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Translation abstract Slimming cure for severely damaged supports in underground parking in BonnBeneath the Bundesstraße 56 in Bonn, there is an underground parking garage that spans three sub‐levels and offers 425 parking spaces. Access is available via Annagraben street and a ramp under the Sterntorhaus. A tram line runs above the underground garage. Constructed in the 1960s, the garage supports loads from heavy traffic and the tram through massive columns into the ground. Due to significant contamination of the concrete with chlorides, especially in the columns, extensive refurbishment of the parking garage is required. Moreover, the concrete coverage, particularly on the columns, is significantly insufficient. The parking space widths of 2.20 m are very user‐unfriendly, refurbishment by increasing the concrete coverage is not feasible. For this reason, it has been decided to completely remove the affected columns, total 154 pieces. and reconstruct with smaller dimensions. The recalculation of the top reinforced concrete ceiling was verified according to the “Guideline for the Recalculation of Existing Road Bridges.” Traffic load and earth overfill were precisely measured. The deck‘s sufficient load‐bearing capacity was proven. New columns will be connected bluntly and not monolithically with the existing decks, which requires a recalculation of the concrete structure. A precast solution was discarded due to insertion problems. Due to fire protection requirements, a reinforced concrete solution was preferred. The investigation shows that the proposed solution is viable and complies with fire safety standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation abstract Life cycle assessment of repair variants according to TR‐IH depending on the degree of damageThe aim of this publication is the life cycle assessment of repair measures acc. to TR‐IH (Technical guideline Maintenance of concrete structures) on the basis of a case study. Here, a fictitious two‐storey underground car park is considered, the floor slab of which is uncoated and whose false ceiling has numerous separation cracks. On the basis of common chloride diffusion models, the temporal chloride penetration into the floor slab and thus the temporal development of the degree of damage can be estimated. Depending on the degree of damage, permissible repair methods are selected acc. to TR‐IH and their necessary individual measures are defined, which in turn are linked to Global Warming Potential (GWP). Thus, depending on the age of the component at the time of repair, the GWP for various repair procedures can be determined. In a further step, practical assumptions for operation and maintenance are made so that the GWP of the repair procedures can be determined over the remaining service life depending on the time of repair. The calculation results show that early repairs lead to a low GWP. In addition, careful repair procedures without major interventions in the structure (methods 7.7, 7.8 or 8.3) lead particularly to low GWP. If one compares Cathodic Protection (CP) with method 7.2, CP is linked to a significantly lower GWP for crack repair, or if electricity from renewable energies is used during service life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinoids are known to improve the condition of the skin. Transepithelial transport of sodium and chloride ions is important for proper skin function. So far, the effect of applying vitamin A preparations to the skin on ion transport has not been evaluated. In the study, electrophysiological parameters, including transepithelial electric potential (PD) and transepithelial resistance (R), of rabbit skin specimens after 24 h exposure to retinol ointment (800 mass units/g) were measured in a modified Ussing chamber. The R of the fragments incubated with retinol was significantly different than that of the control skin samples incubated in iso-osmotic Ringer solution. For the controls, the PD values were negative, whereas the retinol-treated specimens revealed positive PD values. Mechanical–chemical stimulation with the use of inhibitors of the transport of sodium (amiloride) or chloride (bumetanide) ions revealed specific changes in the maximal and minimal PD values measured for the retinol-treated samples. Retinol was shown to slightly modify the transport pathways of sodium and chloride ions. In particular, an intensification of the chloride ion secretion from keratinocytes was observed. The proposed action may contribute to deep hydration and increase skin tightness, limiting the action of other substances on its surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity tolerance requires coordinated responses encompassing salt exclusion in roots and tissue/cellular compartmentation of salt in leaves. We investigated the possible control points for salt ions transport in roots and tissue tolerance to Na+ and Cl– in leaves of two contrasting mungbean genotypes, salt‐tolerant Jade AU and salt‐sensitive BARI Mung‐6, grown in nonsaline and saline (75 mM NaCl) soil. Cryo‐SEM X‐ray microanalysis was used to determine concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S in various cell types in roots related to the development of apoplastic barriers, and in leaves related to photosynthetic performance. Jade AU exhibited superior salt exclusion by accumulating higher [Na] in the inner cortex, endodermis, and pericycle with reduced [Na] in xylem vessels and accumulating [Cl] in cortical cell vacuoles compared to BARI Mung‐6. Jade AU maintained higher [K] in root cells than BARI Mung‐6. In leaves, Jade AU maintained lower [Na] and [Cl] in chloroplasts and preferentially accumulated [K] in mesophyll cells than BARI Mung‐6, resulting in higher photosynthetic efficiency. Salinity tolerance in Jade AU was associated with shoot Na and Cl exclusion, effective regulation of Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintenance of high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. Summary statement: Salinity tolerance in mungbean is related to its ability to intercept Na and Cl in roots, thereby reducing Na and Cl transport to shoot, effectively regulate Na and Cl accumulation in chloroplasts, and maintain high K in root and leaf mesophyll cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All terrestrial vertebrate life must transition from aquatic gas exchange in the embryonic environment to aerial or pulmonary respiration at birth. In addition to being able to breathe air, neonates must possess functional sensory feedback systems for maintaining acid–base balance. Respiratory neurons in the brainstem act as pH sensors that can adjust breathing to regulate systemic pH. The central pH sensitivity of breathing‐related motor output develops over the embryonic period in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Due to the key role of chloride ions in electrochemical stability and developmental plasticity, we tested chloride's role in the development of central pH sensitivity. We blocked gamma‐aminobutyric acid‐A receptors and cation‐chloride cotransport that subtly modulated the low‐pH effects on early breathing biorhythms. Further, chloride‐free artificial cerebrospinal fluid altered the pattern and timing of breathing biorhythms and blocked the stimulating effect of acidosis in E12–14 brainstems. Early and middle stage embryos exhibited rebound plasticity in brainstem motor outputs during low‐pH treatment, which was eliminated by chloride‐free solution. Results show that chloride modulates low‐pH sensitivity and rebound plasticity in the zebra finch embryonic brainstem, but work is needed to determine the cellular and circuit mechanisms that control functional chloride balance during acid–base disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradation efficiency of 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP) containing both chlorine and bromine substituents in Co/PMS process was investigated in the light of a wide range of substrate, oxidant, catalyst concentrations and pH value. The effects of chloride ion (Cl−) on degradation kinetics, total organic carbon (TOC) removal and intermediates formation during BCP depletion in Co/PMS system were studied. The kinetics results demonstrated that the dual effect of Cl− on BCP depletion in Co/PMS system due to different mechanisms involved. High concentrations of Cl− (>5 mM) can significantly promote the degradation of BCP, but did inhibit BCP mineralisation to a certain extent which was closely related to Cl− content. High degradation rates but lower mineralisation rates were found in the laboratory experiments, owing to the fact that BCP was mainly transformed to new halogenated intermediates instead of complete mineralisation. