesepisternum, but there is quite some individual variation; R. flavipoda is further charac- terized by its creamy yellow tibiae of mid and hind legs (white in R. virgulata and all other Sulawesi Rhinocypha species). R. virgulata differs from the R. frontalis -complex particularly by the absence of a paired marking on the frons, and the absence of a paired spot on the anterior lobe of the pronotum (R. virgulata has a short stripe in lateral corner of anterior lobe, continu- ing on median lobe); from R. monochroa by the marking on the head, and the shape of the stripe over the synthorax (lacking the projection along the metakatepisternum); from R. phantasma by the coloration of the dorsum of the abdomen; from R. togeanensis by the markings on the pronotum (absent in R. togeanensis) and the synthorax (narrow and straight in R. togeanensis). Description Male (holotype; JvT 1375; Fig. 77) Head (Fig. 78) — Labium base pale, divided median lobe and palps brownish black. Labrum semi-glossy, brownish black. Mandibles squarish, brownish black without pale markings. Gena with large, triangular spot, with longest side against eye; a very narrow pale stripe along eye margin approximately at level of antenna. Anteclypeus semiglossy, dark brown, margins somewhat paler. Postclypeus, frons, vertex, occiput and post-ocular lobe velvet black, with paired pale spot behind lateral ocelli, and a somewhat larger spot on post-ocular lobe against occiput. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 79) with anterior lobe black except for a small triangular blue spot in latero-posterior corner; this spot continues onto me- dian lobe, anteriorly wider and tapering posteriorly into an acute tip ending just above lateral lobe; lateral lobe with large bluish white median marking, and small pale spot on propleuron; posterior lobe black. Synthorax (Fig. 80). Mesopreepisternum pale blue. Mesepisternum black; mesepimeron, mesokatepisternum, metepisternum and metepimeron black, with a conspicuous blue stripe running from lower posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, ventral side irregular, continuing just below meta- thoracic spiracle towards ventro-posterior corner of metepimeron; dorsal side also irregular, with a significant projection on metepisternum (not reaching hind margin of metepisternum), then over metepimeron bending sharply ventrally and meeting hind margin at ca ⅓ from posterior margin of metepimeron. Legs — Fore leg black; mid and hind legs black with inner side of tibiae white, ca 75 % of tibia in mid leg, and 85 % of hind leg; base of coxae of mid and hind legs posteriorly with short pale blue spot. Wings — Hind wing basal to nodus transparent, remainder opaque, dark metallic in distal part of wing, dark parts of wing extending more basal in middle of wing, underside iridescent coppery bronze, tending to blue along distal margin; fore wing with similar coloration, but opaque patch distal to Px1 in costal space, in middle of wing extending to level of 3 Ax proximal to nodus; iridescence of patch inconspicuous; pterostigma of fore and hind wings dark brown. Abdomen (Fig. 81) — Dorsum black, but lateral markings extending dis- tinctly over dorsum along anterior margins of S4–S9 (see below). Side of tergites with series of blue markings on S1–S9; S1 large, blue, extending dor- sally further then on other segments, ventral side wider than dorsally; S2 rectangular except for a small triangular emargination in ventro-anterior corner; S3 and S4 more or less rectangular, small paired pale anterior spot on dorsum S3; lateral marking of S4 extending dorso-anteriorly in a narrow blue line, not touching medially on segment; S5–S8 with blue markings tapering increasingly more ventro-posteriorly, all extending dorso-anteriorly over dorsum of segment and about the width of intersegmental annulae, also not touching on dorsum; S9 with small spot medially near ventral mar- gin, and a narrow blue ring dorso-anteriorly, again not touching on dorsum; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm]: Hind wing length 23.0, hind wing width 6.0, abdomen (including appendages) 20.0. Female [JvT 16773] Head (Fig. 82) — Labium brownish, black; dorsal side of head velvet black; mandibles with cream spot relatively small (distinctly smaller than in R. monochroa), and only touching lower margin; gena with pale marking along eye yellowish, ventrally narrow, dorsal half much wider; very narrow pale band along eyes dorsally of marking on gena; small pale spots on dorsal part of head beside lateral ocelli, and on post-ocular lobe. Thorax — Black, with pale marking creamy yellow, compared to R. monochroa well developed; pronotum with short longitudinal marking from ex- treme lateral side of anterior lobe, continuing on median lobe, where it is widest anteriorly; lateral lobe with roughly circular spot. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum creamy yellow. Synthorax black with some metallic sheen, and pale markings as follows: mesepimeron with short pale stripe in posterior half against humeral suture, ca 1/₆ the length of humeral suture; an even shorter marking; ventral longitudinal stripe more or less straight from ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, lower side over metathoracic spiracle, dorsal side straight and ending halfway poste- rior side of metepimeron. Legs — Black. Wings — Base enfumed, brownish transparent; fore wing with pale brown transverse band from Px2 to ca Px10 anterior to proximal side of ptero- stigma; pterostigma bicolorous; hind wing with transverse band darker than in fore wing, from level of nodus to distal side of pterostigma, just the tip transparent, the most distal series of cells white and more opaque. Abdomen — Black with creamy pale markings; S1 with triangular spot, widest part against posterior margin; S2 with medio-anteriorly a short stripe about ⅓ of length of segment, posteriorly with a larger triangular spot, medioventrally a triangular spot, anteriorly tapered, approximately ¼ length of segment; S3 anteriorly with L-shaped marking, approximately ½ length of segment, the shorter arm against anterior margin, ventrally on S3 an oblong triangular spot; S4 with pale stripe against anterior margin with short hook medially, and ventrally a narrow stripe about ²/₅ the length of segment, small spots medially and posteriorly; S5 with short stripes against anterior and ventral margin; S6 and S7 with similar, but smaller markings; S8–S10 black. Variation in paratypes Males: Measurements of specimens collected near Lake Poso [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 22.5 (22.0–23.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x= 6.0 (5.5– 6.0); abdomen length (including appendages) (n = 5) x= 19.5 (19.0–19.5). Specimens collected near Malili [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 4) x= 25.0 (24.5–26.5); hind wing width (n = 4) x= 6.5 (6.0–7.0); abdomen length (in- cluding appendages) (n = 4) x= 21.0 (20.0–22.0). Females: Measurements of specimens collected near Lake Poso [mm] — Hind wing length (n =5) x= 27.5 (26.5–28.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x = 7.5 (6.5–8.0); abdomen length (including appendages) (n =5) x= 20.5 (19.5– 20.5). Distribution and habitat Probably restricted to streams running into or from Lake Poso or the Malili lakes (Fig. 87); specimens collected in 1915 (in SMFD) were collected in the Takala Mountains. In the Lake Poso area R. virgulata was found in four different streams that flowed directly into Lake Poso at an altitude between 510 m and 750 m a.s.l. (Fig. 17). The fast flowing, clear streams ranged from 2 to 10 m in width. The substrates were sandy-gravelly, rarely slightly muddy. The species was found in forested habitats or at least streams with dense gallery forests in- cluding half-shaded streams within plantations but not in sections that were more affected by paddy fields. Probably at this time the original habitats in the open lower stream sections no longer met the habitat requirements as a result of land clearing and preparing paddy fields. The highest abundance of about 15–20 males per 100 m stream was observed in areas of slightly disturbed primary forests and well-developed secondary forests. At Sun- gai Wera the colonised section ended below the Saluopa falls. In the undis- turbed rain forest section above the falls only R. phantasma was found. In the 1990s, the species probably spread further into the headwaters due to progressive deforestation. Current Google EarthTM images suggest all locali- ties are heavily deforested. Behaviour The reproductive behaviour was studied by GÜNTHER (2008a) in the Lake Poso area, and designated as » Rhinocypha sp. A«. The behaviour of the males, including threat and courtship display, was basically similar to R. frontalis. Males occupied their territories in the early morning. The streams, only partly shaded for most of the day, already had sunny sections at this time. Unlike other Rhinocypha species, some females were observed at the stream in the morning hours. Matings were occasionally recorded from 09:00 h solar time, but most females did not arrive until late morning. On overcast days and after rain showers, the females were not receptive. Oviposition took place in rotten timber and driftwood at the level of the water surface. Generally, females could be observed quite often far from the streams inside the forests, e.g., along small tracks. Adult males remained at the stream from early morning until early evening. The highest intensity of threat flights in males was observed at the time of the first matings in the late morning hours, as well as in the late afternoon. Most of the males defended small distinct territories over many days, sometimes for several weeks.

