1. Copper Chloro-Complexes Concentrated Solutions: An Electrochemical Study
- Author
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Lacarbonara, Giampaolo, Faggiano, Luigi, Porcu, Stefania, Ricci, Pier Carlo, Rapino, Stefania, Casey, Declan, Rohan, James, Arbizzani, Catia, Lacarbonara G., Faggiano L., Porcu S., Ricci P.C., Rapino S., Casey D.P., Rohan J.F., and Arbizzani C.
- Subjects
Chloro complexe ,TK1001-1841 ,CuRFB ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Redox flow batteries (RFB) ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,TP250-261 ,Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,Industrial electrochemistry ,copper ,Chloro complexes ,Electrochemistry ,redox flow batteries (RFB) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,chloro complexes ,0210 nano-technology ,Copper - Abstract
Basic studies on concentrated solutions are becoming more and more important due to the practical industrial and geological applications. The use in redox flow batteries is one of the most important applications of these solutions. Specifically, in this paper we investigated high-concentrated copper chloro-complexes solutions with different additives. The concentration of ligands and additives affects the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of 2 M solutions of Cu(I) and Cu(II). Solutions with calcium chloride and HCl as Cl−source were investigated with Cu:Cl ratios of 1:5 and 1:7, the 1:5 Cu:Cl ratio being the best performing. The substitution of calcium chloride with ammonium chloride increased the conductivity. However, while the effect on the positive electrode process was not very evident, the reversibility of the copper deposition–stripping process was greatly improved. Orthophosphoric acid could be a viable additive to decrease the complexation of calcium with chloride anions and to improve the stability of Cu(II) chloro-complexes. Absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that phosphate ions do not coordinate copper(II) but lead to a shift in the distribution of copper chloro-complexes toward more coordinated species. Electrochemically, the increased availability of chloride anions in solution stabilized the Cu(II)-rich solution and led to increased reversibility of the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox process.
- Published
- 2021