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) data verified that a series of chlorinated by-products were formed during BCP decomposition process involving of the participation of Cl−. The proposed degradation pathways of BCP and its derivatives in presence of Cl− were discussed on the basis of intermediate products including the undesirable halogenated by-products recognised by GC-MS. These results might offer some new perspectives on the transformation fates of BCP by utilising Co/PMS regent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[FeFe] hydrogenases demonstrate remarkable catalytic efficiency in hydrogen evolution and oxidation processes. However, susceptibility of these enzymes to oxygen‐induced degradation impedes their practical deployment in hydrogen‐production devices and fuel cells. Recent investigations into the oxygen‐stable (Hinact) state of the H‐cluster revealed its inherent capacity to resist oxygen degradation. Herein, we present findings on Cl‐ and SH‐bound [2Fe‐2S] complexes, bearing relevance to the oxygen‐stable state within a biological context. A characteristic attribute of these complexes is the terminal Cl−/SH− ligation to the iron center bearing the CO bridge. Structural analysis of the t‐Cl demonstrates a striking resemblance to the Hinact state of DdHydAB and CbA5H. The t‐Cl/t‐SH exhibit reversible oxidation, with both redox species, electronically, being the first biomimetic analogs to the Htrans and Hinact states. These complexes exhibit notable resistance against oxygen‐induced decomposition, supporting the potential oxygen‐resistant nature of the Htrans and Hinact states. The swift reductive release of the Cl‐/SH‐group demonstrates its labile and kinetically controlled binding. The findings garnered from these investigations offer valuable insights into properties of the enzymatic O2‐stable state, and key factors governing deactivation and reactivation conversion. This work contributes to the advancement of bio‐inspired molecular catalysts and the integration of enzymes and artificial catalysts into H2‐evolution devices and fuel‐cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The durability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) in the marine environment is mainly influenced by chloride attack. In this paper, the chloride transport law in RAC with different recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) contents was investigated by dry-wet cycling tests considering RCA volume fractions. A five-phase randomly convex polygonal aggregate model was built through a self-compiled program and then a mesoscopic numerical method was established by finite element software development. The proposed numerical model was validated by experimental results and data from other scholars. The impact of interfacial transition zone (ITZ), RCA, new mortar and old mortar were studied. The results showed that: 1) As the thickness of ITZ grows, the chloride diffusion coefficient increases in RAC. When the thickness of the ITZ rises from 25 µm to 100 µm, the chloride diffusion coefficient rises by 37%; 2) The diffusion coefficient of ITZ and mortar have a positive impact on the diffusion of chloride ion in RAC; 3) The chloride diffusion coefficient of RAC is positively correlated with the volume fraction of RCA (V RCA). The chloride diffusion coefficient increases by 102.0% as the V RCA increases from 0% to 50%. The proposed mesoscopic model not only effectively simulates the chloride attack process but also can be used to simulate other ionic attack behaviors and mechanical properties of RAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of nitrogen (N) fertilization is of fundamental importance in hydroponics. To reduce the supply of nitrate (NO3-) in fertigation recipes for Batavia lettuce crops grown in closed hydroponics, partial replacement of nitrate by chloride (NO3-/Cl-) at different ratios but with the same equivalent sum was experimentally tested. The experiment included four nutritional treatments in the replenishment nutrient solution, particularly T1; 0.7mMCl-/19mMNO3-, T2;2mM Cl-/17.7 mM NO3-, T3; 4 mM Cl-/15.7 mM NO3- and T4; 6 mM Cl-/13.7 mM NO3-. The results showed that reducing nitrate supply combinedwith equivalent increase in chloride application gradually reduced the gap between nitrate input and nitrogen uptake concentrations, with the smallest differences occurring in T4 treatment, which reduced the nitrate concentration in the drainage by 50%. The tested treatments led to very small variations in plant water uptake, production of fresh biomass and nutritional quality, which is justified by the proper functioning of key physiological mechanisms, such as stomatal conductance, which was followed by an increased efficiency of nitrogen use up to 25% (kg fresh biomass kg-1 N supply). The steady level of C/N ratio in the plant tissue irrespective of NO3-/Cl- supply ratio points to sufficiency in photosynthetic products and adequacy in the supply of nitrogen, although leaf Cl- content increased up to 19.6 mg g-1 dry weight in the lowest NO3-/Cl- treatment. Nutrient uptake concentrations were determined as follows: 13.4 (N), 1.72 (P), 10.2 (K), 3.13 (Ca), 0.86 (Mg,mmol L-1), 27.8 (Fe), 5.63 (Mn), 5.45 (Zn) and 0.72 (Cu, mmol L-1). This study suggests that replacing 30% of NO3- supply with Cl- in fertigation recipes for hydroponic lettuce crops reduces leaf nitrate content without affecting physiological processes, growth, and quality, verifying in parallel the role of chloride as a beneficial macronutrient. Finally, a relationship between Cl- uptake and its concentration in the root zone solution was established enabling the simulation of chloride towater consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion mechanism of chlorine at different calcination temperatures was investigated by using a high-temperature horizontal tube furnace to simulate the collaborative disposal process of cement kilns. The samples were characterized and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, ion chromatography, etc. The results indicate that the calcination temperature has a significant impact on the distribution of chlorine during the collaborative disposal process of cement kilns. At high temperatures, chlorides can react with the main compounds in cement clinker, including calcium, silicon, aluminum, and iron, forming chloride solid solutions, thereby reducing the solubility of chlorine. And the higher the calcination temperature, the greater the proportion of chlorine entering the flue gas and fly ash. At the same time, the migration pathway of chlorine and its impact on the structure of cement clinker were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large uncertainties of electrochemical input parameters, along with their variation with chemical environment and time, can significantly affect the accuracy of simulations and oversimplify the nonuniform corrosion distribution over time. To bridge the gap, this study investigated the effects of chloride ion concentration, humidity, and concrete mix on the electrochemical parameters through a long-term experiment of natural corrosion. The results revealed that the logarithmic anodic and cathodic exchange current density are almost constant values