Rhinocypha virgulata sp. nov. (Figs 10, 11, 77–82, 87) Rhinocypha monochroa Form b. — RIS (1916): 312. Rhinocypha sp. A. — GÜNTHER (2008a): 48, 89–94. Material studied Holotype ♂. » Indonesia. C. Sulawesi. 45 km NE Malili: stream connecting Danau Matana and D. Mahalona, at easternmost part of D. Matana, just after outlet. At bridge. Fast flowing, clear water. 2°32’15”S, 121°28’45” E. 450 m. 15 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol « (JvT 1375, in RMNH; Fig. 77). Paratypes (32♂ 14♀) Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) 5♂ 4♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 21–22 Mar. 1993, leg. A. Günther; 2♂, Same site, 24 Jul. 1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow; 1♂, NW shore of Danau Poso, Siuri, small stream (1°48’S, 120°32’E), 6 Aug. 1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow; 1♂, NW shore of Danau Poso, Sungai Kamba (1°52’S, 120°30’E), 8 Aug. 1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow; 2♂ 2♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 23–24 Feb. 1997, leg. A. Günther; 1♂, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Tumonda (1°47’S, 120°31’E), 1 Mar. 1997, leg. A. Günther; 7♂ 3♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 5 Mar. 1997, leg. A. Günther; 1♂, N shore of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 2 Sep. 1999, leg. A. Günther. Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi) 3♂ 2♀, »Süd Celebes. Takala Gebirge. [Before 1916]. D[urch] Rolle« (in SMFD); 4♂ 2♀, Outlet of lake Matano near Salura. At temporary bridge, 300 m E of lake. (Local- ity 28). Fast running stream, width=10m; depth=2.5m (?); colour of water light blue; shore with trees and shrubs; disturbed primary forest. 26 Sep. 1993. Leg. M.T. Wass- cher; 7♂ 1♀, Sungai Patea. River from Danau Matana to Danau Mahalona, outlet of Danau Matana. 480 m. 2°32’13”S, 121°28’38”E. 15 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol; 1♂, Sungai Patea. Stream from Danau Matana to Lake Mahalona at bridge close to out- let of Lake Matana. 2°32’15”S, 121°28’45”E. 390 m asl. 19 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol. Etymology Virgulatus, an adjective, meaning ‘banded’. Diagnosis The male of R. virgulata is characterized by the series of blue rings (annu- lae) anteriorly on S4–S8 of the abdomen, which may also be present on S9 (Fig. 10). It is otherwise rather similar to R. flavipoda, but the opaque part of the wings is less extensive; the blue stripe over the synthorax is rather similar in both species, with a posterior projection on the mesepisternum, but there is quite some individual variation; R. flavipoda is further charac- terized by its creamy yellow tibiae of mid and hind legs (white in R. virgulata and all other Sulawesi Rhinocypha species). R. virgulata differs from the R. frontalis -complex particularly by the absence of a paired marking on the frons, and the absence of a paired spot on the anterior lobe of the pronotum (R. virgulata has a short stripe in lateral corner of anterior lobe, continu- ing on median lobe); from R. monochroa by the marking on the head, and the shape of the stripe over the synthorax (lacking the projection along the metakatepisternum); from R. phantasma by the coloration of the dorsum of the abdomen; from R. togeanensis by the markings on the pronotum (absent in R. togeanensis) and the synthorax (narrow and straight in R. togeanensis). Description Male (holotype; JvT 1375; Fig. 77) Head (Fig. 78) — Labium base pale, divided median lobe and palps brownish black. Labrum semi-glossy, brownish black. Mandibles squarish, brownish black without pale markings. Gena with large, triangular spot, with longest side against eye; a very narrow pale stripe along eye margin approximately at level of antenna. Anteclypeus semiglossy, dark brown, margins somewhat paler. Postclypeus, frons, vertex, occiput and post-ocular lobe velvet black, with paired pale spot behind lateral ocelli, and a somewhat larger spot on post-ocular lobe against occiput. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 79) with anterior lobe black except for a small triangular blue spot in latero-posterior corner; this spot continues onto me- dian lobe, anteriorly wider and tapering posteriorly into an acute tip ending just above lateral lobe; lateral lobe with large bluish white median marking, and small pale spot on propleuron; posterior lobe black. Synthorax (Fig. 80). Mesopreepisternum pale blue. Mesepisternum black; mesepimeron, mesokatepisternum, metepisternum and metepimeron black, with a conspicuous blue stripe running from lower posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, ventral side irregular, continuing just below meta- thoracic spiracle towards ventro-posterior corner of metepimeron; dorsal side also irregular, with a significant projection on metepisternum (not reaching hind margin of metepisternum), then over metepimeron bending sharply ventrally and meeting hind margin at ca ⅓ from posterior margin of metepimeron. Legs — Fore leg black; mid and hind legs black with inner side of tibiae white, ca 75 % of tibia in mid leg, and 85 % of hind leg; base of coxae of mid and hind legs posteriorly with short pale blue spot. Wings — Hind wing basal to nodus transparent, remainder opaque, dark metallic in distal part of wing, dark parts of wing extending more basal in middle of wing, underside iridescent coppery bronze, tending to blue along distal margin; fore wing with similar coloration, but opaque patch distal to Px1 in costal space, in middle of wing extending to level of 3 Ax proximal to nodus; iridescence of patch inconspicuous; pterostigma of fore and hind wings dark brown. Abdomen (Fig. 81) — Dorsum black, but lateral markings extending dis- tinctly over dorsum along anterior margins of S4–S9 (see below). Side of tergites with series of blue markings on S1–S9; S1 large, blue, extending dor- sally further then on other segments, ventral side wider than dorsally; S2 rectangular except for a small triangular emargination in ventro-anterior corner; S3 and S4 more or less rectangular, small paired pale anterior spot on dorsum S3; lateral marking of S4 extending dorso-anteriorly in a narrow blue line, not touching medially on segment; S5–S8 with blue markings tapering increasingly more ventro-posteriorly, all extending dorso-anteriorly over dorsum of segment and about the width of intersegmental annulae, also not touching on dorsum; S9 with small spot medially near ventral mar- gin, and a narrow blue ring dorso-anteriorly, again not touching on dorsum; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm]: Hind wing length 23.0, hind wing width 6.0, abdomen (including appendages) 20.0. Female [JvT 16773] Head (Fig. 82) — Labium brownish, black; dorsal side of head velvet black; mandibles with cream spot relatively small (distinctly smaller than in R. monochroa), and only touching lower margin; gena with pale marking along eye yellowish, ventrally narrow, dorsal half much wider; very narrow pale band along eyes dorsally of marking on gena; small pale spots on dorsal part of head beside lateral ocelli, and on post-ocular lobe. Thorax — Black, with pale marking creamy yellow, compared to R. monochroa well developed; pronotum with short longitudinal marking from ex- treme lateral side of anterior lobe, continuing on median lobe, where it is widest anteriorly; lateral lobe with roughly circular spot. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum creamy yellow. Synthorax black with some metallic sheen, and pale markings as follows: mesepimeron with short pale stripe in posterior half against humeral suture, ca 1/₆ the length of humeral suture; an even shorter marking; ventral longitudinal stripe more or less straight from ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, lower side over metathoracic spiracle, dorsal side straight and ending halfway poste- rior side of metepimeron. Legs — Black. Wings — Base enfumed, brownish transparent; fore wing with pale brown transverse band from Px2 to ca Px10 anterior to proximal side of ptero- stigma; pterostigma bicolorous; hind wing with transverse band darker than in fore wing, from level of nodus to distal side of pterostigma, just the tip transparent, the most distal series of cells white and more opaque. Abdomen — Black with creamy pale markings; S1 with triangular spot, widest part against posterior margin; S2 with medio-anteriorly a short stripe about ⅓ of length of segment, posteriorly with a larger triangular spot, medioventrally a triangular spot, anteriorly tapered, approximately ¼ length of segment; S3 anteriorly with L-shaped marking, approximately ½ length of segment, the shorter arm against anterior margin, ventrally on S3 an oblong triangular spot; S4 with pale stripe against anterior margin with short hook medially, and ventrally a narrow stripe about ²/₅ the length of segment, small spots medially and posteriorly; S5 with short stripes against anterior and ventral margin; S6 and S7 with similar, but smaller markings; S8–S10 black. Variation in paratypes Males: Measurements of specimens collected near Lake Poso [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 22.5 (22.0–23.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x= 6.0 (5.5– 6.0); abdomen length (including appendages) (n = 5) x= 19.5 (19.0–19.5). Specimens collected near Malili [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 4) x= 25.0 (24.5–26.5); hind wing width (n = 4) x= 6.5 (6.0–7.0); abdomen length (in- cluding appendages) (n = 4) x= 21.0 (20.0–22.0). Females: Measurements of specimens collected near Lake Poso [mm] — Hind wing length (n =5) x= 27.5 (26.5–28.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x = 7.5 (6.5–8.0); abdomen length (including appendages) (n =5) x= 20.5 (19.5– 20.5). Distribution and habitat Probably restricted to streams running into or from Lake Poso or the Malili lakes (Fig. 87); specimens collected in 1915 (in SMFD) were collected in the Takala Mountains. In the Lake Poso area R. virgulata was found in four different streams that flowed directly into Lake Poso at an altitude between 510 m and 750 m a.s.l. (Fig. 17). The fast flowing, clear streams ranged from 2 to 10 m in width. The substrates were sandy-gravelly, rarely slightly muddy. The species was found in forested habitats or at least streams with dense gallery forests in- cluding half-shaded streams within plantations but not in sections that were more affected by paddy fields. Probably at this time the original habitats in the open lower stream sections no longer met the habitat requirements as a result of land clearing and preparing paddy fields. The highest abundance of about 15–20 males per 100 m stream was observed in areas of slightly disturbed primary forests and well-developed secondary forests. At Sun- gai Wera the colonised section ended below the Saluopa falls. In the undis- turbed rain forest section above the falls only R. phantasma was found. In the 1990s, the species probably spread further into the headwaters due to progressive deforestation. Current Google EarthTM images suggest all locali- ties are heavily deforested. Behaviour The reproductive behaviour was studied by GÜNTHER (2008a) in the Lake Poso area, and designated as » Rhinocypha sp. A«. The behaviour of the males, including threat and courtship display, was basically similar to R. frontalis. Males occupied their territories in the early morning. The streams, only partly shaded for most of the day, already had sunny sections at this time. Unlike other Rhinocypha species, some females were observed at the stream in the morning hours. Matings were occasionally recorded from 09:00 h solar time, but most females did not arrive until late morning. On overcast days and after rain showers, the females were not receptive. Oviposition took place in rotten timber and driftwood at the level of the water surface. Generally, females could be observed quite often far from the streams inside the forests, e.g., along small tracks. Adult males remained at the stream from early morning until early evening. The highest intensity of threat flights in males was observed at the time of the first matings in the late morning hours, as well as in the late afternoon. Most of the males defended small distinct territories over many days, sometimes for several weeks., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 372-378, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha togeanensis sp. nov. (Figs 9, 71–76, 83) Rhinocypha sp. B. — GÜNTHER (2008a): 49, 86, 89–94. Material studied Holotype ♂ (AG no. Indon 11/1999, JvT 33391). » Indonesia, Sulawesi. To- gian Is., Batudaka, Wakai, Sg. Tanimpo, S 0°26’ S / E 121°52’), 27.08.1999, leg. A. Günther « (in RMNH) [with identification Rhinocypha sp. B] (Fig. 71). Paratypes (11♂ 6♀) Sulawesi Tengah 7♂ 4♀, Togian Is., Batudaka, Wakai, Sungai Tanimpo (0°26’S, 121°52’E), 13–14- -viii-1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow (in AGPC); 4♂ 1♀, Togian Is., Batudaka, Wakai, Sungai Tanimpo (0°26’S, 121°52’E), 24–27-viii-1999, leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 1♀, same data as holotype (in RMNH). Etymology Togeanensis, an adjective based on the type locality Kepulauan Togean (also: Togian Islands). Diagnosis Male with head and pronotum very dark, mandibles entirely black, head with only small sub-quadrangular blue spot on gena and minute creamy spots beside lateral ocelli and on post-ocular lobe; pronotum and mesopreepisternum black; synthorax with irregular narrow blue stripe; opaque brownish black parts, with blue metallic sheen, in hind wing from Rs (some- what more distal at hind margin); abdomen dorsum black; sides with large blue markings, decreasing in size on S6–S8. Males can be distinguished from the R. frontalis -complex by the absence of blue markings on the frons, absence of an ante-humeral stripe, and shape of band on synthorax; from R. monochroa by the fully black mandibles and the absence of a ventral pro- jection along the metapleural suture; from R. phantasma and R. virgulata by a fully black dorsum of the abdomen (no pruinescence or blue rings anteri- orly on segments), from R. flavipoda by the black pronotum, and the white tibiae of mid and hind legs, and from R. pelengensis by the black mandibles, the completely black pronotum, the more extensive opaque patches on the wings and the larger blue spots on the abdomen. Females of R. togeanensis can be recognized by the absence of any pale marks on the pronotum; it is most similar to the female of R. monochroa, with which it shares the extensive black coloration and the markings on syn- thorax and abdomen. However, R. monochroa has large blue spots on the mandibles (small and creamish in R. togeanensis), and usually distinct pale markings on the pronotum (may be obscured in some specimens); the transparent distal part of the fore wing is usually distinctly larger in R. monochroa. Description Male (holotype) [note: the type was previously pinned through the mid- dle of the thorax; some parts bearing diagnostic characters were damaged] (Fig. 71) Head (Fig. 72) — Black, anteriorly weakly lustrous, dorsally velvet black; gena with small, sub-oval blue marking, touching eyes and with short ven- tral projection; minute oblong creamy spots behind lateral ocelli, and about size of ocelli; spots on post-ocular lobe smaller, just discernable. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 73) entirely velvet black, without any trace of pale markings. Synthorax (Fig. 74). Mesopreepisternum glossy black. Synthorax dull black with irregular blue band from ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum to ventro-posterior corner of metepimeron; anterior side on metepisternum with narrow black interruption to mesokatepisternum; dor- sal side of band irregular, ventrally running just below metathoracic spira- cle, metakatepisternum black; stripe over metepimeron bent ventrad distal to metakatepisternum, leaving a narrow black border ventrally; irregular dorsal side of stripe without dorso-posteriorly directed projection. Legs (right mid leg missing) — Black, with distal ⁵/₆ of inner sides of tibiae of mid and hind legs white. Wings — Dark brownish black with blue metallic sheen from around the nodus in fore wing, and Ax5 in hind wing to the wing tip; opaque part me- dially extended approximately to level of Ax10 in fore wing, and to fork of Rs in hind wing, but leaving the quadrangle transparent; transparent base of wings enfumed dark brown; pterostigma of fore and hind wings brown. Abdomen (Fig. 75) — Dorsum black; sides with extensive blue markings; marking on segment 1 sub-quadrangular, ventrally somewhat irregular; that on S2 covering most of side and leaving only a small black triangle in ventro-anterior corner; markings on S3–S5 covering sides nearly completely, except the intersegmental annulae; marking on S6 ventrally over full length of segment, dorsally tapered posteriorly; markings on S7–S8 similar to S6, but increasingly smaller; S9 with just a very small pale marking at an- terior margin; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm] — Hind wing length 22.0, hind wing width 5.5; abdomen (including appendages) 19.0. Female (AG Indon 13/1999, JvT 33392) Head (Fig. 76) — Black; pale parts more extensive than in the male; man- dibles medially with small, oblong creamish spot; gena with creamish, rec- tangular spot touching eye margins, ventrally somewhat extended along eye margin; narrow stripe along eye margin at level of antennae, not connected with marking on gena; dorsum of head velvet black with creamy spots near lateral ocelli and on post-ocular lobe as in male. Thorax — Pronotum black without any pale marks. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum black. Base colour of synthorax black, semimatt with some metallic sheen; mesepisternum black without markings; mesepimeron with short and narrow cream stripe posteriorly, about the length of this stripe from hind margin; band over metepisternum and met- epimeron narrow, creamy white with some blue tones; band consists anteri- orly of small spot in ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, continues over metepisternum and metepimeron with short black interruption on suture between mesokatepisternum and metepisternum; ventral and dorsal sides of band subtly irregular, dorsally ending against hind margin halfway metepimeron, ventrally running under metathoracic spiracle, continuing posteriad well from the lower margin of metepimeron, and ending against hind margin. Legs — Black, somewhat shiny. Wings — Very dark. Base of fore wing transparent approximately to level of Arculus, but costal space transparent to level of nodus; tip of fore wing transparent distal to Px24, tip subtly opaque white; hind wing semi-transparent basal to Arculus, strongly enfumed dark brown, rest of wing opaque dark brown, but tip distal to distal side of pterostigma transparent and clear; pterostigma of fore and hind wings with basal half brown, anteriorly nar- rower, distal part opaque white. Abdomen — Dark brown with relatively small pale (cream) markings: S1 with sub-oval spot against hind margin, covering approximately ¼ of segment; S2 and S3 with a short pale stripe close to lower margin of segment, about ⅓ of the segment length; small sub-triangular or sub-oval spots lat- ero-posteriorly on segment; S3–S7 with a minute oblong spot medioante- riorly on each segment; S4–S7 with a short stripe close to lower margin of tergite, length of this stripe about ⅓ of length of segment; S8–S10 black. Measurements Measurements of male specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 21.5 (20.5–22.0), hind wing width (n = 5) x= 6.0 (5.5–6.0), abdomen length (in- cluding appendages) (n = 5) x= 18.5 (17.5–19.5). Measurements of female specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 3) x = 23.0 (22.0–24.0), hind wing width (n= 3) x=6.0 (6.0–6.5), abdomen length (including appendages) (n = 3) x= 17.5 (17.5–18.0). Distribution and habitat Known from only one river on the island of Batudaka, one of the Togian Islands (Fig. 83). On Batudaka it was found only on Sungai Tanimpo south of Wakai village (Fig. 14). In 1994 and 1999 the habitat was a fast-flowing shallow stream of about 3–4 m in width within undisturbed evergreen lowland rainforest. Important habitat requirements were apparently large broken logs stand- ing in the water. Above a small waterfall (‘Air terjun Wakai’, 0°26’10.1”S, 121°51’36.1”E) the stream was characterized by small cascades, pools and shallow, but still flowing sections with a bed of gravel. Below the water- fall, the character changed increasingly to a sandy lowland stream. Rhinocypha togeanensis was absent in lower (sandy) reaches of the still fast flow- ing Sungai Tanimpo within disturbed primary forest, secondary forests and plantations.Current Google EarthTM images show that the site has now been largely deforested. Behaviour Detailed observations of the reproductive behaviour were recorded by GÜNTHER (2001, 2008a) on Batudaka (Togian islands) sub » Rhinocypha sp. B«. The behaviour of the males was basically similar to R. frontalis. They maintained small territories around driftwood and twigs lying in the water, but mostly around large logs in the stream. The agonistic display consisted mainly of threat flights with synchronous stroking wing beats. In contrast to R. frontalis, the flight pattern includes an additional vertical component when males alternately or simultaneously ascend and descend while facing each other. Due to the highly visible blue iridescent patches on the hind wings, pairs of fighting males were very conspicuous, their sparkling wing colours visible from some distance. During courtship males led the females into their territories.After mating, the females left the male territories.All recorded oviposition took place unguarded on the large logs well above the water surface. Aggregations of females at these oviposition sites were regularly observed., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 366-371, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha monochroa (Selys, 1873) (Figs 5, 6, 38–53) Libellago (Rhinocypha) monochroa. — SELYS (1873b): 614–615 (sep. 61–62) (origi- nal description, type locality Celebes). Rhinocypha monochroa. — KIRBY (1890): 114 (catalogue, distribution Celebes); SELYS (1891): 215 (distribution Ceylon [lapsus], relationships); RIS (1916): 311– 312 (pro parte) (key species Celebes, material); LIEFTINCK (1935): 177 (compared with R. frontalis, distribution); COWLEY (1937): 6 (penis structure in group A); KIMMINS (1969): 309 (lectotype designated, in BMNH). Diagnosis Stripe over synthorax with a ventral projection on metepimeron against metakatepisternum (Figs 41–42), which is diagnostic among the Sulawe- si Rhinocypha species. Males have more extensive brownish black opaque markings on the wings than other species on Sulawesi, leaving only the area anterior to the Arculus, or just distal to the Arculus, transparent. Frons black without blue markings. Mesopreepisternum black, not blue or pale yellow as in other species on Sulawesi (except R. togeanensis), although in some females this plate has a very small and indistinct pale marking. Synthorax (Fig. 41) with upperside of transverse blue stripe more or less straight, usu- ally without conspicuous projection. Some specimens, however, may have such a projection (Fig. 42). Abdomen black on dorsum, without pruinosity. Description Male Head (Fig. 39) — Labium brownish black, median lobe black; labrum swol- len, black; mandibles black, with a large blue mark, its base distinctly wider than near labrum, its lower side running parallel to border of mandible, leaving a narrow black margin; clypeus projected as in other Chlorocyphi- dae; anteclypeus shining black; postclypeus, frons, vertex, occiput and post- ocular lobe velvet-black, a paired cream spot behind lateral ocelli, and small cream post-ocular spots close to occiput; genae with large blue spot just above mandibles, extending dorsally with a narrow blue line along the eyes up to the level of the median ocellus. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 40) black, with pale-blue markings as follows:an- terior lobe with small spot in latero-posterior corner, continuing onto me- dian lobe, where it is wider anteriorly and tapers in a sharp point, reaching just the posterior half of the median lobe; spots on lateral lobe very variable, some large as in Fig. 40, in other specimens small or even hardly visible; posterior lobe black, unmarked. Synthorax (Fig. 41). Mesopreepisternum black, Mesepisternum black, umarked; a wide, rather straight, blue stripe in lower half of synthorax, run- ning anteriorly from ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, continuing on ventro-anterior part of mesepimeron; dorsal side of stripe irregular, but usually without conspicuous projection, ending well before posterior border of mesepimeron; lower side of stripe runs from mesokatepisternum just under metathoracic spiracle to metepimeron, where it begins sharply in ventro-anterior corner, continuing at some distance from lower margin of metepimeron, reaching its posterior margin; dorsal side of stripe poste- riorly leaving metapleural suture and meeting the posterior margin of met- epimeron in the middle; metakatepisternum black. Legs — Black, but distal ¾ on innerside of mid and hind tibiae white. Wings — Black with metallic sheen; basal part to the level of Arculus transparent, posteriorly also to level of distal side of quadrangle; metallic blue iridescence on underside of hind wing to level of Px10, distal part of wing with deep, golden copper iridescence; pterostigma of fore and hind wings dark brown, nearly black against veins. There are remarkable differences in the coloration of the wings between the males of different populations of R. monochroa (Figs 45–53). This applies particularly to the iridescent colours of the undersides of the hind wings. Also, being strongly iridescent structural colour, both the colours and the extent of the coloured zones perceived are affected by the angle of reflection, with shallow viewing angles resulting in shorter wavelength reflected light (cf. Figs 46 and 47). The best overall colour impression is seen on photographs of living individuals. Reflective patterns of newly preserved specimens are fairly stable. However, the colours on the wings of pinned specimens can change or fade with time, especially in younger specimens. The populations in the southern part of south-western Sulawesi and on Sa- layar Island show a metallic light blue to deep blue sheen in the proximal half of the underside of the hind wing (‘blue triangle’), distally followed by a narrow yellow band and a golden brown distal part (Figs 5 and 45). Such coloration is also shown in the lectotype (Fig. 38). In specimens from Palopo (Fig. 47) and Madjene (Fig. 48) the reflection of the basal ‘blue triangle’ is, depending on the angle of examination, more deep blue to blue violet, while the reflection of the distal parts is golden coppery brown, at slightly altered angle of incidence changing to green. Specimens from Malino and Watampone (Fig. 46) have an intermediate coloration. The tripartite reflec- tion pattern with a basal ‘blue triangle’ is characteristic of populations from the south-western peninsula. Specimens of the south-eastern peninsula lack this clear zoning in the reflection patterns; the underside of the hind wings reflect bronzy brown with slightly golden sheen (Kolaka, Fig. 49), purple- brown to purple (Kendari, Fig. 50) or green to bluish with a greenish distal part of the wing (Moramo (Fig. 51). A distinctly different reflection pat- tern is shown by specimens from Kabaena Island, off south-eastern Sulawesi (Fig. 52). The main area of the wings reflects green, and towards the distal end one finds a colour gradient from gold to blue violet. The space between C and R1 reflects, depending on the view angle, steel blue to purple, and the space between R1 and R2 purple (see also the conclusions below). Abdomen (Fig. 43) — Dorsum black; side of tergites with extensive blue markings as follows: S1 large, sub-quadrangular, S2 rectangular, but ventro- anterior corner emarginate, S3–S8 with progressively smaller markings, that on S3 large and rectangular, those on S6–S7 tapering dorso-posteriorly, S8 with oblong triangular marking, pointed posteriorly, ending before poste- rior margin of segment; S9–S10 and anal appendages black. Female Head (Fig. 44) — Mandible with squarish pale bluish-white marking in ba- sal part, distal part shining black; gena with similar marking to R. frontalis, extending along the eyes as a very narrow stripe up to the level of vertex; frons black without pale marking; a paired spot beyond the lateral ocelli, about the size of the ocelli; post-ocular spots of similar size. Thorax — Pronotum velvet black with just a small irregular bluish white marking from the extreme lateral corner of anterior lobe to middle of me- dian lobe; marking widest in the middle. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum black.Synthorax velvet black with a longi- tudinal bluish white stripe from ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepister- num, over ventro-anterior part of mesepimeron, continuing over meta- thoracic spiracle on metepisternum, and over middle of metepimeron. Legs — Black. Wings — Basal part of fore wing opaque dark brown up to level of Px24; posterior part transparent white, the extreme tip opaque white; pterostigma white, basal corner brown; hind wing dark brown, with tip posterior to posterior side of pterostigma opaque white; pterostigma with significant variation in both fore and hind wings, from basal half dark brown and rest creamy white, to nearly fully dirty white. Abdomen — Black, with small bluish white markings as follows: S1 with small oblong spot mediolaterally; S2 with longitudinal marking about length of segment mediolaterally, with sub-cylindrical spot in same line against posterior margin, ventrally a spot of ca ¼ of segment length, half as high as long; a series of similar spots at same level on S3–S7, large on S3–S5, smaller on S6–S7; anterior margin of S3–S6 with narrow stripe, very small on S7; rest of abdomen black. Measurements Males: Measurements of specimens from south-western Sulawesi [mm] — Hind wing length (n=5) x=24.5 (23.0–26.0); hind wing width (n=5) x= 6.0 (5.5–6.5); abdomen length (including appendages) (n=5) x=20.5 (19.5–22.0). Females: Measurements of specimens from south-western Sulawesi [mm] — Hind wing length (n =5) x= 26.0 (25.5–29.5); hind wing width (n =5) x=6.5 (6.0–7.0); abdomen length (including appendages) (n =5) x= 20.5 (19.0–21.5). Specimens from Salayar [mm] — Hind wing length (n =3) 24.0–25.0; hind wing width (n= 3) 5.5–6.0; abdomen length (including appendages) (n= 3) 18.0–20.0. Material studied (290♂ 196♀) Sulawesi (Celebes, without further locality) 1♂ (lectotype), Celebes. Before 1873 (in BMNH); 1♂ 3♀, Celebes, [before 1916] (ded. R. Martin; in SMFD); 1♂ 1♀, Celebes, [before 1916]. Leg. C. Ribbe (in SMFD). Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi, including present-day Sulawesi Barat, West Su- lawesi) 28♂ 13♀, Celebes mer[idional]. 1896. Leg. H. Fruhstorfer, (in SMFD); 1♂, Lompa-Battau. 3000’. Mar. 1896. Leg. H. Fruhstorfer; 6♂ 1♀, Bonthain, 1897. Leg. H. Fruhstorfer; 1♀, Maros, 3–4 Sep. 1904. Leg. E. Lorenz Meyer; 2♂ 1♀, Maros. 28 Apr. 1914. Leg. L. Martin; 4♀, Surroundings Makassar, June 1929. Leg. G. Overdijkink; 1♂ 5♀, Bantimoeroeng, 3 Oct. 1930. Leg. J. van der Vecht; 1♂ 1♀, Bantimoe- roeng. Aug. 1931. Leg. G. Heinrich; 7♂ 6♀, Watampone. Lonrong. 150 m asl. 25 June 1936. Leg. L.J. Toxopeus; Maros; 1♂, Bantimoerong. 200 m. 27 June 1936. Leg. L.J. Toxopeus; 1♂ 1♀, Bonthain. Makassar-Malino Rd. – pl. 47 and pl. 46. 200 m. 24 July 1936. Leg. L.J. Toxopeus; 2♂, Maros. Bantimoerong. 24 July 1936. Leg. L.J. Toxopeus; 1♀, Bonthain, July 1938. J.P. Kalis; 23♂ 15♀, Eiland Saleier [Salayer Is- land]. Pariangan. 100 m. Oct–Nov 1938. Leg. J.P.A. Kalis; 6♂, Paloppo. 1939. Leg. M.E. Walsh-Held; 3♂ 2♀, Madjene. 8–10 Nov. 1939. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 9♂ 2♀, Maros n/b M’sar [near Makassar]. 13–19 Nov. 1939. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂ 2♀, Madjene. 30 Nov. 1939. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂, Masimboe [Masimbu]. 18 Mar. 1940. 500 m. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♀, Madjene, 20 Mar.1940. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂ 1♀, Loewoe. Masamba. S. [Sungai] Baeboenta [appr. 8 km W of Masamba]. 22–23 June 1940. Leg. L.L.A. Maurenbrecher; 1♀, Masimboe [Ma- simbu]. 20 Aug. 1940. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂ 1♀, Bantimoeroeng. CdR XXX. 11 Apr. 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 2♀, Maros. Bantimoeroeng. Omgeving waterval [Surroundings waterfall] CdR XXX. 22 May 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 1♂, Loewoe. Masamba. S. Baebunta. 25 May 1941. Leg. L.L.A. Maurenbre- cher; 2♂ 3♀, Maros. Bantimoeroeng. Omgeving waterval. CdR XXX. 11–12 June 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 1♀, Luwu distr. Masamba. Lamasi. 12 June 1941. Leg. L.L.A. Maurenbrecher; 1♂, Maros. Bantimoeroeng. CdR XXX. 17 Aug. 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 5♂ 1♀, km 47 road to Malino [from Makassar], CdR 36. 23 Aug. 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 2♀, Maros. Bantimurung. 6 July 1949. Leg. W.A. van der Noordaa; 4♂ 2♀, Bantimurung. 10–18 Aug. 1949. Leg. A. Diakonoff; 6♂, Bantimurung area. Pattunuang Asue. 200 m. 29–31 May 1982. Leg. M.A. Lieftinck; 1♂, Mt. Lompobatang area. Malino. 1100 m. 5°15’S, 119°51’E. 2–10 Jun 1982. Leg. M.A. Lieftinck; 3♂ 2♀, Mt. Lompobatang area. Affl. Berang river. 400 m. 3–7 June 1982. Leg. M.A. Lieftinck; 8♂ 2♀, E of Maros. Bantimu- rung area. Surroundings of Bantimurung waterfall. QK94. 18 Sep–14 Oct 1983. Leg. S.S. Pariwono; 2♂ 1♀, E of Maros. Bantimurung area. QK94. Biseang Labboro. 275 m. 4–11 October 1983. Leg. S.S. Pariwono; 13♂ 4♀, E of Maros. Bantimurung area. QK 94. Pattunuang Asue. 250 m. 21 Sep–10 Oct 1983. Leg. S.S. Pariwono; 3♂ 3♀, E of Maros: rivulet in Bantimurung area. 5°02’S, 119°40’E. 16–23 June 1985. Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂ 3♀, E of Maros. 5°02’S, 119°40’E. Rivulet in Bantimurung area. Semi-cultivated. 23 June 1985. Sample A. Leg. J. van Tol; 4♂ 4♀, E of Maros: Ban- timurung area, Sg. Pattunuang Asue. 5°03’S, 119°41’E. Fast flowing stream through disturbed forest on limestone. Large boulders, ponded areas, clear water. Sample 91JvT07. 19 Apr. 1991. Leg. J. van Tol; 11♂ 2♀, Circa 10 km E of Maros: surround- ings of Bantimurung waterfall. River through disturbed forest on limestone, and ponds in semi-cultivated area, c. 200 m asl. 19–23 Apr. 1991 (91JvT09). Leg. J. van Tol; 6♂ 2♀, Bantimurung, Sungai Bantimurung (5°01’S, 119°41’E), 29–30 Mar. 1993. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 2♀, Bantimurung, Sungai Bantimurung (5°01’S, 119°41’E), 21 Aug. 1993. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 9♂ 2♀, Pattunuang Asue, Sungai Pattunuang Asue (5°04’S, 119°43’E), 23 Aug. 1994. Leg. A. Günther & F. Randow (in AGPC); 3♂ 3♀, Pattunuang Asue, Sungai Pattunuang Asue (5°04’S, 119°43’E), 12 Mar. 1997. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 1♂, Pattunuang Asue, Sungai Pattunuang Asue (5°04’S, 119°43’E), 14 Sep. 2010. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 1♂ 1♀, Sulawesi Selatan, Pattunuang Asue, Sungai Pattunuang Asue (5°04’S, 119°43’E), 31 July–1 Aug. 2011. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC). Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) 1♂, Palu: Pekawa, 15 Sep. 1912. Leg. L. Martin; 1♂, Palu: Soeroemana, Feb. 1913. Leg. L. Martin. Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi) 9♂ 17♀, Toli Toli [locality considered a lapsus, not on the map], [ca. 1897]. Leg. H. Fruhstorfer (in SMFD). Sulawesi Tenggara (South-eastern Sulawesi) 1♂, Kolaka. T. Elbert. Ovt. 1909. [Partly handwritten] (in SMFD); 11♂ 2♀, 30 km WSW Kendari: Sg Amoito. Small stream and trickles through disturbed forest N of Pegunungan Boroboro. Clear water. Alt. 100 m. 5 Feb. 1989. Sample 89JvT09. Leg. J. van Tol; 5♂ 2♀, 18 km ENE Kolaka: Sg. Koloimba near crossing with road. Black- water stream with vegetation. 4°02’S, 121°47’E. Sample 89JvT11. 7 Feb. 1989. Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂, Pulau Kabaena. Tangkeno. 2–3 Nov. 1989. Leg. C. Lepelaar; 1♀, Pulau Kabaena. 4 km S of Tangkeno. Cave camp. S8928R. Open riverine forest along Sg. Lakambula. 5–8 Nov. 1989. Leg. R. de Jong & J. Huisman; 1♀, Pulau Kabaena. 1 km S of Tangkeno. Riverine forest, bamboo, grassy slopes (S8931). 550 m. 8–9 Nov. 1989. Leg. R. de Jong; 7♂, Pulau Kabaena. Batuawu. Cultivations, mainly coconut (S8933). Sea level. 11 Nov. 1989. Leg. R. de Jong; 1♀, Moramo. Sg. Sena. Forest with dense undergrowth along stream. 50 m. S 8938. Leg. R. de Jong. Distribution and habitat Widespread in south-western Sulawesi below about 400 m, northward up to Palopo. Some specimens were collected along the coast near Palu by L. Mar- tin (in SMFD); these records need confirmation.More local in other parts of Sulawesi (Fig. 85). The locality of specimens in RMNH labelled Gorontalo / Minahasa (northern arm of Sulawesi) is considered doubtful and as such in- cluded on the map. In south-eastern Sulawesi it is much rarer than R. frontalis. Although they occur in the same regions, R. monochroa has not been observed at the same sites as R. frontalis or R. phantasma. It is the only spe- cies of Rhinocypha recorded from the islands of Salayar and Kabaena, while it is not known from Buton, where both R. frontalis and R. phantasma occur. Little has been recorded about the habitat requirements of this species, with the exception of the frequently visited streams at Bantimurung and Pattunuang Asue near Maros in SW Sulawesi (Fig. 15). Our observations indicate that R. monochroa frequents more open streams than R. frontalis. The species was found in clear and fast flowing streams, mostly in areas of lowland primary or secondary forests. The species seems to be absent from muddy watercourses, e.g., near larger forest clearings and below paddy field or settlements. The streams in south-western Sulawesi have partially very large fluctuations in flow, caused by seasonal influences. Behaviour The behaviour was studied by GÜNTHER (2008a) in south-western Sulawesi. Oviposition sites were dead rotting logs, driftwood or other plant substrates lying in the water. Males defend territories around these sites with long- lasting threat displays. The patterns of these threat flights are unique among all Rhinocypha species described here. The synchronous wing beat is signifi- cantly modified. Single hind wings are presented forward and laterally to the rival male. During this display the wing beat of these wings pauses over 2–3 strokes. The strongly banded, contrasting colours of the hind wings, described above for the males, probably intensifies the signal effect in this style of presentation. The presentation of the hind wings is of obvious importance during male courtship displays to females.It is conceivable that what we describe as Rhinocypha monochroa, actually consists of several genetically distinct populations that do not interbreed since they are isolated by their behaviour and male colour patterns, and should therefore be treated as separate species. Further behavioural and genetic studies are needed to help clarify this matter. Remarks As already mentioned above, RIS (1916: 310 ff.) treated the Rhinocypha specimens available at the time, now preserved in SMFD. Ris distinguished two forms of R. monochroa. ‘Form a’ (»typisch«) was mentioned from »Süd- Celebes«, Toli-Toli, Lombok [considered erroneous], and Maros. ‘Form b’ was mentioned from the Takala Mts and Suramana and Pekawa, both near Palu. From Suramana and Pekawa, also R. frontalis was reported. We have examined these specimens in SMFD, and conclude the following: all specimens of R. monochroa ‘Form a’ indeed belong to R. monochroa, al- though we have strong doubts whether the locality Toli-Toli is correct (not included on the map). There is a male specimen of a Euphaea (ex UMMZ) with a similar label in RMNH. It was identified as Euphaea lara Krüger by M. Hämäläinen (with question mark), and previously as Euphaea brunnea Selys by F. Förster. It may actually represent a specimen of the type series of Euphaea lara var. lombockensis McLachlan. No other specimen of the family Euphaeidae is known from Sulawesi., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 338-349, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha phantasma Liefinck, 1935 (Figs 7, 8, 60–65, 86) Rhinocypha phantasma. — LIEFTINCK (1935): 175 (original description, type local- ity Boeton Island); LIEFTINCK (1938): 50–59 (relationships); LIEFTINCK (1971): 106 (lectotype designated). Diagnosis The males of R. phantasma are unmistakable by virtue of the pruinose dor- sum of the abdomen (Fig. 7); the black mandibles without pale (blue) mark- ing are also characteristic, but R. togeanensis also has black mandibles. The latter, however, has a fully black pronotum. The pale markings on the frontal and dorsal sides of the female head of R. phantasma are extensive, more so even than in females of R. frontalis, in which also the males have a paired blue marking on the frons. Description Male Head (Fig. 61) — Labium black or brownish black, dirty yellow at base. Labrum swollen, glossy black. Mandibles black. Anteclypeus shining black; postclypeus, frons, vertex, occiput and post-ocular lobe velvet black, with small paired spots behind lateral ocelli, and additionally on post-ocular lobe close to occiput; in some populations, post-ocular spot somewhat larger than spot on vertex; ventral side of ocular lobe of mature specimens with pruinose spot. Gena with sub-quadrangular to sub-triangular dirty-blue spot, not extending along the eyes. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 62) with a small blue marking in latero-anterior corner of anterior lobe; marking continues on median lobe, narrower ante- riorly than posteriorly, ending well before posterior margin of median lobe; lateral lobe with a tear drop-shaped pale marking, dorsally rounded, ven- trally acute; posterior lobe black except for an extremely small pale spot in lateral corners. Synthorax (Fig. 63). Mesopreepisternum dark creamy. Mesepisternum and most of mesepimeron black; large blue stripe over side of synthorax as fol- lows: mesokatepisternum with triangular marking ventro-posteriorly, more or less continuing over mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron; mesepimeron blue marking in ventro-anterior corner, continuing on met- episternum and metepimeron, both dorsal and ventral side of marking ir- regular, dorsally without the conspicuous dorso-posterior projection as in R. frontalis, thus leaving the posterior half of metepisternum black, extend- ing onto dorso-posterior part of metepimeron. Legs — Black, but inner side of mid tibia distal ³/₅ white, and of hind leg distal half; mature specimens may have pruinosity on the black parts of the mid and hind tibiae, and the inner sides of the mid and hind femora; coxae with blue longitudinal stripe, with variation between specimens. Wings — Distal to nodus, or distal to last Ax before nodus, opaque brown- ish black patch; in some specimens inner margin wedge-shaped, extending into radial space; base of wings transparent, somewhat enfumed, especially along the veins; underside of hind wing with reddish copper metallic sheen, only tip distal to pterostigma iridescent violet; pterostigma of fore and hind wings brown. Abdomen (Fig. 64) — Dorsally black, S2–S8 with extensive pruinosity cov- ering most of dorsum, other segments at most with traces of pruinosity; sides of tergites with a series of pale marks: on S1 sub-quadrangular with small ventro-posterior projection pointing dorsad, on S2–S5 large and rec- tangular, the one on S2 with ventro-anterior emargination, on S5 somewhat tapering, especially posteriorly, on S6–S8 with progressively smaller spots, on S6 tapering posteriorly and ventro-anteriorly, on S7 strongly tapering posteriorly, not reaching posterior margin of segment, on S8 marking ob- long triangular, widest anteriorly; S9–S10 and anal appendages black. Female [JvT 05646] Head (Fig. 65) — Labium: Base pale-coloured, cream, remainder black; dor- sal side of head velvet black, except for creamy yellow markings as follows: mandibles largely pale with only base and tip black; frons laterally with ir- regular pale spot, with bluish tint; gena with large pale spot, sub-triangular, extending dorsally along the eye; anterior side of scapus (basal antennal segment) pale, middle of scapus with dark spot; paired spot anteriorly on ver- tex against frons (in populations of Banggai peninsula), similar paired spot latero-posterior of lateral ocelli; small post-ocular spots. Thorax — Pronotum velvet black, with pale markings as follows: sub-rec- tangular spot laterally on median lobe, ⅔ length of lobe, with narrow exten- sion on anterior lobe; lateral lobe with crescent-shaped pale marking. Synthorax velvet black, with pale markings as follows: narrow stripe on mesepimeron in posterior half along humeral suture, tapering anteriorly, with a small oblong spot in posterior corner of mesepimeron; straight stripe over metathoracic spiracle anterior to ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum continuing over metepimeron towards posterior margin of metepisternum. Legs — Brownish black; base of mid and hind coxae posteriorly with small, oblong pale marking. Wings — Fore wing with dark transverse band from Px10 ending well before pterostigma, pale brown; extreme tip of wing opaque white. Hind wing with transverse band from Px8 to posterior side of pterostigma, ventral side with metallic sheen, tip of wing opaque white; pterostigma of fore and hind wings basal ²/₅ pale brown, rest creamy white, but size of brown part variable. Abdomen — Mid-dorsal ridge of S3–S7 with narrow pale stripe in middle of each segment, ca half the segments’ length; markings on sides of tergites extensive, but composed of same elements as in R. frontalis: S1 with irregu- lar sub-quadrangular spot in posterior half of segment; S2 with triangular spot anteriorly, an oval spot ventro-posteriorly and triangular spot against posterior margin, its base against S3; S3–S4 anteriorly with L-shaped mark- ing, partly against border of previous segment, and a spot posteriorly in me- dian line; ventrally just above margin of tergite a triangular spot, about 60% segment’s length and tapering anteriorly; these triangular spots continuing on S4–S7, but smaller on each successive segment; S5–S7 with a narrow pale stripe against proximal side, somewhat irregular; S8–S10 black. Measurements Measurements of male specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 21.5 (20.5–22.5); hind wing width (n = 5) x=5.5 (5.0–6.0); Abdomen (including appendages) (n = 5) x =18.5 (17.5–19.0). Measurements of female specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 5) x = 23.0 (22.5–24.