of −4.80 and −5.49 , respectively. The cathodic equilibrium potential slightly fluctuates around 253 mV versus the saturated calomel electrode. The increase in chloride ion concentration above 0% generally leads to a reduction in the anodic Tafel slope, while the absolute cathodic Tafel slope remains almost constant when chloride ion concentration exceeds 1.214%. Due to the distinct controlling mechanisms of corrosion, the effects of chloride and water-to-cement ratio on the electrochemical parameters are susceptible to the humidity level of concrete. Interestingly, at 90% humidity, the corrosion potential may shift negatively for a lower water-to-cement ratio, resulting in a decrease in the anodic Tafel slope. Nevertheless, a lower corrosion rate can still be anticipated. Employing the Butler–Volmer equation and Nernst equation, semiempirical models were constructed by representing the effects of humidity with piecewise functions. The accuracy has been validated through experimental data from both this work and previous studies. The results and empirical models of this study provide reasonable electrochemical input parameters for simulation of nonuniform corrosion and the evolution over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durable and sustainable corrosion protection of reinforcing steel in waterway structures Corrosion damage due to hitherto widely unknown damage mechanisms, the critical review of previous design principles, but also new developments in building materials are leading to a reorientation in the design of measures to ensure the durability of hydraulic engineering structures with regard to reinforcing steel corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technetium-99 (99Tc) is found in aqueous environmental systems (due to nuclear testing, reprocessing, and accidents), where it can coexist with halides. While Tc(VII) is the primary oxidation state under oxic conditions, Tc(IV) can also be present in the environment. Accurate knowledge of the complexation of Tc(IV) species with Cl– improves understanding of Tc behavior in the environment. Results of batch solvent extraction experiments indicate that a single chloride complex is formed in solution from an exothermic reaction with a negative entropy. Computational results support classifying an outer-sphere complex between the Tc(IV) species and chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under salt stress, plants are forced to take up and accumulate large amounts of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−). Although most studies have focused on the toxic effects of Na+ on plants, Cl− stress is also very important. This study aimed to clarify physiological mechanisms underpinning growth contrasts in canola varieties with different salt tolerance. In hydroponic experiments, 150 mM Na+, Cl− and NaCl were applied to salt-tolerant and sensitive canola varieties. Both NaCl and Na+ treatments inhibited seedling growth. NaCl caused the strongest damage to both canola varieties, and stress damage was more severe at high concentrations of Na+ than Cl−. High Cl− promoted the uptake of ions (potassium K+, calcium Ca2+) and induced antioxidant defence. Salt-tolerant varieties were able to mitigate ion toxicity by maintaining lower Na+ content in the root system for a short period of time, and elevating magnesium Mg2+ content, Mg2+/Na+ ratio, and antioxidant enzyme activity to improve photosynthetic capacity. They subsequently re-established new K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ balances to improve their salt tolerance. High concentrations of Cl salts caused less damage to seedlings than NaCl and Na salts, and Cl− also had a positive role in inducing oxidative stress and responsive antioxidant defence in the short term. Both sodium chloride and sodium salt treatments inhibited the growth of canola seedlings. Sodium chloride imposed the most damage, and chloride salts the least. Under treatment with sodium chloride and sodium salt, the canola variety Huayouza 62 grew best, by maintaining lower sodium content in the root system, higher magnesium content, and a greater ratio of magnesium to sodium to improve photosynthetic capacity. Chloride salts had a positive role in inducing oxidative stress and responsive antioxidant defence in canola seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the temperature dependence of IN718 corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution, comparing conventionally rolled (Roll) and SLM-manufactured (SLM) samples. While both exhibited degradation with increasing temperature, the Roll sample presented a significantly higher susceptibility to corrosion by increasing the temperature from 25 to 70 °C. Rapid corrosion current density (icorr) of the Roll sample, which increased from 0.25 to 1.3 μA cm2, suggested the preferential γ-matrix dissolution and microgalvanic attack triggered by Laves phases and carbides acting as preferential dissolution sites. Conversely, the SLM sample showcased less segregation and fewer carbide phases due to its high cooling rate, resulting in a milder icorr rise (0.45–0.6 μA cm2). The findings hold promise for a more comprehensive understanding of IN718 performance and can guide the selection of optimal fabrication methods for components exposed to corrosive and high-temperature environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt intake reduction is a global concern. In particular, Japanese consume higher amounts of salt than those of other ethnicities. The sodium content is mentioned on the label of industrially prepared dishes with an intention of reducing salt intake. This study aimed to evaluate the difference between the actual sodium content and labeled salt value of industrially prepared Japanese single dishes. Samples labeled “estimated” were collected and classified as Japanese, Western, and Chinese cuisines. The sodium content ranged from 180 to 1011 mg/100 g. The sodium content was higher than their reported values in other countries. Specifically, Chinese dishes contained high amounts of sodium, although the chloride content was similar across cuisine styles. Further, the molar ratio (i.e., sodium/chloride) had no significant effect on the difference between the actual content and labeled value. The measured salt contents were 20% higher than the labeled values. The results of decision tree analysis indicated that if the labeled salt value of stir‐fried foods is determined by calculation, the actual sodium content is much higher than the labeled salt value. These findings are crucial for customers, dietitian, and researchers as they refer to the labeled salt value to determine the sodium content of industrially prepared foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At low pH, red blood cells (RBCs) are unable to maintain their disc shape and become stomatocytes. At the same time, at pH 5.0 of a sulphate medium, under conditions of mechanical mixing of the cell suspension, RBCs are partially retransformed into discoid forms, whereas in a chloride medium (pH 5.0) this transformation is observed to a high degree. This indicates that the chloride-binding sites of RBC membranes may be an additional link in the regulation of the shape of RBC under conditions of mechanical action on the cell suspension. The work investigated the change in the RBC shape at a normal pH value (7,4) due to the replacement of Na2SO 4 in the medium with NaCl and recording an increase in the intensity of fluctuations in optical density (OD), as an indicator of an increase in the level of discoid cells (normocytes) in a stirred cell suspension. It has been 3 established that in a medium containing Na2SO4 (110 mmol/l), RBCs are transformed into small stomatocytes within ~20 s. With an increase in NaCl concentration in the range of 15-105 mmol/l, an increase in the level of discoid cells is noted. Increasing the NaCl concentration from 105 to 150 mmol/l, on the contrary, causes a decrease in the level of discoid cells. With the exception of mechanical mixing in a medium with NaCl concentrations of 30-90 mmol/l, RBCs are morphologically stomatocytes. Whereas in a medium containing 150 mmol/l NaCl, RBC are represented by disc-echinocytes and echinocytes. The results obtained show that mechanical mixing of the cell suspension promotes the retransformation of stomatocytic RBCs into discoid forms. The weakening of the retransforming efficiency of mixing with an increase in the NaCl concentration in the medium from 105 to 150 mmol/l and the development of echinocytosis at 150 mmol/l NaCl indicates the existence of 2 types of sites for chloride. Сhloride binding to type 1, at a NaCl concentration in the medium of 15-105 mmol/l, leads to the establishment of discoid forms of RBC. Chloride binding to type 2 sites, at a NaCl concentration in the medium of 105-150 mmol/l, leads to the development of echinocytosis. The retransforming property of mechanical stirring may be associated with a change in the degree of chloride binding to these types of sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the corrosion behavior and microstructural changes in seventeenth-century cast iron cannons exhibited at the Archaeological Museum in Goa. Chipped samples from four cannons underwent analysis for surface morphology, microstructure, and elemental composition using optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, and X-ray diffraction. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to identify the molecular structure of organic compounds, metal oxides, and oxyhydroxides on the surface. The findings reveal that the pearlite matrix of the cast iron contains graphite flakes, leading to a distinctive form of graphitic corrosion on the cannon surface. Highly localized graphitic corrosion areas on the surface have resulted in pits or series of pits, posing a potential risk to the structural integrity of the cannons over time. The study identifies the presence of chloride as a contributing factor to the corrosion process, working in tandem with graphitic corrosion of the cast iron. Understanding these corrosion mechanisms is crucial for developing strategies to ensure the long-term preservation of these historical artefacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2017, there has been a considerable increase in the recorded sea salt aerosol (SSA) levels across the United States, particularly the economically critical Baltimore–Washington Corridor (BWC). This unexpected escalation, as reported in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) annual air quality report, has generated worries about the potential effects on air quality, public health, and regional climate dynamics. However, this technical note demonstrates that the apparent rise in SSA levels is mostly due to a change in the EPA's Chemical Speciation Network's (CSN) approach to measuring these aerosols. In 2017, the CSN switched from utilizing chlorine to chloride as a tracer for SSAs. Speciation data for this region show that chloride concentrations are often an order of magnitude greater than chlorine concentrations, explaining the significant increase in SSA levels following the methodological modification. The absence of a similar spike in SSA levels at the nearby IMPROVE site, which has been consistent with its methodology, provides more evidence to corroborate this conclusion. These findings demonstrate the importance of methodological consistency and openness in environmental monitoring networks. Clear documentation of such changes is critical to avoiding data misunderstanding, which might lead to the development of incorrect public health and environmental policies. We advocate for continued collaboration among researchers to establish standardized measuring procedures and data analysis tools to accommodate and clarify methodological changes, resulting in accurate environmental evaluations and informed decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New DGZfP guideline B14: Quantification of chloride in concrete using LIBS In the maintenance of reinforced concrete structures, the chloride content in the concrete is an important parameter in determining suitable repair measures. Established methods to date are based on wet chemical analysis of concrete samples; drill flour or ground segments of drill cores. These methods provide one chloride content per depth segment, which is associated with a strong homogenisation of the sample, resulting in a loss of details of the chloride differences in the range of a few millimetres. An alternative method is the laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which not only enables the quantitative, spatially resolved determination of the chloride content in relation to the cement mass, but also provides detailed information on the distribution of many other chemical elements simultaneously. Usually the spatial resolution is in the range of a few millimetres but can be increased to 0.1 mm or smaller if needed. The new guideline B14 "Quantification of chloride in concrete using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)" of the German Society for Non‐Destructive Testing (DGZfP) regulates and standardises for the first time the procedure to ensure a reliable and reproducible determination of chloride contents using LIBS. This article introduces the guideline and illustrates the potential of LIBS for issues in concrete maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the prevalence of blood chloride (Cl) abnormalities in diarrheic neonatal calves with metabolic acidosis and attempted to identify the most relevant electrolyte abnormality to these abnormalities. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 157 diarrheic neonatal calves aged 10.3 ± 4.2 days old with metabolic acidosis. Hypochloremia, normochloremia, and hyperchloremia were observed in 8.9% (14/157), 43.3% (68/157), and 47.8% (68/157), respectively, of diarrheic calves with metabolic acidosis. This distribution remained similar regardless of age (under 8 days or 8 days and older). Furthermore, a multiple logistic regression analysis showed that variations in values for blood sodium [Na (regression coefficients 0.877; 95% confidence interval (CI) 13.977-134.195; P<0.01)], pH (regression coefficients -10.719; 95% CI -19.076--2.362; P<0.05), and bicarbonate [HCO3 - (regression coefficients -0.555; 95% CI -0.820--0.290; P<0.01)] were associated with blood Cl abnormalities. The present results revealed that blood Na concentrations were more strongly associated with blood Cl concentrations than blood pH and HCO3 - values. In the present study, diarrheic calves with hyperchloremia were characterized by normonatremia and extremely severe metabolic acidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper leaching presents an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional sulfide ore processing methods. This study investigates an efficient leaching process for copper concentrate, utilizing a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium iodide (KI) in a chloride medium (NaCl), enhanced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at room temperature. A significant aspect of this research was optimizing the KI concentration to minimize iodide sublimation into iodine gas (I2). Through the experimental design, the optimal dosages of reagents were determined, leading to maximized copper extraction of approximately 27% in 45 min of testing at room temperature. The results showed that it is possible to obtain a suitable pregnant leach solution (PLS) (i.e., in the range of 3 to 8 g/L of Cu) for treatment in available copper solvent extraction (SX) plants with a cost of less than 4.5 USD/t Cu, according to the economic analysis carried out. The results of this study determine the most effective operational conditions for leaching and ensure a suitable PLS for SX plants in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner. This approach could significantly contribute to more sustainable practices in the mining and processing of copper