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x =5.5 (5.5–6.0); abdomen (in- cluding appendages) (n = 5) x= 18.0 (17.0–18.5). Material studied (93♂ 21♀) Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) 1♂, Kolonedale. 8 Aug 1941. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂ 1♀, Labotan. Forest rem- nant, path. jk SW14. [no day and month], 1989. Leg. J. Krikken; 5♂, 25 km NE of Luwuk: tributary of Sg Bantajan [= Bantayan]. Clear running water, shaded by disturbed primary forest (0°49’S, 123°00’E). 30 Jan 1989 (sample 89JvT05). Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂, 28 km NE of Luwuk: Sg Bantajan [Bantayan] near crossing road Kajutanju-Siuna. Muddy water over boulders, partly shaded by disturbed primary forest. c. 100 m. 30 Jan 1989 (sample 89JvT06). Leg. J. van Tol; 14♂ 1♀, 28 km NE of Luwuk. Sg Bantayan near crossing with road Kayutanyo to Siuna. Rather wide stream with boulders. Partly shaded by primary forest. 7 Oct. 1989 (sample 89JvT14). Leg. J. van Tol; 5♂, NE of Luwuk: Bantayan river near road Kayutanyo to Siuna. Medium-sized river, in slightly disturbed lowland rainforest (0°47’S, 123°00”E). Alt. 50–100 m. 7 Oct 1989 (sample Duffels Sul. 2). Leg. J. P. Duffels; 14♂ 4♀, 20 km ENE of Biak: Sg. Takilalang. Stream 2–3 m wide in somewhat dis- turbed lowland evergreen rain forest. Clear water. Bottom sand and uplifted coral reef. Mostly shaded (0°48’S, 123°00’E). 8 October 1989 (sample 89JvT015). Leg. J. van Tol.; 2♂ 1♀, NE of Luwuk, Road Kayutabyo to Siuna: Tika[la]lang river. Nar- row stream in lowland rainforest (0°48’S, 123°00’E). Alt. 50–100 m. 8 Oct. 1989 (sample Duffels Sul. 5). Leg. J. P. Duffels; 9♂, Streams between Desa Seseba and Sinsing camp. Several small, slowly flowing streams with clear water, predomi- nantly semi-cultivated area. Some half shaded; some emergent water vegetation. Bottom coarse sand and/or pebbles 80 m. 14 Oct. 1989. Leg. J. van Tol.; 2♂, Batui river at Sinsing Camp. Middle-sized stream in lowland rainforest SW of Luwuk. 90 m. 14–17 Oct 1989. Leg. J. P. Duffels; 8♂, NNW of Batui. Batui river at Sinsing camp. Middle size stream through primary forest. Width 20–25 m; depth 20–50 (80) cm. Fast flowing with quiet sites. Boulders, some sand. Clear water, no water vegetation. Several pools. pH 8.5; conductivity 240µS/cm. 15–17 Oct. 1989 (sample 89JvT23). Leg. J. van Tol; 13♂ 6♀, 20 km NNE of Luwuk. Brooklet and pond in semi-cultivated area between Salodik and Siuna. 22 Oct 1989 (sample 89JvT29). Leg. J. van Tol; 1♂, 40 km N of Wotu: just N of Batas. Small stream near bridge road Wotu-Tentena at km 4 Batas. Width=2–4m, d=0.1–0.3m; shade; boulders. Disturbed primary forest (2°13’31”S, 120°46’27”E). 1200 m. 24 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol; 5♂, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Tumonda (1°47’S, 120°31’E), 25 Jul. 1994. Leg. A. Günther & F. Randow (in AGPC); 4♂ 4♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Tumonda (1°47’S, 120°31’E), 1–6 Mar. 1997. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 4♂ 2♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera, above waterfall (1°45’S, 120°31’E), 18 Aug.–2 Sep. 1999. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC). Sulawesi Tenggara (South-eastern Sulawesi) 3♂ 2♀ (holotype ♂ and four paratypes), Buton: Dwaalbaai. 19 Jan. 1917. Leg. »Na- tive collector« [fide: M.A. Lieftinck] or [?] N.A.L. Krans. Distribution and habitat Rhinocypha phantasma was originally described, and up to now only known, from a small series collected on north-eastern Buton (LIEFTINCK 1935), an island off south-eastern Sulawesi (Fig. 86). We have no recent records from this island. However, it was found widely distributed on the Banggai pe- ninsula in 1989 at low altitudes. One specimen was collected near the road from Wotu to Poso at 1 200 m, both an unusual place and altitude (leg. JvT). A note on the envelope indicates that it was the only individual seen. The specimen is very large compared to other specimens of R. phantasma, which may be related to the high altitude of the locality; otherwise it does not dif- fer significantly. The populations in the Lake Poso area inhabited shaded streams in pris- tine rain forests at an altitude of 650–800 m (Fig. 16; GÜNTHER 2008a, 2008b). At more open sections of streams and at lower altitudes, R. phantasma was replaced by R. virgulata. Both species seem to exclude each other due to their habitat requirements and have never been found syntopically. Rhinocypha phantasma has also been collected with R. frontalis at the same streams, but not with R. monochroa. Behaviour Behavioural observations from populations in the Lake Poso area were reported by GÜNTHER (2008a). Males mostly perch on leaves or emergent sticks in small sunny spots close to oviposition sites. MostMost ofof thethe malesmales de- fend distinct small territories over many days. During frontal threat display, males mostly fly obliquely from below or above towards each other with simple synchronous stroking wing beat. During courtship display, the male arches up his abdomen, presenting its dorsal pruinosity. This behaviour has not been observed in any other species of the Rhinocypha tincta -complex, and it is correlated with the specialised coloration on the dorsum of the ab- domen. Eggs were laid in driftwood or other plant substrates at the level of the water surface. Females were only observed at the water on very sunny days. This is probably the reason why several series include hardly any female specimens., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 354-360, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha pelengensis sp. nov. (Figs 54–59, 83) Material studied Holotype ♂. [Sulawesi Tengah], Banggai Archipel, Peleng, 31-vii –05 - - viii-1941, leg. J.J. van der Starre (JvT 22905, in RMNH; Fig. 54). Paratypes (4♂ 3♀) Sulawesi Tengah 3♂ 2♀, Banggai Archipel, Peleng, 31-vii–05-viii-1941, leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂ 1♀, Peleng Island, Luksaq [= Desa Luk Sagu], 25-ii–03-iii-1986, leg. S. Nagai (in NSMT). Etymology Pelengensis, an adjective based on the name of the island of the type locality. Diagnosis The male is characterized by a largely black head with small blue patch- es only on the mandibles and genae (Fig. 55); there is no paired spot on the frons, as present in R. frontalis. The pronotum is black, with just a very small pale marking on the lateral lobe; synthorax (Fig. 57) with the blue stripe straight, without the characteristic projection on the dorsal side as in R. frontalis, or the ventral projection as in R. monochroa. Dorsum of abdomen fully black, not pruinose or with narrow dorsal transverse stripes as in R. phantasma or R. virgulata, respectively. It differs from R. flavipoda by having smaller blue or yellowish markings on the head (not extending from gena dorsad along the eyes), the absence of blue markings in the latero-ante- rior corner of the median lobe of the pronotum (extending in lateral corner of anterior lobe), and the absence of a distinct pale marking on the lateral lobe of the pronotum. The tibiae of mid and hind legs are white, rather than creamy white to yellow in R. flavipoda; the opaque part of the wings of R. pelengensis is much smaller than in R. flavipoda, but the abdominal markings are similar. It seems to be closely related to R. togeanensis; which, however, has fully black mandibles and pronotum, and a more irregular blue stripe over the synthorax. Dorsum of the head of females of R. pelengensis with a paired spot on the frons, while this structure is fully black in R. togeanensis. Male (Holotype; JvT 22905, Fig. 54) Head (Fig. 55) — Black. Labium glossy black; labrum distinctly swollen, shiny but with fine transverse striae; mandibles black with triangular spot along outer distal margin; anteclypeus brownish black; remainder of dorsal side of head velvet black; genae with large, triangular blue spots below an- tennae; no stripe along the eye margins dorsad of antennae; very small oval spots behind lateral ocelli and in post-ocular area. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 56) predominantly black, anterior lobe with- out pale markings; median lobe with a very small crescent-shaped mark in latero-anterior corner; lateral lobe with oblong, irregular, creamy white spot; posterior lobe black. Synthorax (Fig. 57) rather glossy with some purple sheen, with a longitudinal pale blue stripe starting anteriorly in ven- tro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, continuing on anterior side of mesosternum, running dorsad of metakatepisternum, over metasternum towards ventro-posterior corner of metepimeron; dorsal side of stripe rath- er irregular, but without dorsal projection. Legs — Black; inner side of mid and hind tibiae almost completely white, including predominantly pruinose parts. Wings — Opaque brown patches in costal and subcostal space distal to Px2, wedge-shaped with inner margin medially reaching level of nodus; ptero- stigma of fore and hind wings brown Abdomen (Fig. 58) — Dorsum black with purple sheen, no transverse blue rings anteriorly in any segment; sides of tergites with extensive blue mark- ings as follows: S1 largely blue, but blue marking dorso-anteriorly emar- ginate, with a small ventro-posterior projection; lateral part of tergite 2 blue, with small, ventro-anterior emargination; S3 blue; S4 largely blue with small, subterminal ventro-posterior emargination; S5–S8 with increasingly smaller blue markings, anteriorly broad, tapering caudad more strongly on successive; S9 with small, crescent-shaped blue marking along anterior mar- gin, S10 black. Measurements [mm] — Hind wing length 23.0; hind wing width 6.0; abdomen (including appendages) 20.0. Female (JvT 17077) Head (Fig. 59) — Black. Labium glossy black; labrum distinctly swollen; mandible with squarish yellow spot against lower (distal) margin, sur- rounded by black margin on other sides; gena with triangular creamy yel- low spot below antenna; narrow pale line along eye margins, not connected with spot below antenna; small irregular paired marking on frons; small spots lateral of lateral ocelli and in post-ocular space; all markings creamy yellow. Thorax — Pronotum black, somewhat glossy, without pale markings. Syn- thorax rather glossy black with some metallic sheen; mesepimeron with inconspicuous short and narrow pale stripe in distal half along humeral suture; stripe over metathoracic spiracle narrow (as compared with other Rhinocypha of Sulawesi), more or less straight, starting in ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, continuing over metathoracic spiracle to- wards posterior corner of metepimeron, not covering metakatepisternum, shortly interrupted on metepimeron. Legs — Black. Wings — With distinct brown opaque transverse band, in fore wing from nodus to ca four Px basal to pterostigma, in hind wing basal to pterostigma, but extending to halfway pterostigma in space below R2; wings basal to transverse bands enfumed, but transparent; hind wing tip distal to ptero- stigma opaque white; pterostigma of fore and hind wings basal ²/₅ brown, rest grey-white, darker against veins. Abdomen — Dorsum black, tergites with pale, creamy yellow markings rather similar to R. frontalis: S1 with small triangular spot medio-posteri- orly; S2 anteriorly with sub-triangular spot with short ventral projection, sub-oval spot medioventrally, ca three times as long as high, covering ca 60 % of segment length, and triangular spot medio-posteriorly against seg- ment margin; S3–S7 each with two longitudinal markings, one along ante- rior border of each segment, just above lateral margin of tergite, about 50% of the height of tergite in lateral view, the other spot medially against ventral margin of each segment, about 50% of segment length of S3, decreasing in length to ca 25 % on S7; S8 with a short marking along anterior margin, S9–S10 black. Variation in paratypes Measurements of male specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 4) x= 23.5 (23.0–24.0); hind wing width (n = 4) x= 6.0 (5.5–6.0); abdomen length (in- cluding appendages) (n = 3) x= 20.0 (19.5–20.0). Measurements of female specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n= 2) 24.5–25.0; hind wing width (n= 2) 5.5–6.0; abdomen length (n= 2) 18.5–19.0. Distribution and habitat Rhinocypha pelengensis has only been recorded from Peleng Island in the Banggai archipelago (Fig. 83). We have no further data on the locality ‘Luksaq’. According to data and photographs on internet, a small waterfall is located close to the village of Luk Sagu. These specimens were entrusted by the late Dr S. Asahina to JvT in 1993, when JvT had the opportunity to study parts of the Asahina collection., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 349-354, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha flavipoda sp. nov. (Figs 18–23, 83) Rhinocypha monochroa Form b (pro parte). — RIS (1916): 312 (one specimen [Ris no. 1443] from »Takala-Gebirge«) Rhinocypha tincta semitincta [nec Selys]. — VAN TOL & GASSMANN (2007): 66 (in- cluded Sulawesi in range) Material studied Holotype ♂. » Indonesia. Sulawesi Selatan. E. of Malili, Crocodile river, 2°38’09’’S, 121°12’18’’E, Alt. 150 m, 21 Oct 1993, Leg. J. van Tol « (JvT 0 1461, in RMNH) (Fig. 18). Paratypes (30♂ 1♀) Sulawesi Selatan 5♂, »Central Celebes. Luwu, [Kali] Lamangke, 17-viii-1932, leg. R. Woltereck«; 1♂, »Indonesia. Sulawesi. 4–5 km NW of Malili, Sg. Mahulu, 2°36’S, 121°05’E, 0–50 m asl., 30 Apr–1 May 1991, Leg. J. van Tol (Slowly flowing stream, width 4–6 m. Mainly through cultivated area, but bordered by a strip of disturbed forest. Bot- tom coarse sand, pebbles, some boulders. Half-shaded. Some small falls)«; 16♂, »Indonesia. Sulawesi, c. 15 km NNE Malili. 150 m asl. 2°38’[09”]S, 121°12’[18”]E. 2 May 1991 (sample 91JvT28). Leg. J. van Tol. Rivulet through disturbed tropical rain forest (tributary of Sg. Malili), Fast flowing clear water. Coarse pebbles, ponded sites with fine sand. Half shaded. Overhanging vegetation. Rapids. Crocodile«; 2♂, »Indonesia, Sulawesi Selatan. Timampu: Lamapu river near outlet Danau Towuti, 2°40’32”S, 121°24’53”E. 17 Oct. 1993. Leg. J. van Tol«; 2♂ 1♀, »Indonesia. Sulawesi Selatan. 45 km ENE of Malili, near Salura in easternmost part of Danau Matana, just N of outlet (2°31’47”S, 121°28’59”E), Alt 450 m. 19 Oct.1993. Leg. J. van Tol. Stream through disturbed primary forest. w[idth]=2–3 m, d[epth]=0.1 m. Clear water, boulders, shade«; 4♂, Same data as holotype. Other material studied (excluded from type series; 6♂) 1♂, »Takala-Gebirge / Süd Celebes / d[urch] Rolle« (in SMFD) [Ris no. 1443]; 5♂, »Celebes. Luwu distr., Masamba, Zuid Tomoni, 12.vi.1940, Leg. L. L. A. Mauren- brecher«. Etymology Flavipoda, a noun in apposition, meaning ‘those with yellow feet’. Diagnosis Among the Rhinocypha species of Sulawesi the males can be recognized from the pale-yellow tibiae of the mid and hind legs. However, this char- acter is not always clearly visible in museum specimens, in which the tibiae may be faded to white. Males have a small triangular marking on the man- dibles, and a black frons lacking a blue spot; the anterior lobe of the prono- tum has distinct pale oblong spots in the lateral corners, extending on the median lobe (Fig. 20); the synthorax has no ante-humeral stripe, and the long pale stripe over the synthorax is dorsally somewhat irregular in some specimens, but lacks the distinct projection running posteriad over the met- episternum found in R. frontalis (Fig. 21); abdomen with a small triangular spot anteriorly on S9 (Fig. 22); dorsum of abdomen black. The yellowish white tibiae are similar to R. semitincta from Halmahera (Moluccas); see also the remarks below. However, the head of R. semitincta, including the genae, is entirely black, except for very small paired spots on the post-ocular lobe behind the lateral ocelli. Rhinocypha flavipoda also dif- fers from R. semitincta by (i) the anterior lobe of the pronotum, which lacks the paired median spot, (ii) the blue marking of median lobe of pronotum, which extends on the lateral corners of the anterior lobe, (iii) the shape of the blue stripe over metepisternum and metepimeron, which lacks the dor- sal projection, and (iv) the size of the blue markings on the abdomen, which are small, particularly visible on S9. Description Male (holotype, Fig. 18) [JvT 01461] Head (Fig. 19) — Labium with mentum pale, median and lateral lobes brownish black; labrum shiny brownish black; mandibles with pale trian- gular marking with its base at lower basal side; anteclypeus shiny brown- ish black; postclypeus and rest of dorsum of head, including post-ocular lobes velvet black; frons with long setae; small pale spots behind later- al ocelli and a similar paired spot on post-ocular lobe; gena with bluish white marking, widest at eye margins, continuing as a narrow cream line along eye margins to the level of anterior ocellus; post-ocular area with oval pruinose spot. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 20) dull black with more developed pale mark- ings than R. frontalis: anterior lobe with narrow lateral markings (a paired spot in R. frontalis), continuing onto median lobe and running above lateral lobes, not reaching posterior margin; lateral lobes with pale median spots. Synthorax (Fig. 21). Mesopreepisternum blue. Mesepisternum black; remainder black with large bluish stripe, starting anteriorly in posterior cor- ner of mesokatepisternum, dorsally irregular, ending at two-thirds of length of suture between metepisternum and metepimeron, continuing onto met- epimeron, running posteriorly, but bent ventrally just before hind margin, where it ends ca halfway of posterior margin of metepimeron; ventral mar- gin also irregular, from lower anterior corner of metepisternum running just under metathoracic spiracle, continuing towards posterior border, but not touching ventral side of synthorax. Legs — Black, with inner side of mid and hind tibiae and femora entirely pale; pale coloration creamy yellow in live, faded to nearly white after treatment in acetone. Wings — Transverse opaque brownish black patch distal to nodus anteri- orly, at level of nodus at posterior margin, extending further basad in mid- dle of wing, especially below Rs. Metallic sheen on underside of hind wing bluish from base of opaque band to level of Px14 bluish, golden brown from Px14 to wing tip; pterostigma of fore and hind wings brownish black. Abdomen (Fig. 22) — Dorsum velvet black with very small paired, pale spots anteriorly on S4–S8; S1 with large sub-quadrangular blue mark, anteriorly rounded; S2 with similar broad mark obliquely truncated ventro-anterior- ly; S3–S8 with large blue oblong marks, more or less rectangular in S3–S4, on other segments more strongly tapered posteriorly, ventrally more or less complete, although leaving a narrow black ventral line on all segments; S9 with a small, bluish white anterior marking; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm]. Hind wing length 24.0; hind wing width 6.5; abdomen (including appendages) 20.0. Female [JvT 0 1403, supposition] Head (Fig. 23) — Labium shiny black. Labrum swollen, black with a few short stout setae. Mandibles mainly black, but triangular cream spot along outer margin. Anteclypeus black, shiny, with transverse striae. Postclypeus and remainder of dorsum of head velvet black; genae with sub-triangular cream spot, the widest part bordering the eyes; narrow stripe along the eye margin to level of lateral ocelli, separate from triangular spot on genae; very small cream spots beside lateral ocelli,and similar spots on post-ocular lobes. Thorax — Pronotum with anterior lobe black, except for very small pale spot in lateral corners; this spot connected with a short cream spot in an- terior part of median lobe; remainder of median lobe and posterior lobe black; lateral lobe with small, irregular, pale median spot. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum with cream triangular spot. Synthorax predominantly black with purple sheen; the longitudinal cream stripe rath- er straight, starting in ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, con- tinuing (after a narrow interruption) over ventral side of the mesepimeron, running dorsad of metakatepisternum, over metathoracic spiracle towards posterior corner of metepimeron, where it is narrow and interrupted. Legs — Dull black, without pale markings. Wings — Base and anterior part of fore wings transparent, enfumed with brown; hind wing basal to Arculus transparent with brown tint; remainder of fore wing to the level of Px16 opaque dark brown; wingtip clear, ptero- stigma brown with white centre; hind wing opaque dark brown between Arculus and distal side of pterostigma, distal part transparent; pterostigma as in fore wing. Abdomen — Black with subtle purple sheen; pale cream markings on sides of tergites as follows: S1 with sub-quadrangular medioposterior spot, not touch- ing hind margin of segment; S2 with very small anterior spot, a short stripe nearly touching ventral margin of tergite, ca half the length of tergite, and an irregular medioposterior spot, approximately the size of the spot on S1; S3–S7 each with a thin stripe against the anterior border, and a ventral stripe medi- ally against ventral border of segment, that on S3 distinctly more robust and also longer than on other segments; small subcircular spots on S3 and S4, dis- tinctly smaller than similar spot on S2. S8–S10 black without pale markings. Measurements [mm]. Hind wing length 24.0; hind wing width 6.0; abdomen length 23.5. Variation in paratypes Males Measurements [mm]. Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 23.5 (23.0–24.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x= 6.0 (6.0–6.0); abdomen (including appendages) (n =5) x= 20.0 (19.0–20.0). Distribution and habitat Only known from the area around and just west of the so-called Malili lakes of Central Sulawesi (Matana, Mahalona and Towuti; Fig. 83), where it oc- curs in small, rather open streams (Fig. 12). The soil in this region is poor in nutrients and frequently has high levels of toxic minerals hence only well- adapted plants can survive, e.g., Nepenthes species. The banks of the streams are overgrown with impoverished kerangas (heath forest). Five specimens collected in ‘South Tomoni’ in 1940 seem to have white, rather than yellowish tibiae, but agree with the other specimens in other characters. They are provisionally assigned to this taxon, but we have not included them in the type series. We have also excluded from the type series one male from the Takala Mountains (in SMFD), apparently collected to- gether with a small series of R. virgulata sp. nov. Remarks This species initially confused us. The yellowish tibiae of the mid and hind legs were very conspicuous in the field, and appeared very similar to R. semitincta from Halmahera (northern Moluccas); hence we identified these specimens as R. semitincta (see VAN TOL & GASSMANN 2007). How- ever, after careful re-evaluation of all material, we concluded that these populations represent an undescribed species. We have not studied molecular characters, but the coloration of head and pronotum suggests a closer rela- tionship with R. monochroa than with R. frontalis. 19 20 22 21 23