ores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Organic waste salt is a high salt hazardous waste produced by the industrial processes. Presently, there is no viable method to reclaiming and treating this issue. Using the commercial pyrocatechol monois-propyl waste salt from the manufactured pyrocatechol monois-propyl ether, a process was developed for the synergistic extraction and purification of NaCl from pyrocatechol monoisopropyl ether (OP) salt leftovers by low-temperature roasting and wet techniques (acidic ambient chloride complexation and hydrogen peroxide oxidation). After treating OP waste salt with low-temperature pyrolysis (320 °C), acidic ferric chloride complexation (pH 2–3, 0.28% FeCl3), and neutral hydrogen peroxide oxidation (5% H2O2), the NaCl in the OP salt residue was purified and recovered with a purity of 98.80%. In addition, the aromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis residue generated iron chloride complexes containing –OH or –COOH in the acidic system, which hastened the dissociation of the NaCl from the organic matter on the surface of the wasted salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The durability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) in the marine environment is mainly influenced by chloride attack. In this paper, the chloride transport law in RAC with different recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) contents was investigated by dry-wet cycling tests considering RCA volume fractions. A five-phase randomly convex polygonal aggregate model was built through a self-compiled program and then a mesoscopic numerical method was established by finite element software development. The proposed numerical model was validated by experimental results and data from other scholars. The impact of interfacial transition zone (ITZ), RCA, new mortar and old mortar were studied. The results showed that: 1) As the thickness of ITZ grows, the chloride diffusion coefficient increases in RAC. When the thickness of the ITZ rises from 25 µm to 100 µm, the chloride diffusion coefficient rises by 37%; 2) The diffusion coefficient of ITZ and mortar have a positive impact on the diffusion of chloride ion in RAC; 3) The chloride diffusion coefficient of RAC is positively correlated with the volume fraction of RCA (VRCA). The chloride diffusion coefficient increases by 102.0% as the VRCA increases from 0% to 50%. The proposed mesoscopic model not only effectively simulates the chloride attack process but also can be used to simulate other ionic attack behaviors and mechanical properties of RAC.

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are regarded as a substitute for Portland cement. They have high chloride resistance and a low carbon dioxide footprint. The aim of this review is to provide a multi-scale perspective to understand material–product–microstructure–property relationships in terms of the chloride binding behaviour of AAMs. The physical and chemical chloride stability of different reaction products is summarised from nanostructure, to microstructure to macro properties. An analysis of studies in the literature gives an overview of recent progress in chloride transport in AAMs influenced by different reaction products. Results show that a higher calcium/silicon, aluminium/silicon molar ratios and alkali content increase the formation of amorphous phases, leading to a denser microstructure and lower chloride penetration in AAMs. Higher magnesium oxide and aluminium oxide contents result in increased formation of hydrotalcite. The enhanced physical and chemical absorption of chloride by hydrotalcite leads to higher resistance of chloride penetration in AAMs. Investigation of increasing chloride resistance could potentially focus on increasing gel and hydrotalcite formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of water resources due to the issue of global climate change and population growth is one of the most critical issues facing the designers and planners of the development of green spaces in cities. Against these challenges, there is an urgent need to improve the efficiency of water consumption and chain use of water resources with suitable options. Due to the significant volume of urban wastewater Effluent, its reuse in green space irrigation is important from the point of view of water resource management from an ecological and economic point of view. The effect of the Parand city wastewater treatment plant on the chemical properties of soil under the cultivation of three types of cover crops (Frankinia (FR), Festuca (FE), Dichondra (DI)) in a bed with sandy loam soil is investigated. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design using mixing of water and Effluent at 4 levels with irrigation treatments of zero (control), 50, 75, and 100% compared to fresh water and 3 replications, and then the soil chemistry characteristics such as pH, EC, OC, Na, Cl, Ca, and Mg were evaluated. The results obtained from the soil chemical analysis parameters showed that the pH value decreased in all the treatments with effluent compared to the control, and this decrease was not significant in any treatment. The values of EC and Cl have increased in all plants, and these values were significant in the FR100 treatments with an increase of about 195 and 561% compared to the control, and in the FE100 treatment with an increase of about 54 and 162%, respectively, at the 5% probability level. The amount of OC in the FR100 treatment was significant with an increase of about 41% compared to the control treatment, but in other plants, this ratio was not significant in any treatment. The maximum amount of Mg in the FR50 treatment was 30.27, which has a significant effect compared to other treatments. The amount of Na and Ca in the FR100 treatment was significant with an increase of about 343% and 130%, respectively, compared to the control treatment, while in FE and DI plants, this ratio was not significant in any treatment.

ObjectiveThe electrochemical dissolution method of instrument retrieval emphasizes on the dissolution of the instrument rather than sacrificing dentine. Most of the studies conducted for electrochemical dissolution used fluoride-containing electrolytes and were performed inside a beaker. In this study, we used chloride-based fluids as electrolytes. Materials and MethodsFifty extracted mandibular first premolars were divided into five groups based on the electrolytes used. Canals were enlarged to ProTaper Universal F2, and files were intentionally broken inside the canal. These specimens were subjected to electrochemical characterization by applying the potential of 9V for 20 min. Optical images were taken to assess the change in surface topography. The results were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (analysis of variance [ANOVA]). ResultsThe rate of dissolution based on the electrolyte used decreased in the following order, viz. Tyrode’s solution>artificial saliva>normal saline>Ringer’s lactate/physiological serum. ConclusionApart from fluoride, chloride-based electrolytes could be an efficient alternative.