Rhinocypha frontalis (Selys, 1873) Rhinocypha frontalis frontalis (Selys, 1873) (Figs 3, 4, 24–33, 84) Libellago (Rhinocypha) frontalis. — SELYS (1873a): 490–491 (sep. 26–27) (original description, type locality Moluques, Ménado); SELYS (1873b): 614–615 (sep. 61– 62) (compared with R. monochroa). Rhinocypha frontalis. — KIRBY (1890): 114 (catalogue, distribution Menado [Ma- nado], Luzon [lapsus]); SELYS (1891): 215 (compared with R. semitincta var. colorata [Philippines] and R. monochroa); RIS (1916): 310–313 (key, distribution); LIEFTINCK (1935): 175–177 (compared with R. phantasma, new material, re- description and variation); LIEFTINCK (1938): 49–55 (status and distribution dis- cussed, compared with other species of the R. tincta complex); KIMMINS (1969): 309 (lectotype designated BMNH, type locality »Moluques«); VAN TOL (1987a): 154 (record Dumoga-Bone National Park); ASKEW et al. (1989): 117 (records Dumoga-Bone National Park); DE JONG & VAN TOL (1994): 18 (colour picture of male); MALKMUS (2007): 16 (fig. 9) (colour picture of female). Nec Rhinocypha frontalis. — COWLEY (1937): 8, Fig. 20 (penis of specimen from Shortland Island [Solomon Islands]). Diagnosis The males of Rhinocypha frontalis can be distinguished from the species of the R. monochroa complex within Sulawesi by the paired blue spot on its frons (Figs 30–33); a paired median spot on the anterior lobe of the pro- notum; the presence of a humeral stripe anteriorly on the mesepisternum (Fig. 27), and a short stripe posteriorly on the mesepimeron; the blue stripe over the synthorax with a distinct posterior projection over the metepister- num reaching to the wing base; S9 of the abdomen has a small, but clearly visible lateral blue spot (Fig. 28); the dorsum of the abdomen is black, with- out pruinosity; the bases of fore and hind wings are transparent. We describe specimens collected in the southern part of Sulawesi Selatan as a new subspecies (see below), based on size and much more extensive opaque bluish black patches in the wings, and distinctly different wings in the females. Description Male Head (Figs 25, 30–33) — Labium shiny black; labrum swollen, shiny black with stout setae; mandibles predominantly blue with narrow black border; anteclypeus and postclypeus black; frons, vertex, occiput and post-ocular area dull black, but frons with a pair of large sub-quadrangular blue spots, anteriorly with irregular margin, vertex with small oval spots next to the lateral ocelli; post-ocular spots small, creamy white. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 26) black; median lobe black with purple sheen, anterior lobe with a paired, oval creamy spot, placed distinctly from lateral corner; lateral lobes with large crescent-shaped blue or bluish white mark; propleuron with oblong bluish white mark, anteriorly wider than posteri- orly. Synthorax (Fig. 27). Mesopreepisternum with oval pale blue spot. Syn- thorax black, rather dull, but laterally shiny, with extensive blue markings as follows: mesepisternum anteriorly with sub-triangular marking, approximately three times as long as wide, covering approximately 1/₅ of mesepister- num; blue marking of mesepimeron covering anterior third, shape irregu- lar, tapering anteriorly, wider posteriorly and connected to blue marking of metepisternum; blue marking covering most of metepisternum, just leav- ing sub-rectangular black marking dorso-posteriorly and triangular black marking ventro-posteriorly; metepimeron anteriorly black with large blue transverse marking, leaving small triangular black spot dorso-posterior- ly, which connects to the ventro-posterior spot on metepisternum; mesokatepisternum with small, triangular blue spot in posterior corner against coxa. Legs — Dull black, but inner side of mid and hind tibiae white, covering ca the distal ⅔ of the mid legs, and the distal half of the hind legs; femora and tibiae with long stout setae; fore tibiae with a comb of about eight short setae. Wings — Fore wing clear in basal part with brownish tinge up to level of nodus; hind wing with similar pattern up to level of Ax10; distal part of wings dark brownish black, dark parts of underside of fore wing anteriorly with blue metallic sheen, remainder with golden sheen; hind wing rather dull, tip with blue sheen; pterostigma of fore and hind wings brown. Abdomen (Fig. 28) — Dorsally black, intersegmental annulae black, sides of tergites with large blue spots as follows: S1 with a posterior sub-quadrangu- lar spot, covering ¾ of segment, tapering anteriorly; S2 with large rectangu- lar spot, anteriorly somewhat elongate, leaving a narrow black border ante- riorly; S3 with large spot covering side of tergite almost completely, slightly tapering posteriorly; S4 with spot as on S3, but marking more strongly tapering posteriorly and not quite reaching the posterior margin; markings on S5–S9 increasingly smaller and more tapered posteriorly on dorsal side, marking on S9 about half the length of segment and sub-quadrangular, acute posteriorly; S10 and anal appendages black. Female Head (Fig. 29) — Labium shiny black, labrum swollen, shiny black with stout setae; mandibles with squarish creamy white spot with narrow black borders, the apex black; anteclypeus black, shiny; remainder of head dor- sally velvet black, genae with large squarish creamy white spot, extending dorsally along the eyes as a narrow creamy stripe to the level of the lateral ocelli; frons with small, yellowish, irregular paired spot; vertex with small yellowish spots latero-posteriorly of lateral ocelli; post-ocular spots small, creamy white. Thorax — Pronotum black, rather shiny; anterior lobe laterally with cream- ish oval spot; median and posterior lobes black; lateral lobes with large, round creamish spot, dorsally tapered. Mesopreepisternum with rectangu- lar cream spot. Synthorax black, rather dull and slight purple sheen; mesepisternum with very thin ante-humeral stripe, both ends somewhat wider; all pale markings on synthorax creamy white; mesepimeron with short pale stripe in dorsoposterior corner; long pale stripe from posterior corner of mesokatepister- num and ventro-anterior corner of mesepimeron, running over ventral part of metepisternum over metathoracic spiracle, continuing on posterior half of metepimeron; this stripe with irregular margins and approximately ten times as long as high. Legs — Dull black, trochanters of mid and hind legs partly creamish. Wings — With brownish tint on transparent parts. Fore wing with dark opaque distal patch, extending from Px15 to Px23, somewhat further dis- tad in the middle of wing; wing tip opaque white; pterostigma covering ca six underlying cells, proximal half brown, distal half white; hind wing also with brownish black distal patch, wider than in that in fore wing, with more distinct bluish metallic sheen, covering wing between level of Px12 to pterostigma; wing tip opaque white; pterostigma of fore wing basal ²/₅ grey- brown, distal part grey-white, but darker against the veins; pterostigma of hind wing basal ⅓ grey-brown, rest as in fore wing; we have observed sig- nificant variation in this character. Abdomen — Black, with pale markings on sides of tergites as follows: S1 with small subcircular spot posteriorly, S2 with a short line medio-anteri- orly and an even shorter marking below it, and a larger oval spot close to posterior margin; S3–S4 with L-shaped marking running along anterior margin of segment, extending medially over tergite, and a sub-circular spot posteriorly (very small on S4), ventrally a short longitudinal mark- ing, ca 3–4 times longer than wide (these markings continue on S3–S7); narrow anterior stripes along anterior margin of S5–S7; rest of abdomen black. Measurements Males: Measurements of specimens from Dumoga-Bone National Park [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 23.5 (22.5–24.5); hind wing width (n =5) x=6.0 (6.0–6.0); abdomen length (including appendages) (n =5) x= 20.0 (19.0–20.5). Specimens from Luwuk — Hind wing length (n =5) x= 24.5 (23.5–25.5); hind wing width (n =5) x= 5.5 (5.0–6.0); length abdomen (including appendages) (n = 5) 19.5 (19.0–20.5). Females: Measurements of specimens from north-eastern Sulawesi [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 25.5 (24.5–26.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x = 5.5 (5.5–6.0); abdomen (including appendages) (n = 5) x= 18.5 (18.0–20.0). Geographical variation Rhinocypha frontalis is quite a variable species, especially in size, but also in the size of the blue spots on the frons (Figs 30–33); both characters are geo- graphically correlated. We treat only the populations of the Sangihe Islands as a separate, new species. Specimens from the south-western peninsula dif- fer clearly from those of northern Sulawesi, and we describe these as a sepa- rate subspecies. We have also studied a few specimens with extensive blue markings on the synthorax, as in R. frontalis (see Fig. 42), collected near Madjene [ca 3°33’S, 118°57’E), 08–10-xi-1939, by J.J. van der Starre. How- ever, they agree in all other characters with R. monochroa. For a further dis- cussion, see the remarks on variation of R. monochroa of these specimens. Rhinocypha frontalis is absent from (geographical) central Sulawesi, where Rhinocypha is rather uncommon, particularly at higher altitudes, and replaced by R. phantasma, R. flavipoda sp. nov. and R. virgulata sp. nov. It is, however, locally abundant at some sites on the Banggai peninsula, in the south-eastern peninsula of Sulawesi, and on Buton (see also LIEFTINCK 1935: 177). As previously observed by Lieftinck (l.c.), specimens from Bu- ton do not differ from those of the northern peninsula. Specimens from Sabang (north of Palu) (Fig. 31), and also those collected in the Banggai peninsula (Fig. 32), have a tendency to smaller blue patches on the frons, which are anteriorly rather irregular. Specimens collected in the south-east- ern peninsula are closer to the typical form (Fig. 33). Material studied (269♂, 49♀; all in RMNH, except indicated otherwise, localities in abbreviated form; Buton locality, November 1989, not included) Sulawesi Utara, including Province of Gorontalo. 1♂ (lectotype), »Moluques«, 1860. Leg. Lorquin (in BMNH); 2♂ 3♀, Noordkust, [1863]. Leg. C.B.H. von Rosenberg; 1♀, Ayer Pann.[as] [1863]. Leg. C.B.H. von Rosenberg; 1♀, Limbotto. Leg. C.B.H. von Rosenberg. 1863–1864; 2♂ 1♀, Pekawa, 15 Sep. 1912. Leg. L. Martin (in SMFD); 1♂, Soeroemana, Feb. 1913. Leg. L. Martin (in SMFD); 5♂ 2♀, Tondano [acq 11.vi.1935]. Leg. C. van Braekel; 5♂ 5♀ Ton- dano, Sept. 1938. Leg. C. van Braekel; 6♂ 2♀, Manado, Pandoe, 250 m, 26 May 1940. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 5♂ 4♀, Surroundings of Tondano, 600 m, 9 June 1940. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 4♂ 1♀, Gorontalo, Kwandang, 9 July 1940. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 4♂ 2♀, Manado, Pandoe, N. of road to Wori (brooklets with sandy bottom), Alt. 0–20 m. CdR VII. 1 Aug. 1940. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 2♂, Surroundings Ranotongkor, 300 m. CdR XVI. Fish ponds and fast running river. 2 Aug. [19]40. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 3♂, Tanahwangko-Ranotongkor, 4 Aug. [19]40. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 2♂, Modoinding, 27 June 1941. Leg. F. Dupont; 1♀, Kajoeroja [Kajuroja], Alt. 100–120 m, 10 Nov. 1941. Leg. F. Dupont; 2♂, Project Wallace. Dumoga Bone National Park: Tumpah River near Edward’s camp (Stat. 28). Alt. 900 m. 23 Feb. 1985. Leg. J. P. Duffels; 1♂, Same Park [Around Basecamp]. 225 m. Primary forest. 0°34’N 123°54’E. 25–31 March 1985. Leg. F. G. Rozendaal; 1♀, Same Park, Waterfall creek (tributary of river Tumpah). Fast running brooklet with ponded areas, through multistratal evergreen forest. Mainly shaded. Boulders and sand. Alt. 225–250 m. 21 Apr. 1985, sample B. Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂, Same site. 22 Apr. 1985, sample B. Leg. J. van Tol; 5♂, Same site. 23 Apr. 1985, sample B. Leg. J. van Tol; 8♂, Same NP. Tumpah river near Edward’s camp. River through undis- turbed multistratal evergreen forest. Alt. 540 m. 30 Apr. 1985, sample A. Leg. J. van Tol; 1♀, Same NP. c. 2 km W of Edward’s camp. Brooklet in undisturbed multi- stratal evergreen forest. Sandy bottom. Alt. 700m. 1 May 1985. Leg, J. van Tol; 5♂ 1♀, Same NP. Waterfall creek (tributary of river Tumpah) [further data as above]. 20 May 1985, sample B. Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂, Same NP. Trickles near Toraut river close to Base camp. Small, non-permanent brooklets in primary forest. Width c. 0.5 m and depth a few cm, with some deeper pools in the stream bed 22 May 1985, sample A. Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂, Same NP. Waterfall creek (tributary of river Tumpah) [further data as above]. 24 May 1985, sample A. Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂, Same NP. Tumpah river near Edward’s camp. UTM=WL9365. Alt. c. 600 m asl. River through undisturbed multistratal evergreen forest. 3 June 1985, sample A. Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂, Same NP. c. 2 km W of Edward’s camp. Brooklet in undisturbed multistratal evergreen forest. Alt. 700 m asl. Sandy bottom. UTM: WL 9265. 4–5 June 1985. Leg. J. van Tol; 1♂, Same NP. Gunung Poniki. Station 0 74. Alt. 1810 m asl. [presumably mislabelled], 2 Nov. 1985. Leg. R. Bosmans; 2♂, Same NP. River Tumpah. Alt. 200 m asl. [vari- ous dates Oct. 1985]. Leg. R. Bosmans & J. Van Stalle; 3♂, Same NP. Waterfall trail. 280 m. 14 Nov. 1985. Station 0 94. Leg. R. Bosmans & J. Van Stalle; 1♂, West of Ma- nado: brooklet at N side of Lake Tondano. 89JvT08. 1 Feb. 1989. Leg. J. van Tol; 4♂, Tomohon: stream below Air Terjun (1°23’35”N 124°50’22”E), 3–5 Aug. 2011. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 6♂, Bogani-Nani-Wartabone (Dumoga-Bone) National Park, Sg. Tumpa kecil (0°34’35”N 123°54’01”E), 11 Aug. 2011. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 2♀, Same NP, Sg. Tumpa (0°34’23”N 123°54’07”E), 12 Aug. 2011. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 4♂ 2♀, Talawaan, small stream downstream of Air Terjun Tunan (1°34’08”N 124°58’43”E), 21 Aug. 2011. Leg. A. Günther (in AFPC); 1♂, Dumoga Bone National Park. River Tumpah near Waterfall creek. Middle-sized river, up to 40 m wide, current velocity up to 1 m/s. Large boulders, rapids. Edge of somewhat disturbed multistratal evergreen forest. 0°33’53”N 123°54’24”E. 11 July 2013. Leg. J. van Tol; 1♂, Same NP. Waterfall creek (tributary of river Tumpah). Fast running brooklet through multistratal evergreen forest. Mainly shaded. Boulders and sand. 225 m asl. 0°34’36”N 123°54’01”E. 12 July 2013. Leg. J. van Tol; 3♂, East of Manado. Talawaan. Waterfall, stream, small stream, seepages. Largely shaded by secondary vegetation. 1°34’08”N 124°58’42”E. 14 July 2013. Leg. J. van Tol. Sulawesi Tengah 1♂ 1♀, Balantak. Luwuk-Pagimana road. CdR XXI. 26 Oct. 1940. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 6♂ 2♀, Sabang. Dampelas. 28–29 Nov. [19]40. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂, Meili [Meli]. 6 Dec. 1940. Leg. J. J. van der Starre; 3♂ 1♀, Sabang. Dampelas. 30 Jan. 1941. Leg. J. J. van der Starre; 4♂ 1♀, Sabang. Dampelas. 9 May 1941. Leg. J. J. van der Starre; 2♂, Sabang. Dampelas. 3 July 1941. Leg. J. J. van der Starre; 8♂ 1♀, 15 km NNE of Luwuk: Sg. Biak. Clear running water with rapids and pools. 0°49’S, 122°52’E. 150 m asl. 27 Jan. 1989. Leg. J. van Tol; 17♂ 6♀, 15 km NNE of Luwuk. Sg Biak at road Biak to Poh. River with ponded sites and currents. Nearly unshaded. Some emergent vegetation. Semi-cultivated area. 6 and 22 Oct. 1989 (89JvT13). Leg. J. van Tol; 1♂, 15 km NNE of Luwuk: Sungai Biak nr road Biak to Poh. River, in disturbed lowland rainforest. 6 Oct. 1989 (sample Duffels Sul. 1). Leg. J. P. Duffels; 12♂ 2♀, 20 km ENE of Biak: Sg. Takilalang. Stream 2–3 m wide in somewhat dis- turbed lowland evergreen rain forest. Clear water. Bottom sand and uplifted coral reef. Mostly shaded. 0°48’S, 123°00’E. 8 Oct. 1989 (sample 89JvT015). Leg. J. van Tol; 4♂ 1♀, 15 km NNE of Luwuk: Sg Biak at road from Biak to Poh, with ponded sites and currents. Completely shaded site. 11 Oct. 1989 (sample 89JvT18). Leg. J. van Tol; 1♂, SW of Luwuk. Batui river at Sinsing Camp. Middle-sized stream in lowland rainforest. Alt. 90 m asl. 14–17 Oct 1989. Leg. J. P. Duffels; 1♂, SW of Lu- wuk. Totop camp along Batui river. Lowland rainforest. (1°09’00”S, 122°31’30”E). Alt. 120 m asl. 19 Oct. 1989. (Sample Sul. 18). Leg. J. P. Duffels; 1♂, 20 km ENE of Biak: Sg. Takilalang. [Data as 8 Oct. 1989]. 20 Oct. 1989 (sample 89JvT015). Leg. J. van Tol; 1♂, 20 km NNE of Luwuk, between Salodik and Siuna. Brooklet and pond in semi-cultivated area. 22 Oct. 1989 (sample 89JvT29). Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂ 1♀, NE of Palu, road Tawaeli-Parigi, at ‘49 / 16’. West side mountain ridge. Small brooklet on steep slope. Coffee plantation. Alt. c. 500 m asl. 6 April 1997. Leg. J. van Tol. Sulawesi Tenggara 1♂ 1♀, Boeton [Buton] Island. 2 Feb. [19]17, leg. [supposition] N.A.L. Krans; 1♂, S of Sanggona. Foot of Watuwila Mts.: Mokowu river near Mokowu camp. Rivulet with ponded areas, clear water, bottom with boulders, some sand. Alt. 150 m asl. 19–20 Oct. 1989 (sample S89020J). Leg. J. Huisman; 18♂, S of Sanggona: Mokowu river near Mokowu camp. Foot of Watuwila Mts. Rivulet with ponded areas, clear water, bottom with boulders, some sand. Largely shaded. Alt. 150 m asl. 3°48’S, 121°39’E. 89JvT031. 29–31 Oct. 1989. Leg. J. van Tol; 3♂, NE of Kolaka: Mokowu camp along Mokowu river near Gng Watowila. (3°49’S, 121°40’E). Rivulet, in dis- turbed lowland rainforest. Alt. 200 m. 29–31 Oct. 1989 (sample Duffels Sul. 24). Leg. J. P. Duffels; 6♂ 1♀, S of Sanggona: Mokowu river near Mokowu camp [further data as 29–31 Oct. 1989]. 4–6 Nov. 1989 Leg. J. van Tol; Numerous ♂ and ♀, North- ern Pulau Buton. A few kms inland from Labuhan Tobelo. Jismil camp along Sg. Labuhan Tobelo. Rivulet through hardly disturbed primary evergreen rain forest. Boulders covered with calcareous deposit. Alt. 150 m asl. 4°26’30”S, 122°59’00”E. 12–17 Nov. 1989. sample 89JvT040. Leg. J. van Tol. Sulawesi Selatan 1♂, Onan[g], Sg. Parabaya, 58 km N of Majene. Strongly disturbed rain forest. 19 Nov. 1993. 3°07’S, 118°46’E. Leg. J.P. & M.J. Duffels. Distribution and habitat Rhinocypha frontalis is a common species in the northern arm of Sulawesi (Fig. 84). It is further recorded from most parts of the islands, and also from Buton, Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 324-333, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha frontalis sulselensis ssp. nov. (Figs 34, 35, 37, 84) Material studied Holotype ♂. » Borong Rapoa. 800 m. 20–23 Aug. 1949. Leg. A. Diakonoff « (JvT 22887; in RMNH) (Fig. 34). Paratypes (7♂ 4♀) Sulawesi Selatan 1♀, Boeloedoea (Barroe). 670 m. June 1935. Leg. C. Veen; 1♀, Boeloedoea (Bar- roe). Brooklet in forest. CdR XXXIII. 27 Apr. 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 6♂ 1♀, Borong Rapoa. 800 m. 20–23 Aug. 1949 [some handwritten labels with erroneous year ‘1948’]. Leg. A. Diakonoff (same data as holotype); 1♀, Mangkoso, stream emerging from forest. Alt. at least 400 m. July 2013. Leg. R.A. Dow; 1♂, 20 km E of Padaelo: mountain stream crossing Jl. Poros Barru-Soppeng (4.51082°S, 119.78648°E). Alt. 698 m. 20 July 2013. Leg. H. Cahilog. Etymology Sulselensis, an adjective based on the frequently used abbreviation ‘SulSel’, for the province of Sulawesi Selatan, or ‘South Sulawesi’. Diagnosis Largely agrees with specimens assigned to the nominotypical subspecies of R. frontalis, but is distinguished by its significantly larger size, and a more extensive black area in the wing space between the Costa and Subcosta, i.e., from 8 Ax anterior to the nodus in the fore wing and 6 Ax anterior to the nodus in the hind wing (Fig. 34, compare with Figs 3, 24); opaque marking in wings wedge-shaped, and base reaching to distal side of q. The female is distinctly different from the nominotypical subspecies, particularly in the wing marking, although the nominotypical subspecies shows significant variation in these characters as well. In R. frontalis sulselensis the wings are nearly fully brown (Fig. 37, compare with Fig. 36): the base is very darkly enfumed, approximately to the level of the nodus, merging to the opaque part of the wing distal to nodus; apex of wings distal to middle of pterostigma paler, the tip opaque white. The females are thus rather similar to sympatric females of R. monochroa (Fig. 6). However, the latter species usually with fore wing transparent distal to ca 14 Px anterior to pterostigma, and also has a fully (brownish) black frons; its pronotum has an oblong spot on the median lobe; the lateral lobe has only a small spot. Description Male (holotype, JvT 22887) Head — Labium, labrum and anteclypeus glossy brownish black; mandi- bles blue, except for a narrow black stripe bordering labrum; dorsal side of head velvet black; frons with a paired blue spot, large and squarish, tapering abaxiad; very small creamish spots behind lateral ocelli; spots on post-ocu- lar lobe sub-oval, larger than those on vertex; gena with large blue marking, somewhat extending along eye. Thorax — Pronotum velvet black; anterior lobe with relative large oval, creamy, paired spot; lateral lobe fully covered by large creamy marking, and an oblong creamy stripe along margin below lateral lobe. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum creamish. Synthorax black, with pale markings as follows: a short pale stripe on dorsal carina in mesothoracic triangle; ante-humeral stripe about ⅔ the length of mesepisternum, taper- ing posteriad; mesepimeron posteriorly with short and narrow stripe; stripe over lower side of synthorax from mesokatepisternum to posterior corner of metepimeron, dorso-posterior projection on metepisternum not reaching posterior margin; coxa of all legs with narrow stripe along posterior margin. Legs —Black; tibiae of mid and hind legs white in distal ⁴/₅. Wings — Base of wings transparent, somewhat enfumed; both wings with opaque brown band distal to Ax8 in costal and subcostal space, wedge- shaped and reaching to first fork in Rs; quadrangle transparent; pterostigma of fore and hind wings dark brown. Abdomen — Dorsum black, with lateral blue markings similar to nomino- typical form. Female Larger than nominotypical form; coloration very similar to that form, except for the coloration of the wings: fully brown, with base enfumed very dark, subtly merging towards the fully opaque distal part of the wing, distal to ca level of nodus; apex distal to middle of pterostigma paler, the tip opaque white. Variation in paratypes Measurements of male specimens [mm] — Hind wing length length (n =4) x= 27.5 (27.0–27.5), hind wing width (n = 4) x =7.0 (6.5–7.0); abdomen (in- cluding appendages) x =22.5 (22.0–22.5). Measurements of female specimens [mm] —Hind wing length (n =3) x= 30.0 (29.0–31.0); hind wing width (n = 3) x =6.5 (6.5–7.0); abdomen (in- cluding appendages) (n = 3) x =21.5 (20.0–22.5). Distribution and habitat South-western Sulawesi. The limited number of observations suggests that this species occurs above ca 400 m a.s.l. However, we also have records of the sympatric R. monochroa from altitudes up to 1 0 0 0 m. Remarks We identified this taxon from a series in RMNH, collected in 1949 (the year 1948 on some labels is incorrect) at Borong Rapoa, a village on the flank of the Mt. Lompobatang, east of Makassar, by A. Diakonoff. Other specimens in RMNH included a female with label »C. S. Celebes, 670 m / S. Bone, Bu- ludua / vi.1935 / C. Veen« (in RMNH, JvT 22891), and one female from the same site, collected by L. Coomans de Ruiter on 27-iv-1941 (JvT 22890), which both agree with a female from the Borong Rapoa series. The Buludua site presumably is at a distance of about 10 km WNW of Bulu Bulu (ca 4°51’32”S, 120°09’43”E; Buludua is just another spelling of the same place), since there is no place of more than 600 m altitude closer to that village. Recently, we have received two specimens collected about 20 km east of Padaelo (about 4°30’S, 119°47’E) at ca 700 m a.s.l., agreeing with the specimens mentioned above. The status of these populations needs to be studied more in detail. We de- scribe these specimens as a separate subspecies, since we are unaware of any populations with characters intermediate between those from northern and those from southwest Sulawesi. Fortunately, we were able to compare molecular characters (CO1) of these specimens with those of specimens collected near Manado (northern pe- ninsula, near the type locality). The results are equivocal. Nearly all specimens from the Minahassa agree to a large extend in molecular characters, and the specimens from SW Sulawesi differ in these characters. However, one specimen from the Minahassa is sister to the clade of the other Mina- hassa specimens plus the South-western population. These results are too preliminary to draw firm conclusions., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 334-338, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Heliocypha perforata (sensu lato) is a common stream-dwelling damselfly widespread in mainland tropical Asia. Recently a report has been published suggesting possible ovo-viviparity in this species, based on the interpretation of evidence from a short video sequence. This video is re-evaluated. The internal and external anatomy of the H. perforata female reproductive system, including mature eggs, is examined and illustrated, to the extent that this information casts light on the observations. Three competing hypotheses are considered: (1) a prolarva or larva was expressed from the female's oviduct, due to abnormal retention of the fertilized egg in the oviduct for several days; (2) an egg, deep in the oviposition substrate, previously laid and near hatching, was disturbed by the female's probing ovipositor and the prolarva hatched, becoming briefly caught in the in valves of the ovipositor; and (3) a small unidentified aquatic insect, probably of a different species and different order, was disturbed and...

The reproductive behaviour of the damselfly Chlorocypha cancellata (Chlorocyphidae) was filmed at 600 frames per second. Different flight styles including straight, forward flight, threat and courtship display were analysed with respect to changes in wing beat frequency and phase relationships of fore and hind wings. The analysis revealed significant differences in the flight style between non-escalated and escalated threat display as well as changes in the wing beat frequency of a male during courtship dependant on the behaviour of the female. This is the first evidence suggesting that odonate species with clear wings can use specialized flight modes for intraspecific signalling.

In this paper we record a likely instance of ovo-viviparity in a chlorocyphid damselfly from south-western China. If confirmed, this will be the first record of live birthing in the Odonata: indeed in any member of the Palaeoptera. The widespread Asian damselfly Heliocypha perforata (Percheron, 1835) is proposed to be, at least facultatively, viviparous. A female was observed and filmed appearing to deposit pro-larvae directly onto the exposed surface of a half-submerged branch in a small stream in Xishuangbanna Autonomous Dai Prefecture, Yunnan, China. The species is known to deposit eggs in bark crevices close to water but no previous case of actual live births is known.

Several studies have demonstrated that topography, as a proxy for resource availability, plays an important role in shaping tree species distribution patterns in tropical forests. Here we take a functional approach by assessing changes in plant functional traits along topographical gradients in a 20-ha forest dynamics plot in Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan, China. We hypothesized that observed changes in trait composition and diversity along the topographic gradient should reflect tree life-history strategies linked to resource (water and nutrients) availability. We measured and compiled data of the maximum height, leaf area, seed mass and wood density of 334 tree species in 500 subplots (20 � 20 m). We found that species composition and diversity changed significantly along the topographical gradient. This change was accompanied by increasing community average seed mass and wood density, and decreasing leaf area and tree maximum height with higher elevations and steeper slopes. Higher slopes and ridges were being dominated by tree communities that, possibly due to environmental filtering, converged on a combination of traits characteristic of slow growth and low turn-over. Lower slopes and valleys, on the other hand, were dominated by tree communities that showed high trait evenness and divergence, and tree species characterized by traits indicative of fast growth and turn-over, i.e. competition for resources may be responsible for complementary trait combinations and resource use in this habitat type. Our study shows that functional traits can provide a mechanistic understanding of the processes shaping tropical tree community assembly along topographical gradients and supplements information obtained using species composition and diversity data. Some practical outcomes of our study include: (1) plant species compositional trends in tropical forests can be predicted with GIS technology, focusing on topographical gradients; (2) forest communities on ridges may become more dominant and expand in the future due to increasing drought severity; (3) a considerable number of tropical tree species may currently be under threat of local extinction due to topographically biased deforestation trends and (4) trait based survey approaches improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind species compositional trends.

The study was conducted in south Rajasthan to explore diversity and species composition of Odonata from January 2013 to June 2013. Odonates were sampled from 13 localities i.e., Pichola lake, Udaisagar lake, Badi lake, Ghasa lake, Menar lake, Badwai lake, Rup sagar lake, Roli todgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary, Karmoi river stream in Sitamata WLS, College campus, Rajsmand lake and Meja dam. During the study period, a total of 1,290 individuals from 8 families and 54 species were recorded. 4 families and 28 species were related to Anisoptera, while 4 families and 26 species belonged to Zygoptera. Suborder Zygoptera were represented by the families Chlorocyphidae, Coenagrionidae, Lestidae and Platycnemididae, and suborder Anisoptera by the Aeshnidae, Gomphidae, Libellulidae and Macromiidae. Libellulidae was the largest family with 24 species, while the most dominant species was Brachythemis contaminata (21.80 %). Orthetrum chrysis and Lestes sp. were found randomly distributed in the study area, while other were aggregated and showed habitat preference.

The genera Stenocypha [type species: Libellago gracilis], Matticnemis [type species: Platycnemis doi] and Spesbona [type species: Metacnemis angusta], first recognized by molecular analysis, are diagnosed and discussed on morphological grounds.

Rhinocypha taiwana Wang & Chang, sp. nov. is described and illustrated for both sexes. The genetic distance of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene in R. taiwana and related species ranges from 4.2% to 10.4%. R. taiwana is shown to be a good species based on morphological and genetic criteria. It also is clearly retrieved as a distinct species based on COI phylogenetic analysis. The R. drusilla group is proposed and defined by a combination of characteristics which distinguish them from all other Rhinocypha species: male abdomen with reddish orange markings and S2 with a unique dorsal spade-shaped or similar marking. A key to the males of the six species of the R. drusilla group is provided. Two morphologically distinct continental species, R. drusilla and R. arguta, are shown to have a rather small genetic distance, only 1.2–1.7%. More material from the continental populations of this group is needed for further morphological and molecular studies.

Courtship behaviours, frequent among modern insects, have left extremely rare fossil traces. None are known previously for fossil odonatans. Fossil traces of such behaviours are better known among the vertebrates, e.g. the hypertelic antlers of the Pleistocene giant deer Megaloceros giganteus. Here we describe spectacular extremely expanded, pod-like tibiae in males of a platycnemidid damselfly from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Such structures in modern damselflies, help to fend off other suitors as well as attract mating females, increasing the chances of successful mating. Modern Platycnemidinae and Chlorocyphidae convergently acquired similar but less developed structures. The new findings provide suggestive evidence of damselfly courtship behaviour as far back as the mid-Cretaceous. These data show an unexpected morphological disparity in dancing damselfly leg structure, and shed new light on mechanisms of sexual selection involving intra- and intersex reproductive competition during the Cretaceous.