The removal effectiveness of the M0F-808 material for organic chloride in a plastic cracking oil was studied in light of its excellent adsorption properties. The M0F-808 materials was prepared, and then the Zrx: Fey@M0F-808 materials with different doping ratios were prepared by using a hydrothermal synthesis method. Four typical organic chlorides in the plastic cracking oil were selected to prepare a model oil, and the optimal x/y ratio was determined to be 1: 0. 67 according to the removal rate of organic chlorides in the model oil. The optimal reaction conditions and reuse performance of adsorption dechlorination experiments were determined, and the corresponding adsorption mechanism was investigated. The results indicated that the as-prepared Zr: Fe067@M0F-08 adsorption material exhibited has good structure and stability. The removal rate of chloride in the model oil was as high as 97. 66 % at an adsorption temperature of 50 °C, an adsorption time of 2 h, and an agent/oil mass ratio of 1/40. The dechlorination rate remained to be above 85 % after repeatedly using the adsorbent for 6 times. The adsorption process conformed to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, belonging to a spontaneous chemisorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important goal of environmental and comparative physiology research is to identify species or populations that may be susceptible to environmental change such as heat wave events that are predicted to become more frequent and intense in the future. This study tested the hypothesis that fishes inhabiting alkaline lakes face significant physiological challenges, which results in reduced thermal tolerance. Brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) were collected from an alkaline lake (pH 9.3) in Alberta, Canada and held under neutral conditions in the laboratory. Subsequently, fish were acutely exposed (4 d) to neutral (pH 7) or alkaline (pH 9.5) waters at 10 or 25°C. Exposure to alkaline water reduced critical thermal maximum (CTmax) in stickleback by approximately 1°C, but thermal acclimation capacity ("thermal plasticity") was unaffected by alkaline exposure. Alkaline conditions resulted in physiological disturbances characteristic of exposure to high pH including elevated whole-body ammonia and lactate concentrations. Acute warming to CTmax in alkaline-exposed fish resulted in reductions in whole-body sodium and chloride concentrations. In addition, alkaline exposure compromised recovery from exercise at elevated temperatures. Overall, these results suggest that the physiological disturbances observed in response to alkaline exposure may render fish more susceptible to acute warming, reducing thermal tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride attack severely impacts the performance of reinforced concrete. The total and free chloride ion concentration (CIC) of self-compacting concrete (SCC) prepared with three supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) – fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag (BS) and silica fume (SF) – were measured by accelerated salt immersion tests. The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient (CDC) at any exposure time and erosion depth were calculated using the Boltzmann–Matano method. The influence of the type and content of SCM, the water–binder ratio (W/B) and the type of salt solution on CIC and CDC were investigated. Both the introduction of SCM and the reduction of W/B effectively reduced the CIC. The SCM that most effectively reduced CIC was SF, followed by BS and then FA. Free CIC was reduced to a greater degree than total CIC in FA and BS concrete, but the opposite was true for SF concrete. The presence of calcium chloride in salt solution increased total CIC while reducing free CIC. Apparent free CDC dropped over exposure time and initially increased with erosion depth but eventually stabilised. A model of apparent free CDC considering time–depth dependency was created, which shows that time reduction factors of CDC is greater in SCC containing SCM than in control SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way the central nervous system (CNS) responds to diverse stimuli is contingent upon the specific brain state of the individual, including sleep and wakefulness. Despite the wealth of readout parameters and data delineating the brain states, the primary mechanisms are yet to be identified. Here we highlight the role of astrocytes, with a specific emphasis on chloride (Cl−) homeostasis as a modulator of brain states. Neuronal activity is regulated by the concentration of ions that determine excitability. Astrocytes, as the CNS homeostatic cells, are recognised for their proficiency in maintaining dynamic homeostasis of ions, known as ionostasis. Nevertheless, the contribution of astrocyte‐driven ionostasis to the genesis of brain states or their response to sleep‐inducing pharmacological agents has been overlooked. Our objective is to underscore the significance of astrocytic Cl− homeostasis, elucidating how it may underlie the modulation of brain states. We endeavour to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between astrocytes and brain states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical and dielectric properties of steel oxide films can have an impact on the corrosion process but are still poorly understood due to the unavailability of measurement methods. In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was adopted to interpret steel corrosion induced by chloride in a simulated concrete pore solution. Particularly, validation of EIS data by Kramers–Kronig transforms was performed prior to further EIS interpretation. Relative dielectric permittivity of corroded steel/electrolyte interface was derived through theoretical induction and corrosion products were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results indicated that measured EIS data in the present study depicted good causality and stability. Corrosion at the steel/electrolyte interface induced by increasing chloride led to high relative permittivity within the low frequency domain while marginal difference could be observed at the high frequency range. AC conductivity of corrosion products at steel/solution interfaces revealed a notable frequency dependence, based on which three distinct frequency regions were subdivided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving river water quality requires a thorough understanding of the relationship between constituent concentration and water discharge during runoff events (i.e., C‐Q hysteresis), which may be strongly non‐linear. Analysis of C‐Q hysteresis on large temporal scales provides unprecedented insights into event dynamics and long‐term concentration trends in surface and groundwater. Despite the increasing availability of time series data on water quality, there are still limited quantitative modeling frameworks that enable this analysis. Here, we combine Bayesian modeling and an existing mass balance to model long‐term C‐Q hysteresis dynamics in multi‐decade constituent concentration and water discharge time series. We focus on the case study of chloride and demonstrate that our model can simultaneously characterize the size and rotation of C‐Q hysteresis, and diffuse and low‐flow inputs to constituent concentration using only time‐series data from the river Rhine. Over 28 years of monitoring, we find that chloride exhibits a dominant clockwise dilution behavior that does not vary considerably under different hydro‐climatic conditions, hinting to similar mobilization mechanisms over time. We also show decreasing chloride concentrations in surface and groundwater, due to the cessation of mining activities in the Rhine. Our approach uses uncertainty estimates to show the range within which model parameter values lie, aiding decision‐makers in a robust assessment of river water quality. We conclude that Bayesian modeling of C‐Q hysteresis provides a powerful framework for investigating long‐term contamination dynamics that can be extended to several constituents to find factors controlling their export, ultimately suggesting mitigation measures for river contamination. Plain Language Summary: River water quality is under continuous pressure from increased constituent concentrations from human activities. To reduce such pressure, it is essential to understand the relationship between constituent concentration and water discharge during runoff events (i.e., C‐Q hysteresis). Although C‐Q hysteresis is often studied on individual events, its analysis in the long term can provide invaluable insights into event dynamics and long‐term concentration trends. This study presents a modeling framework that integrates time series of constituent concentration and water discharge with an already existing mass balance to model and investigate long‐term C‐Q hysteresis. Our framework allows