Heliocypha vantoli spec. nov. (Figures 1���3) Material studied: Holotype ♂: Indonesia, Mentawai Islands (off Sumatra), Siberut Island, Madoba; ca. 1o 35��� S, 99o 09��� E; alt. 60 m asl., 29���31 January 2013, K.A. Kolesnichenko leg. Paratypes: 3 ♂ 1 ♀, same data as in holotype. Holotype deposited at RMNH (Leiden, The Netherlands) Etymology. This species is named after Dr Jan van Tol to honour his significant contributions to our knowledge of the Southeast Asian odonate fauna, particularly that of Sulawesi and nearby islands, and also in appreciation of his valued leadership of the ��� DAWN (Damselfly Workers Naturalis)���group��� of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden. Holotype male. Head. Black throughout with small, oblong, ochreous spot beside each lateral ocellus and with tiny round dot on either side of occiput. Thorax (cf. Fig. 2a, 2b). Prothorax black with distinct pinkish magenta anterodorsal marking on hind lobe. Synthorax black with pinkish magenta dorsal triangle and with broad, pinkish magenta, irregularly shaped antehumeral stripe on mesepisternum. This stripe broadest in anterior half and narrowing towards wing base, bending ventrad along antealar ridge where it is narrowly tinged with pale blue. Small yellowish marking on mesostigmal laminae, not connected with antehumeral stripe. Irregularly shaped, pale cerulean lateral stripe on metepisternum, connected to similarly coloured marking on anterior edge of mesepimeron; this lateral stripe slightly narrower than antehumeral stripe. Small pale cerulean marking on metepimeron near wing base. Venter of thorax black with posterior and lower half of lateral borders of poststernum and poststernal membranes pale. Legs black, inner surfaces of middle and hind femora creamy yellow; those of middle and hind tibiae white. Wings. Shaped as in Fig. 2c, wing apices distinctly rounded, especially in hindwing. Opaque area extensive in both wings, starting anterior to nodus. Hind wing with seven vitreous fenestrae (���windows���) arranged as in Fig. 2c. Basal fenestra long, covering 18 cells and extending to hyaline area at wing base. Lowest fenestra in middle of hindwing very long, covering 20 cells. At certain angles, dark background on either side of both wings reflects green, magenta or violet iridescence, especially striking in hindwing. Pterostigma dark in both wings. Abdomen. Black, except with a small, mid-lateral pale blue spots near apices of S1, S2, S3 and S4. Spots on S1 and S2 a little larger than the others. Tiny remnant of pale ventrolateral stripe on S1 and S2. Appendages black, of the typical shape for the genus. Measurements (in mm). Hindwing 21.5; abdomen (incl. appendages) 19. Variation in paratype males. The wing colour pattern is quite similar in all specimens. There is some small variation in the pale markings of thorax and abdomen, obviously partly age dependant. In two males the pale marking on the metepimeron is a little larger and longer than in holotype and in two males abdominal S4 lacks a lateral pale spot. Measurements (in mm). Hindwing 21.5���22.5; abdomen (incl. appendages) 19���20. Female. Head with orange markings much more extensive than in male. Middle and lateral lobes of labium pale at basal one third. Labrum with a pair of orange dots. Borders of eye narrowly orange up to level of lateral ocelli. Yellow markings on dorsal side of head as in Fig. 3b. Venter of head partly pruinosed. Thorax (Fig. 3b). Prothorax black with small pale/ochreous spots on sides of fore, middle and hind lobes. Distinct triangular posterodorsal marking on hind lobe connected with narrow orange stripe, which reaches anterior edge of hindlobe. Synthorax black with narrow, reddish brown antehumeral stripe on mesepisternum; much narrower than in male. This stripe narrowing towards wing base and turning ventrad along antealar ridge. Small pale marking on mesostigmal laminae, not connected with antehumeral stripe. Irregularly shaped, orange ochre lateral stripe on metepisternum, connected to similarly coloured marking on anterior edge of mesepimeron; this stripe resembling that in male, but a little broader. Elongated, slightly angulate, pale patch in posterior third of metepimeron near wing base. Venter of thorax coloured as in male. Legs black, trochanters and inner surface of middle and hind femora partly greyish brown. Wings. Both wings deeply suffused with brown (Fig. 3a), especially strongly so in apical third and along costal margins distad from level of nodus in forewing and slightly further basad in hindwing. Pterostigma greyish white with anterior corner obscurely brown. Abdomen. Largely black with pale markings as follows (Fig 3a, 3b). S1 with triangular marking, directed ventrad. S2, S3 and S4 with short mid-lateral stripe in apical half of each segment, with small round mid-lateral spot near apex and obscure short ventrolateral stipe in middle of segment. Pale markings on S4 tiny, almost obsolete. Dorsal carina of S3���S7 narrowly yellow, yellow colour not reaching either base or apex of each segments. Intersegmental rings, except the three most apical ones, narrowly yellow. Measurements (in mm). Hindwing 24.5; abdomen (incl. appendages) 18. Distinguishing characters. Apart from this new species, only other two Sumatran chlorocyphid taxa have vitreous fenestrae in the partly opaque male hindwings. These are Heliocypha a. angusta and H. angusta oceanis. Heliocypha vantoli spec. nov. is easy to separate from these two by the shape of the wings. In H. vantoli the wings (Fig. 2c) are proportionally broader and shorter than in H. a. angusta (Fig. 4a) and H. angusta oceanis (Fig. 4b). Moreover, the wing tips are distinctly more rounded in H. vantoli. The overall arrangement of the fenestrae is quite similar in these three taxa, but H. vantoli differs by having a much longer row of iridescent cells in the basal fenestra in the central part of the hindwing. In H. vantoli, the extent of opaque area in wings is much greater than in H. angusta, especially in the forewing. The colour pattern of the male thorax also differs. In H. vantoli (Figs. 1, 2a, 2b) the pale markings are less extensive than in H. a. angusta (Fig. 4c). H. angusta oceanis (Fig. 4d) differs from both H. a. angusta and H. vantoli by having very restricted pale lateral markings. The female of H. vantoli is readily distinguished by its strongly brown tinted wings; in females of H. a. angusta and H. angusta oceanis the wings are hyaline. H. a. angusta is common and widespread in Sumatra (Lieftinck 1935). The type locality of H. angusta is Bencoolen [Bengkulu] at the west coast of southern Sumatra, where the Danish naval officer I.K. Daldorff collected the teneral male holotype in 1800. The specimen is still in good condition and preserved in ZMUC (Copenhagen). H. angusta oceanis is endemic to Enggano. The holotype male and a long series of paratypes of both sexes, collected by J.K. de Jong in 1936, are at RMNH (Leiden). Lieftinck (1947, 1948) ranked oceanis as a subspecies and pointed out that melanism is a typical modification among several other dragonfly species in Enggano, but there are also marked exceptions in this rule; some of the Enggano odonata forms are lighter in colour than in mainland Sumatra. It could be argued that H. angusta oceanis deserves specific status. However, as its wing shape and arrangement of vitrious fenestrae match well with those in H. a. angusta, it is better to wait for further evidence before considering any change in the taxon���s status. Most likely H. vantoli is endemic to Siberut Island. Its occurrence in other major islands of Mentawai is of course not ruled out. Notes on the knowledge of Mentawai Odonata. The dragonfly fauna of Mentawai islands (Siberut, Sipura, North Pagai, South Pagai) is still inadequately known. In September-November 1924 the entomologists Cecil Boden Kloss, Norman Smedley and Heinrich Karny collected in Siberut and Sipura. Laidlaw (1926) identified 34 species from their material, including 27 species from Siberut, 18 from Sipura and 8 from the Pagai islands. In the earlier literature only one dragonfly specimen had been recorded from Mentawai, i.e. the holotype male of Euphaea modiagliani Selys, 1898, collected by Elio Modigliani on ���Ile Metawei��� (Selys Longchamps 1898). It is known that the only island in Mentawai visited by Modigliani was Sipura, where he collected in 1894. Lieftinck���s (1954) handlist did not include any additions to those species listed by Laidlaw (1926). As far as I know, later only one addition to the fauna has been published; Karube & Yeh (2001) listed Oligoaeschna sumatrana Lieftinck, 1953 from ���Sibelute I.��� (misspelling of Siberut Island). In addition Lieftinck (1968) reidentified Laidlaw���s (1926) ��� Jagoria modigliani Selys��� from Siberut and Sipura as a new species Oligoaeschna uropetala Lieftinck, 1968. In earlier literature only three calopterygoid species are listed from the Mentawai islands: Libellago sumatrana (Sipura), Euphaea modigliani (Sipura) and Vestalis lugens Albarda in Selys, 1879 (Siberut, Sipura). The recent calopterygoid material from Siberut, which I received for study, also includes specimens of Vestalis lugens (2 males, 1 female) and Euphaea aspasia Selys, 1853 (10 males), with the same collecting data as for H. vantoli. E. aspasia is a new record to the Mentawai islands. The E. aspasia males from Siberut lack pale markings on the head and prothorax and the pale markings on the synthorax are restricted to narrow stripes on the metepisternum and metepimeron. The wings lack the distinct hyaline lower margins present in the mainland Sumatran specimens. The Siberut specimens are also slightly smaller. The Siberut form could qualify as a distinct insular subspecies. The two additions bring the number of Odonata species listed from these islands to 38., Published as part of H��m��l��inen, Matti, 2016, Description of Heliocypha vantoli spec. nov. from Siberut in the Mentawai Islands (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae), pp. 495-500 in Zootaxa 4079 (4) on pages 495-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1050875, {"references":["Lieftinck, M. A. (1935) A synopsis of the Odonata (dragonflies) of Sumatra. Miscellanea zoologica sumatrana, 92 - 93, 1 - 23.","Lieftinck, M. A. (1947) Two interesting new insular Rhinocypha from Malaysia (Odon.). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 88, 215 - 224. [1945]","Lieftinck, M. A. (1948) The Odonata of Enggano with a survey of the dragonfly-fauna of the West Sumatran chain of islands. Treubia, 19, 279 - 304.","Laidlaw, F. F. (1926) Spolia Mentawiensia. Dragonflies (Odonata). Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 4 (2), 214 - 233.","Selys Longchamps, E. de (1898) Causeries odonatologiques 11. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 42, 332 - 338.","Karube, H. & Yeh, W. - C. (2001) Sarasaeschna gen. nov., with descriptions of female S. minuta (Asahina) and male penile structures of Linaeschna (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Tombo - Acta Odonatologica Japonica, 43, 1 - 8.","Lieftinck, M. A. (1968) A review of the genus Oligoaeschna Selys in Southeast Asia. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 111 (5), 137 - 184, pls. 12 - 13 excl."]}

Indocypha catopta sp. nov. (holotype ♂: China, Guizhou, Maolan National Nature Reserve 28 vii 2008, to be deposited in the Collection of Aquatic Insects and Soil Animals, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou) is described, illustrated and compared with all known Indocypha species. The uncertain taxonomic status of some Chinese Indocypha species is briefly discussed. The correct spelling of the species-group name of J. silbergliedi is established.

Libellago corbeti sp. nov. (holotype ♂: Sri Lanka, Ratnapura District, near Kudawe, 6.26°N, 80.25°E, 03 vii 2007, to be deposited in the Sri Lanka National Museum, Colombo) is described and figured. Its phenotype does not resemble that of any other Libellago species. Habitat characteristics and species behaviour are briefly outlined. Keys to males and females of Libellago species in Sri Lanka are provided.

The reproductive behaviour of Libellago semiopaca was studied on a swift-flowing shallow forest stream in Brunei. Females oviposited just below the water-line, commonly in groups, only on large, firm-textured, semi-submerged logs, usually guarded by males. Both sexes were very sedentary. Suitable sites, with good illumination and deep deposits of fine gravel and leaf mulch in dead water immediately behind the log were scarce. When stream levels were high, no oviposition sites were available. When possible, females generally oviposited every day, arriving between 10:00 and 15:00 h, and usually remaining on site for at least two hours. Males arrived earlier, between 09:00 and 13:00 h, and established small territories along the log. Females apparently began reproductive activity only when all oocytes were mature, and the egg load diminished daily as eggs were laid. Most matings occurred before 12:00 h with early-arriving females. Females mated every 2-3 days, probably to replenish sperm supplies. M...

We undertook a comprehensive morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of dragonfly phylogeny, examining both extant and fossil lineages in simultaneous analyses. The legitimacy of higher-level family groups and the phylogenetic relationship between families were tested. Thirteen families were supported as monophyletic (Aeshnidae, Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae, Euphaeidae, Gomphidae, Isostictidae, Lestidae, Libellulidae, Petaluridae, Platystictidae, Polythoridae, Pseudostigmatidae and Synthemistidae) and eight as non-monophyletic (Amphipterygidae, Coenagrionidae, Corduliidae, Megapodagrionidae, Protoneuridae and Synlestidae), although Perilestidae and Platycnemididae were recovered as monophyletic under Bayesian analyses. Nine families were represented by one species, thus monophyly was not tested (Epiophlebiidae, Austropetaliidae, Chlorogomphidae, Cordulegastridae, Macromiidae, Chorismagrionidae, Diphlebiidae, Lestoideidae and Pseudolestidae). Epiprocta and Zygoptera were recovered as monophyletic. Ditaxinerua is supported as the sister lineage to Odonata, Epiophlebiidae and the lestid-like damselflies are sister to the Epiprocta and Zygoptera, respectively. Austropetaliidae + Aeshnidae is the sister lineage to the remaining Anisoptera. Tarsophlebia's placement as sister to Epiprocta or as sister to Epiprocta + Zygoptera was not resolved. Refinements are made to the current classification. Fossil taxa did not seem to provide signals crucial to recovering a robust phylogeny, but were critical to understanding the evolution of key morphological features associated with flight. Characters associated with wing structure were optimized revealing two wing character complexes: the pterostigma–nodal brace complex and the costal wing base & costal–ScP junction complex. In turn, these two complexes appear to be associated; the pterostigma–nodal brace complex allowing for further modification of the wing characters comprised within the costal wing base & costal–ScP junction complex leading the modern odonate wing. © The Willi Hennig Society 2008.

Libellago orri sp. nov. (holotype ♂: Borneo, Sarawak, Bahagian Bintulu, Samarakan, Sg. Gagak, 06 iii 2006, to be deposited in BMNH) from Malaysian Borneo is described from the male sex and compared with L. hyalina, which co-occurs at the same sites. Females of the two species cannot be reliably separated at present.

The Sulawesi species of the genera Libellago and Sclerocypha are revised. L. asclepiades, L. rufescens, L. xanthocyana and S. bisignata are redescribed, and three species of Libellago- one with four subspecies - are described as new to science, viz. the closely allied L. daviesi sp. nov. from the northern arm of Sulawesi and L. man-ganitu sp. nov. from Sangihe Island, north of Sulawesi, and a complex of four mainly parapatric subspecies allied to L. rufescens, viz., L. celebensis sp. nov. from W part of Central Sulawesi, and nominotypical subspecies, L. celebensis anoa ssp. nov. from NE part of South Sulawesi, L. celebensis dorsonigra ssp. nov. from NE part of South Sulawesi, and L. celebensis orientalis ssp. nov. from extreme E part of South Sulawesi, E part of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi. The status of the genus Sclerocypha is discussed. A key to the species of Chlorocyphidae (except Rhinocypha) known from Sulawesi, is provided.

Study on the species diversity of the order Odonata was carried out during 2002 ∼ 2004 at Dholbaha dam, which has a moist deciduous forest surrounding it in district Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India. A total of 30 species belonging to 7 families of order Odonata were recorded during the study period. The family Libellulidae, represented by 18 species was the most dominant followed by Coenagrionidae (6 species), Aeshnidae (2 species) and Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae, Euphaeidae and Gomphidae each having 1 species. In terms of total number of individuals, family Libellulidae constituted maximum with 64.36% followed by Coenagrionidae (28.50%), Chlorocyphidae (1.83%), Gomphidae (1.62%), Euphaeidae (1.56%), Calopterygidae (1.38%) and Aeshnidae (0.75%). Pantala flavescens (Fabricius), a migratory species was the most dominant in number of individuals constituting 17.12% of the total. The least dominant species included Anax immaculifrons Rambur (0.38%) and Anax parthenope parthenope (Selys) (0.36%). Shannon-Wiener index of species diversity of Odonata was 2.988 and 3.029 during 2002–2003 and 2003–2004, respectively. Seven new species have also been reported from the Dholbaha dam during this study period thus increasing the total species number of odonates so far recorded from this area from 29 to 36.

Chlorocypha granata Dijkstra sp. nov. – Garnet Jewel (Fig. 2) Taxonomy No recent material and thus genetic data for this species is available, but its coloration is distinctive. Confusion is possible with the poorly known C. ghesquierei Fraser, 1959 described also from north-western Congo-Kinshasa. Based on the holotype and topotypical material from Eala in MRAC, the male differs subtly from similar species with (a) an all-red abdominal dorsum; and (b) all black legs; by being (1) fairly small, Hw 21.0–22.0 mm rather than 22.0–25.0 mm; having (2) a dark face with prominent double pale (probably yellow or blue in life) spots on the labrum and pale genae extending as narrow wedges along the eyes; (3) a dark thorax with the pale ante-humeral stripes obscured with age, leaving only two yellowish bands on the sides; and (4) a quite extensively black dorsum of S 2 contrasting with the almost unmarked remaining abdomen (Fig. 2). Material studied Holotype ♂ . Labels »COLL. MUS. CONGO, Ubangi: Ebuku, IX- 1935, A. Bal «, » Chlorocypha luminosa (Karsch) 1959 det. F.C. Fraser «, MRAC. No specimen photograph available. Further material. 1 ♂, as holotype, MRAC. 2 ♂ with labels »COLL. MUS. CONGO, Bomboma (Terr. Giri) - IV- 1935, A. Bal «, » Chlorocypha selysi (Karsch) 1959 det. F.C. Fraser «, MRAC. Genetics No data available. Male morphological diagnosis Recalls the western African C. dispar (Palisot de Beauvois, 1807) and potentially sympatric C. pyriformosa by (a) the small size, Hw 19.5 –21.0 mm (n = 4); (b) the extensively black head, including the all black labrum, and thorax, both with quite limited and inconspicuous brown markings; (c) the anteriorly white-streaked mid and hind tibiae, but black fore tibiae; (d) the red abdominal dorsum; and (e) the black markings on S 2 enclosing a central red marking (Fig. 2). However, (1) the middorsal carina of the thorax is dark as in C. dispar, not contrastingly pale as in C. pyriformosa; (2) the anterior faces of the mid and hind tibiae are entirely white as in C. pyriformosa, while the mid is only half white in C. dispar; and (3) S 2–3 are red rather than extensively black laterally, S 2 is marked with an oval spot dissected by a black line over the dorsal carina recalling a coffee bean, S 3–5 have paired thick black spots fused to apices, and S 6–7 paired subapical dark hyphens (Fig. 2). Etymology Latin “having a grain” refers to the kernel-shaped marking on S 2, but indirectly also to the species’ red colour as in the words pomegranate and garnet (feminine adjective). Range and ecology Only known from the type material collected 80 years ago in the Kungu area at around 385 m a.s.l. in north-western Congo-Kinshasa. Possibly inhabits swamp forest., Published as part of Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Kipping, Jens & Mézière, Nicolas, 2015, Sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa (Odonata), pp. 447-678 in Odonatologica 44 (4) on pages 472-473, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.35388

Chlorocypha flammea Dijkstra & Clausnitzer sp. nov. – Flame-tipped Jewel (Type Photo 4, Photo 8, Fig. 2) Taxonomy Confused with the poorly understood C. victoriae, which was also described from Uganda (Entebbe) and may be locally sympatric. FÖrster’s (1914) two males were not found in UMMZ and thus seem lost (Garrison et al. 2003). He described the abdomen as red, which is true for two Chlorocypha species in the region. Fraser (1950) mentioned a »frons with a large blue or bluish green spot« for C. victoriae, which better fits C. trifaria (Karsch, 1899), while Pinhey (1967) mentioned both blue frontal spots and white-streaked tibiae, a combination of characters not known in the genus. To end the confusion, we select a male labelled » C. rubida, Kyagwe Coast. R.Uganda. H. Carpenter« and »F.C. Fraser Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1963 – 234.« in BMNH as neotype, which agrees with Fraser’s (1949) redescription of C. victoriae based on material »from a coast stream on the Karagwe side of Lake Victoria, south of Entebbe, collected by G. Hale Carpenter«. Karagwe is on the Tanzanian side of the lake and is taken to be a misinterpretation of Kyagwe on the Sezibwa River. The specimen (Hw 23.0 mm) has only limited and poorly contrasting brown markings on the head and thorax, the mid and hind tibiae all white anteriorly and an all-red abdomen marked as in Figure 2. The species described here is sufficiently distinct in morphology to be treated as such by Dijkstra & Clausnitzer (2014). Moreover, it is genetically nearer the blue C. aphrodite (Le Roi, 1915) than to specimens assigned to C. victoriae and similar red species. Material studied Holotype ♂ . Uganda, Bundibugyo District, 20 km NW of Fort Portal, Semliki National Park, Ntandi, Nkisi River, shallow, sandy river (and small- er streams) flanked by bushes in open rainforest, 700 m a.s.l. (0.815 ° N 30.1433 ° E), 29 -v–07-vi- 2003, leg. K.-D.B. Dijkstra, ZMMU. Further material. UGANDA: 2 ♂, as holotype, RMNH. 2 ♂ (RMNH. 5009370, RMNH. 5009528), Kibale National Park, Dura River at Chimps Nest, 1141 m. a.s.l. (0.4093 ° N 30.4063 ° E), 15 -vii- 2014, leg. V. Clausnitzer, RMNH. Genetics Two unique haplotypes (n = 2) nearest to five of C. aphrodite (n= 6). Male morphological diagnosis Similar to the potentially sympatric C. victoriae by (a) the largely black labrum with two poorly defined dark brown spots; (b) the white streaks on the anterior surface of the mid and hind tibiae; (c) the largely red abdominal dorsum; and (d) the black markings on the dorsum of S 2 lying near the apical border, curved laterally and not extending to base (Fig. 2). However, has (1) greater size, Hw 23.0–25.0 mm (n = 3) rather than 20.0– 22.5 mm; (2)the markings on the head, thorax and abdomen underside are pale greenish rather than dark brown and thus more contrasting; (3) the basal third to half of the fore tibiae also with a white streak, rather than wholly black; and (4) the red on the abdominal dorsum is not uniform but on S 8–9 grades to a yellow S 10. Etymology Latin “fiery” refers to the flame-like transition of the abdomen from red to yellow (feminine adjective). Range and ecology Forested streams and small rivers between 700 and 1 230 m a.s.l. in western Uganda, now known from Mitano Gorge and several sites in Kibale, Queen Elizabeth and Semliki National Parks.