for simultaneous characterization of the size and rotation of hysteresis, together with diffuse and low‐flow inputs to constituent concentration using already available time‐series data. By testing our approach on chloride over 28 years in the river Rhine, we reveal that chloride exhibits a dominant clockwise dilution behavior due to direct runoff dilution in groundwater and that its concentration has strongly decreased due to the cessation of mining activities in the Rhine. Further studies should consider extending this analysis to several constituents to find factors controlling their export, ultimately suggesting mitigation measures for river contamination. Key Points: We propose a Bayesian model to study C‐Q hysteresis in the long term and we test it on a 28‐year time series of chloride in the river RhineMerging mass balance and observations with Bayesian modeling allows extracting relevant hydrochemical properties of C‐Q hysteresisWe reveal a prevalent clockwise dilution behavior and decreasing trends of diffuse and low‐flow inputs for chloride due to mining cessation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study was performed on the stress corrosion cracking of F304 stainless steel immersed in boiling magnesium chloride solution. Earlier, the Stress Corrosion Cracking behaviour (SCC) of induced residual stress on F304 stainless steel has not been stated widely in the literature. Researchers have used different techniques to understand SCC behaviours. However, the ASTM G36 method is extensively used for SCC testing under U-bend. In this work, the residual stresses were induced by U-Bend, and then the SCC behaviour of F304 Stainless steel was observed in a chloride environment of boiling MgCl2.6 H2O. The combined effect of residual stress and corrosion environment were applied with the help of the U-bend technique. Further, the upper surface of the U-bend was focused on as an investigation area. XRD Stress Analyser measured the residual stresses. The selected spot of stress analysis was the upper surface, end of U-bend curvature, and lower end. Moreover, the heat treatment process was performed to reduce the effect of machining. The results reveal the SCC susceptibility, the magnitude of residual stresses, and elements composition around the cracked surfaces. Similarly, the study also highlights SCC behaviour under the influence of boiling magnesium chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination has emerged as a significant global environmental concern, posing numerous risks to individual organisms and entire ecosystems. Concurrently, the global increase in pesticide usage has elevated the influx of chloride ions (Cl-) into the soil. Given Cl-'s robust ability to coordinate and complex with various heavy metal ions, understanding its influence on the migration and transformation of Cd in soil-rice systems is essential for the rational application of pesticides and the effective mitigation of soil heavy metal pollution. In this paper, we explained the effect of Cl- on the environmental behavior of Cd in the soil-rice system in terms of growth traits, Cd uptake and accumulation by rice, and Cd solid-solution phase interface behavior through pot experiments and sand culture experiments. The results showed that Cd concentrations in all parts of the rice treated with CaCl2 during the filling period were lower than those in the Ca(NO3)2-treated group, with Cd accumulation diminishing as Cl- concentration increased. This suggests that the filling period is critical for Cd uptake and accumulation in rice. Unlike the accompanying anion NO3 -, exogenous Cl- reduced Cd concentrations in the soil solution but increased them in rice. Notably, when the Cd/Cl ratio ranged from 0.625 to 2.5, Cl- formed predominantly CdCl+-complexes with free Cd2+ in the soil solution, enhancing the mobilization of Cd bound to soil particles and its subsequent absorption by rice. This study aims to assess Cl-'s effect on Cd migration and transformation in soil-rice systems, providing insights for safe rice production on Cd-contaminated soils and rational use of chlorine-containing pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In a critically ill patient, when an arterial blood sample is processed on an arterial blood gas (ABG) analyzer, it also measures electrolytes apart from analyzing the blood gases. The turnaround time for ABG analysis is way too less compared to the conventional electrolyte analysis with a serum sample. Objective: This study intends to investigate whether values of electrolytes estimated in arterial blood can substitute the routinely practiced method. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. The source of data is patients' reports of serum electrolytes and ABG analysis from the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory, CIMS Teaching Hospital, Chamarajanagar between January and June 2021. The electrolytes report of 200 patients from whom both arterial and venous blood samples were sent to the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory on the same day and at the same time for analysis were selected. The data was compiled, compared, and correlated using a suitable statistical tool. Results: The mean and standard deviation of sodium (135.62 ± 5.20 in venous vs 134.08 ± 8.49 in arterial blood), potassium (4.20 ± 0.64 vs 3.80 ± 0.75), and chloride (102.28 ± 4.99 vs 96.33 ± 8.11) were observed. However, when the concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot analysis were made there was no agreement between electrolytes analyzed on serum in an autoanalyzer with that of ABG analyzer. Conclusion: We conclude that the electrolytes measured by a conventional autoanalyzer on a serum sample cannot be replaced by values analyzed on a blood gas analyzer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obtaining and interpreting blood gases and electrolytes is fundamental to the management of many critically ill patients. In such conditions, the speed and accuracy of tests, particularly ABG and electrolytes, to detect and monitor metabolic derangements is very important. Even though most ABG equipment can measure electrolyte concentrations, 2 separate samples -one whole blood and the other -serum are drawn and sent for analysis. Also there is a lack of consensus on the interchangeability of the values of electrolytes obtained from the two machines, which prevents the use of just one sample for the estimation of both these analytes. This study is being undertaken to assess the concordance between whole blood electrolytes measured by a point-of-care device and serum electrolytes measured in an auto-analyzer. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, data of samples from patients hospitalized, in a tertiary care between January 2017 to March 2018. Patients of all age groups tested for electrolytes i.e. Sodium, Potassium and Chloride were both by the ABL800 FLEX from RADIOMETER COPENHAGEN (Direct ISE technology) and Dimension Clinical Chemistry System from SIEMENS (Indirect ISE technology). Results & Conclusion: There were a total of 255 samples were used for the study in whom electrolytes was done by both ABG analyser and Chemistry Analyser. The values of sodium potassium and chloride done on ABG analyser and the Chemistry analyser the p value was statistically significant it was found to have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.8325 for K+; r = 0.8763 for Na+; and r = 0.8695 for Cl-). Furthermore, the Bland Altman plot showed that the values were lying between the 95% CI of the mean difference which shows there is a good agreement between the two instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Many additives are of essential importance for the taste and quality of products, however, many of them pose a danger to human health, and are subject to daily routine quality control of products intended for human consumption. In addition to additives, residues represent a major challenge as possible contaminants of products from the