Chlorocypha aurora Dijkstra, Kipping & Schütte sp. nov. – Dawn Jewel (Type Photo 3, Photo 7, Fig. 2) Taxonomy Genetically falls within a poorly resolved group of Chlorocypha Fraser, 1928 species that predominates on more open waters, such as large rivers and woodland streams, and includes widespread species like C. curta (Hagen in Selys, 1853), C. fabamacula Pinhey, 1961, C. pyriformosa Fraser, 1947 and C.victoriae (Förster, 1914). The present taxon is distinctly marked and therefore, within a genus where structural differences are almost non-existent, worthy of specific recognition. Material studied Holotype ♂ . Cameroon, South Province, Kienké River at Kribi, large river in degraded rainforest, 10–15 m a.s.l. (2.9347 ° N 9.9134 ° E), 10 -vi- 2008, leg. K.- D.B. Dijkstra, J. Kipping & K. Schütte, RMNH. Further material. CAMEROON (South Province): 3 ♂ (RMNH.INS. 229137, RMNH.INS. 500154), 2 ♀, as holotype, RMNH. 3 ♂, as holotype, CJKL. Genetics One unique haplotype (n = 2) that is close to those of the complex of species mentioned above. Male morphological diagnosis Near the Upper Guinean C. luminosa (Karsch, 1893) and potentially sympatric C. neptunus (Sjöstedt, 1900) and C. pyriformosa Fraser, 1947 by (a)small size, Hw 18.5–19.5 mm (n = 7); and (b) fairly extensive black abdominal markings (Fig. 2). However, is the only Chlorocypha species to combine this with (1) a contrastingly yellow-marked head and thorax; (2)yellow-stained wings, especially at their bases; (3) entirely black tibiae with some light pruinosity, rather than with yellow or white anterior streaks; and (4) a reddish orange abdomen with the less extensive black markings on S 2 (almost) continuous between the basal and apical border, S 3–5 and sometimes S 6 each with an apical black bar, and yellow lateral carinae of S 4–8 (Fig. 2). The colour of C. luminosa has a deeper yellow tone and is more uniform across the body and wings, C. neptunus has an especially extensively black abdomen, and C. pyriformosa becomes almost red on the abdomen and black on the thorax. Etymology Latin “dawn” refers to the orange coloration (noun in apposition) and the first author’s colleagues of DAWN; the Damselfly Workers at Naturalis (see Dijkstra et al. 2014). Range and ecology Near sea level on the Kienké, a large forested river at Kribi in southern Cameroon., Published as part of Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Kipping, Jens & Mézière, Nicolas, 2015, Sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa (Odonata), pp. 447-678 in Odonatologica 44 (4) on pages 467-469, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.35388

Africocypha varicolor Dijkstra, Mézière & Günther sp. nov. – Polychrome Jewel (Type Photo 2, Photos 3 –6, 52, Fig. 2) Taxonomy Genetically and morphologically notably distinct from other African chlorocyphids, but by its character combination best considered as a third species of the eccentric genus Africocypha Pinhey, 1961 (see Dijkstra et al. 2014). Remarkable among African Odonata for the discrete male colour forms. Material studied Holotype ♂ . Gabon, Haut-Ogooué Province, 14 km SE of Moanda, “Africa No 1 ” radio station, Moyabi, Bapoupou Stream near Madzay, rocky and sandy stream in forest crossing Franceville-Moanda road, 468 m a.s.l., (1.6629 ° S 13.2916 ° E), 05-i- 2010, leg. K.- D.B. Dijkstra & C. Vanappelghem, RMNH. Further material. GABON (Haut-Ogooué Province): 3 ♂, as holotype. 6 ♂ (RMNH.INS. 502581), 16 km SE of Moanda, “Africa No 1 ” radio station, Moyabi, Mabéngué Stream at Moyabi, swampy stream in rainforest, 484 m a.s.l. (1.6891 ° S 13.3230 ° E), 04-i- 2010, leg. K.- D.B. Dijkstra, N. Mézière & C. Vanappelghem, RMNH. 2 ♂ (RMNH.INS. 502444, RMNH.INS. 502446), “ Africa No 1 ” radio station, Moyabi, forest pool, 478 m a.s.l. (1.6890 ° S 13.3228 ° E), 18 -x- 2009, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. 2 ♂ (RMNH.INS. 502434, RMNH.INS. 502453), “ Africa No 1 ” radio station, Madjaye, stream (2–4 m wide) with rock and gravel bottom, 462 m a.s.l. (1.6632 ° S 13.2915 ° E), 04- ix- 2009, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. 1 ♂ (RMNH.INS. 554540), Bongoville-Léconi road, Boubou River, Ekala, sandy forest stream (1–2 m wide, 5–10cm deep), muddy edges (Photo 52), 427 m a.s.l. (1.6133 ° S 13.9124 ° E), 09- xii- 2012, leg. N. Mézière & J. Lekogo, RMNH. 1 ♂ (RMNH.INS. 508765), Franceville-Akieni road, Viticulture road, Assiami, sandy forest stream with numerous adjacent springs, 462 m a.s.l. (1.4410 ° S 13.7975 ° E), 16 -ii- 2013, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. 9 ♂, Moyabi, small sandy rainforest stream (Photo 6), 474 m a.s.l. (1.6857 ° S 13.3094 ° E), 24 -i- 2012, leg. A. Günther, CAGF. All same locality: 1 ♀ (seen in copula), 03-ii-2012, 2♂, 16 -ix- 2013, all leg. A. Günther, CAGF. 11 ♂, 24 -i-2014, 1♂, 16 -ix-2013, 1♂, 24 -ix-2013, 7♂, 26 -ix-2013, 4♂, 01-x- 2013, all leg. J. Kipping, CJKL. 1 ♂, Bongoville-Léconi road, Ekala, stream Boubou, 393 m a.s.l. (1.6109 ° S 13.9105 ° E), 27 -i- 2012, leg. A. Günther, CAGF. Genetics Four unique haplotypes (n= 7) highly distinct from other family members. Male morphological diagnosis Similar to A. centripunctata (Gambles, 1975) and A. lacuselephantum (Karsch, 1899) by the combination of (a) the largely blue labrum, anteclypeus and genae; (b) the all black tibiae; (c) the broad abdomen with the dorsa of S 9–10 largely black (Fig. 2); and (d) the paraprocts that are half as long as the cerci. However, is (1) smaller, Hw 21–23 mm rather than 24 – 29 mm; and with maturity (2) the frons and occiput are largely pale blue, rather than with some greenish spots; (3) the dorsum of S 2–5 is red with weakly developed dark apical bars, S 6–8 either entirely violet-blue (Photo 3), orange-yellow (Photo 4) or pink-red (Photo 5), S 9 black except for the preceding colour at its extreme base, and S 10 entirely black (Fig. 2), rather than the dorsum of S 2 and sometimes S 3 largely black and S 3–9 all at least with thick black apical bars; and (4) the ventral portion of the tergites is red marked increasingly with black terminally, from all-red S 2–5 to all-black S 8–10, rather than all segments appearing rather similar. Etymology Latin “of various colours” refers to the three male colour forms (adjective in nominative singular). Range and ecology Recorded between 425 and 485 m a.s.l. on the border of the sandy Batéké Plateau in south-eastern Gabon, which forms a transition from elevated grassland to lowland rainforest. The species inhabits small clear streams with a sandy bottom and much detritus in gallery forest or at forest edges. The blue male form is most common, the red and yellow forms being known only from the particularly large population at the type locality. Males with yellow, red and blue abdomen tips all behave territorially: they occupy similar small sunny patches along the stream, mostly perching on vegetation at a height of 0.5–2 m or engaging in threatening flights. A total of five matings were observed, all with red males and without courtship. It is not known if the generally discrete colour forms are developmental or genetic, nor what their behavioural function would be. An age-related colour change cannot be excluded, as A. lacuselephantum males appear to progress from blue through whitish and orange to red (Pinhey 1971). That species also exhibits dramatic colour change in females: the almost wholly orange body blackens to leave only blue dorsal spots on the abdomen. Females of the new species are seen rarely, but can also be largely orange as well as blue. It seems they only come to the stream to mate and lay eggs, submerged up to 20 cm deep., Published as part of Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Kipping, Jens & Mézière, Nicolas, 2015, Sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa (Odonata), pp. 447-678 in Odonatologica 44 (4) on pages 462-464, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.35388

Chlorocypha maxima Dijkstra, Kipping & Mézière sp. nov. – Great Jewel (Type Photo 5, Photos 9-10, Fig. 2) Taxonomy This species was initially identified as C. dahli Fraser, 1956 that is known with certainty only from the holotype in ZMUC from eastern Cameroon, but its character combination is unique compared with photographs of that specimen provided by N.P. Kristensen. It is also genetically notably distinct from other chlorocyphids. Material studied Holotype ♂ . RMNH.INS. 508083, Gabon, Ngounie Province, Montagne de Chaillu, 21 km NE of Moukabou, small sandy stream in dense forest, 641 m a.s.l. (1.4816 ° S 11.8009 ° E), 18 -ix- 2013, leg. J. Kipping, RMNH. Further material. GABON (Haut-Ogooué Province): 4 ♂, 33 km S of Franceville, Mopia, Bai on Djoumou River, large sandy river, 414 m a.s.l. (1.9219 ° S 13.6759 ° E), 11 -i- 2010, leg. K.- D.B. Dijkstra, N. Mézière & C. Vanappelghem, RMNH. 3 ♂, Bakoumba River between Bakoumba-Ville and -Village, sandy river in rainforest, 544 m a.s.l. (1.8576 ° S 13.0148 ° E), 02-i- - 2010, leg. K.- D.B. Dijkstra & N. Mézière, RMNH. 2 ♂, La Lékédi, Bakoumba, large sandy river in forest, 591 m a.s.l., (1.7594 ° S 12.9501 ° E), 30 -iv- - 2009, leg. C. Vanappelghem & N. Mézière, RMNH. 1 ♂, Moanda, sandy forest stream (2–3 m wide), 423 m a.s.l. (1.5555 ° S 13.1195 ° E), 07-iii- 2010, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. 1 ♂, same locality, 28 -ii- 2010, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. 1 ♂, forest road on right at exit of Moanda, Kounda, sandy stream (4 m wide, 50 cm deep), 423 m a.s.l. (1.5555 ° S 13.1195 ° E), 13 -xi- - 2010, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. 1 ♂, Etéké road, Yeno, sandy and gravelly forest stream, 527 m a.s.l. (1.5845 ° S 11.5093 ° E), 23 -iv- 2011, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. 1 ♂, les eaux claires, Bakoumba, small sandy/gravel river in forest ( 2 m wide), 520 m a.s.l. (1.5911 ° S 13.1552 ° E), 26 -v- 2009, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. 1 ♂, Bakoumba road, Kounda, Mbéressé, sandy forest river, partly open and sunny (3 m wide, 50–100 cm deep), 484 m a.s.l. (1.5859 ° S 13.1563 ° E), 06-x- 2012, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. 1 ♂, Konda, 11 km W of Moanda, sandy stream in dense forest, 423 m a.s.l. (1.5555 ° S 13.1195 ° E), 30 -i- 2012, leg. J. Kipping, CJKL. 1 ♂, Mopia, 428 m a.s.l. (1.9132 ° S, 13.6347 ° E), 01-ii- 2012, leg. A. Günther, CAGF. 1 ♂, Makokou, broad river with swamps, 494 m a.s.l. (0.5577 ° N 12.6141 ° E), 30 -xii- 2011, leg. N. Mézière, CAGF. GABON (Ngounie Province): 1 ♂ (RMNH.INS. 508836), Parc National des Monts Birougou, sandy forest stream (4 m wide, 50 cm deep) (Photo 10), 747 m a.s.l. (1.9655 ° S 12.2188 ° E), 05-ix- 2013, leg. N. Mézière, RMNH. Genetics Two unique haplotypes (n = 2) nearest to C. helenae Legrand, 1984 and highly distinct from other Chlorocypha species, although C. dahli was not available for analysis. Male morphological diagnosis Similar to C. dahli by its (a) largely bright occiput, postclypeus, genae and mandibular bases that contrast with the wholly black anteclypeus and labrum and largely black frons; (b) bright ante-humeral stripes that cover most of the mesepisterna; (c) red abdominal dorsum with black markings reduced to a pair of large subapical dots on S 2 and smaller pairs on S 3–4 and sometimes S 5–6 (Fig. 2); and (d) boldly black and yellow abdomen underside. However, unlike it and most Chlorocypha has (1) large size, Hw 25.5 – 28.0 mm (n= 10) rather than 23.0 mm (n = 1); (2) olive-green rather than orange markings on the head and thorax; (3) blue-white apical 75–80 % of the anterior face of the hind tibiae and apical 0–30 % of the mid tibiae, rather than yellow-white apical 80 % of the front and mid tibiae; and (4) yellow dorsum of S 10 contrasting with red on S 2–9. Chlorocypha species often have white and sometimes yellow streaks on both the mid and hind tibiae, and sometimes on the fore tibiae as well, but both their presence and absence on only the hind pair is unusual, as is their apical rather than basal position. Etymology Latin “greatest” refers to the species’ exceptional size (feminine adjective). Range and ecology Calm sandy but often somewhat turbid (i.e., silty) streams in rainforest between 400 and 750 m a.s.l., especially in and around the Chaillu Mountains of southern Gabon. Pentaphlebiidae, Published as part of Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Kipping, Jens & Mézière, Nicolas, 2015, Sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa (Odonata), pp. 447-678 in Odonatologica 44 (4) on pages 473-477, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.35388

Territorial behaviour associated with adult odonate feeding in a Bornean rain forest under-storey is described and its underlying causes are analysed. Immature males and females of all ages of Libellago hyalina defended perches along a narrow trail in kerangas forest, concentrating especially around patches of sunlight. Throughout the day there was displacement of individuals as the illuminated areas moved and population levels of foragers increased, with maximal density from 13:00 - 15:00 h, but territorial success which followed physical combat could not be associated with size, sex or age. Foraging rates were also highest in this period but peaked clearly at 14:00 h. Both foraging attack rates and attack success were higher in sun patches than in shaded territories. Potential prey, mostly small Diptera < 4 mm length, were more abundant along the trail than in the surrounding forest, but were not concentrated in sunlight. It is suggested that, against the dark backdrop of the forest under-store...

Altogether 116 odonate species are known from Sri Lanka. The level of endemism is high -53 taxa or 45.7% are confined to the island. The Chlorocyphidae, Euphaeidae, Protoneuridae, Platystictidae, Gomphidae and Corduliidae consist of almost exclusively endemic taxa. The odonate fauna of Sri Lanka is still insufficiently known. Knowledge on distribution, biology and taxonomy of adults and especially larval forms is very poor. An assessment of threat status showed that it is very endangered due to habitat destruction. A list of 47 endangered odonate taxa has been compiled. It consists of exclusively endemic taxa and comprises more than 80% of described species confined to the island. Altogether 20 species are preliminary put in the IUCN categories ‘extinct’ (EX) and ‘critically endangered’ (CR) and are urgently proposed for inclusion in the IUCN Red List. Future odo-natological research priorities and recommendations are given. Special attention should be devoted to the work dealing with taxonomy of...

1505 Manuscript 984; Received 13 January 2003; Revised finally accepted 31 March 2004; © Zoo Outreach Organisation Insect genitalia commonly show much interspecific variation, even between closely related species. Odonata are practically unique among winged insects in that the primary genitalia do not meet during copulation. In addition to that, the male possesses another set of copulatory apparatus, the secondary genitalia, on the ventral aspect of second and third abdominal segments, which shows the same variation and function as the primary genitalia in other group of insects. Cowley (1937) in his communication on the genitalia of family Chlorocyphidae laid stress on the point of using the genitalia along with other characters in the taxonomic studies of odonates. Though, Fraser (1936) while characterizing different species in the ‘Fauna of British India’, gave due importance to various morphological taxonomic characters on head, thorax, legs, wings and abdomen, he failed to do justice while treating the genitalic features. Among older descriptions of anisopteran genital structures, those by Thompson (1908), Schmidt (1915), Whedon (1918) and Kennedy (1922) are some of the most useful. The significance of external genitalia in the odonate taxonomy has been realized for quite some time now by some Indian workers such as Prasad and Srivastava (1960), Khan (1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976), Lahiri (1987), Prasad (1988), and, Andrew and Tembhare (1993). But, as far as the Indian species are concerned, very little has been investigated so far. However, Miller (1981, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1990, 1991a, 1991b, 1995) through his valuable contributions on libellulid dragonflies highlighted the value of genital structures in the discrimination of the species and genera. His work was confined to species from foreign lands. None of the above listed workers have described the male genitalic attributes in depth and in a detailed manner. These considerations necessitated the authors to undertake more detailed observations on the structure of male genitalia in 11 type species belonging to different genera of family Libellulidae, all collected from the various far flung localities of northwestern India. The terminology for naming the various parts of the male copulatory apparatus has been followed from Chao (1953) and Miller (1991a). ABSTRACT The secondary male genitalic characters of 11 type species of family Libellulidae have been examined and studied in considerable details. The taxonomic significance of the genitalic features of these species has been highlighted.

The taxonomy of Chlorocypha species is problematic due to variability and the paucity of morphological characters. Subspecies radix of C. glauca is raised to specific rank. C. sharpae is found to be a synonym of C. luminosa. The synonymy of C. jejuna with C. luminosa is rejected. The former species is similar to the Southern African C. consueta and differences are stated. C. dispar ovulosa, Libellago dispar fraseri and C. mutans are synonyms of C. pyriformosa, although the lost type series of fraseri appears to have been contained immature specimens of C. dispar. Trends in African chlorocyphid variation, subsequent taxonomic pitfalls and suggested guidelines to deal with them are discussed. The main problems are age and environment related melanization intensity, dark patterns caused by reversible temperature-induced colour change, especially in tenerals, and the switch between reddish and bluish colours, in species with bicoloured abdomens.

Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Kalkman, Vincent J., Dow, Rory A., Stokvis, Frank R., Tol, Jan Van (2014): Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata). Supporting Information Table 2: List of analysed samples. Systematic Entomology 39 (1): 1-10, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6652900

Sundacypha petiolata (Selys) 1859 Dow, R.A. RMNH Malaysia Sarawak 504000 30102270 KF369911 KF370310 KF369551 ODOPH079-13, Published as part of Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Kalkman, Vincent J., Dow, Rory A., Stokvis, Frank R. & Tol, Jan Van, 2014, Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata). Supporting Information Table 2: List of analysed samples., pp. 1-10 in Systematic Entomology 39 (1) on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6652900

Disparocypha biedermanni Ris 1916 Günther, Andre RMNH Indonesia Sulawesi 505705 30104112 KF369693 KF370091 ODOPH059-13 Chlorocyphidae Disparocypha biedermanni Ris 1916 Günther, Andre RMNH Indonesia Sulawesi 505708 30104114 KF369694 KF370092 ODOPH060-13, Published as part of Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Kalkman, Vincent J., Dow, Rory A., Stokvis, Frank R. & Tol, Jan Van, 2014, Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata). Supporting Information Table 2: List of analysed samples., pp. 1-10 in Systematic Entomology 39 (1) on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6652900