field to the dining table. Methods: Through the research, 85 samples of meat products (fresh meat, salami, sausages, dried meat products) were processed and all were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFL B1), as well as for chlorides, nitrites and heavy metals (cadmium and lead). Results: The average content of AFL B1 in the meat samples was 0.048 µg/kg (0.019 to 0.105 µg/ kg) which is significantly lower than the recommended value in some European countries (1 μg/kg). Chloride content was detected in the range from 0.000 to 9.955 %m/m (average concentration 2.377 %m/m). The average nitrite content was 8.330 mg/kg (min. 0.550 - max. 45.705 mg/kg), and maximum permitted levels in meat products is 150 mg/kg. Among the 85 processed samples, lead and cadmium were detected in 79 and 29 products (92.94% and 34.11%), with an average of 0.136 and 0.042 mg/ kg, respectively. Lead was detected in the range from 0.000 to 3.474 mg/kg, and cadmium from 0.000 to 2.544 mg/kg. Maximum permitted level for lead si 0.1 mg/kg, and for cadmium is 0.05 mg/kg, so this results are very concerning Conclusion: The results show the need for continuous monitoring of the amount of additives in meet products on the market, and regular monitoring of residues in products intended for human consumption. It is necessary to stick to proper hygienic practices during the preparation of the product at all stages from the field to the dining table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An indoor accelerated freezing and thawing test of polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete in chloride and sulphate environments was conducted using the "fast-freezing method" with the objective of investigating the damage law of the post-freezing mechanical properties of hydraulic concrete structures and studying the effects of different mixing amounts of polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of concrete. Furthermore, in order to reduce the cost of concrete tests and shorten the time required for conducting concrete tests, a backpropagation neural network based on a Beetle Antenna Search algorithm (BAS-BPNN) was established to simulate and predict the mechanical properties of polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete. The accuracy of the model was verified. The results indicate that the order of improvement in the macro-physical properties of concrete due to fibre doping is as follows: PPF1.2 exhibited the greatest improvement in macro-physical properties of concrete, followed by PPF0.9, PPF1.5, PPF0.6, and PC. When the freezing and thawing medium and the number of cycles are identical, all four assessment indexes (R2, RMSE, SI, MAPE) demonstrate that the four groups of polypropylene fibre concrete exhibit superior performance to the control group of ordinary concrete. This indicates that polypropylene fibre can enhance the mechanical properties and freezing resistance of the concrete matrix, delay the process of freezing and thawing damage to the matrix, and extend the lifespan of the matrix, yet cannot prevent the ultimate failure of the matrix. The application of intelligent algorithms to optimise the parameters of an artificial neural network model can enhance its capacity to generalise and predict the mechanical properties of concrete. In terms of the coefficient of determination (R2), the Beetle Antenna Search algorithm (0.9782) outperforms the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO; 0.9676), the Genetic Algorithm (GA; 0.9645), and the backpropagation neural network (BPNN; 0.9460). The improved backpropagation neural network based on the Beetle Antenna Search algorithm not only avoids the trap of local optimality but also improves the model accuracy while further accelerating the convergence speed. This approach can address the complexity, non-linearity, and modelling difficulties encountered during the freezing process of concrete. Moreover, it offers relatively accurate prediction outcomes at a reduced cost in comparison to traditional experimental methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic chlorine is susceptible to water and soil salinization due to its non-degradability and high mobility. To clarify the environmental risks associated with the active inorganic chlorine in municipal solid waste (MSW), the specific characteristics and contributions of inorganic chlorine in different MSW categories were investigated in this study. MSW samples were collected from eight representative waste classification residential areas in Hangzhou, China. It was found that the inorganic chlorine content in different MSW categories varied significantly (0–113 mg/g). Perishable waste, paper, and plastic were found to be the main sources of inorganic chlorine in MSW. A four-category classification system was used to quantify the contribution of inorganic chlorine from each waste category. It was found that the misclassification of inorganic chlorine contributions from perishable waste and other waste accounted for 51.96% and 48.04%, respectively. However, when correctly classified into the four-category system, their contributions were reduced to 67.14% and 30.65%, respectively. Therefore, MSW classification showed a significant reduction in the overall contribution of inorganic chlorine. The misclassification reduces the contribution of inorganic chlorine to 48.04%, while correct classification increases the reduction to 69.35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potassium-chloride co-transporter 2, KCC2, is a neuron-specific ion transporter that plays a multifunctional role in neuronal development. In mature neurons, KCC2 maintains a low enough intracellular chloride concentration essential for inhibitory neurotransmission. During recent years, pathogenic variants in the KCC2 encoding gene SLC12A5 affecting the functionality or expression of the transporter protein have been described in several patients with epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), a devastating early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. In this study, we identified a novel recessively inherited SLC12A5 c.692G>A, p. (R231H) variant in a patient diagnosed with severe and drug-resistant EIMFS and profound intellectual disability. The functionality of the variant was assessed in vitro by means of gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp experiments and ammonium flux assay, both of which indicated a significant reduction in chloride extrusion. Based on surface immunolabeling, the variant showed a reduction in membrane expression. These findings implicate pathogenicity of the SLC12A5 variant that leads to impaired inhibitory neurotransmission, increasing probability for hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anode materials based on metal oxychlorides hold promise in addressing electrode dissolution challenges in aqueous‐based chloride ion batteries (CIBs). However, their structural instability following chloride ion deintercalation can lead to rapid degradation and capacity fading. This paper investigates a cobalt‐doped Sb4O5Cl2‐graphene (Co‐Sb4O5Cl2@GO) composite anode for aqueous‐based CIBs. It exhibits significantly enhanced discharge capacity of 82.3 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.3 A g−1; while, the undoped comparison is only 23.5 mAh g−1 in the same condition. It also demonstrated with a long‐term capacity retention of 72.8 % after 1000 cycles (65.5 mAh g−1) and a favorable rate performance of 25 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 2 A g−1. Undertaken comprehensive studies via in‐situ experiments and DFT calculations, the cobalt (Co) dopant is demonstrated as the crucial role to enhance the lifetime of Sb4O5Cl2‐based anodes. It is found that, the Co dopant improves electronic conductivity and the diffusion of chloride ions beside increases the structural stability of Sb4O5Cl2 crystal. Thus, this element doping strategy holds promise for advancing the field of Sb4O5Cl2‐based anodes for aqueous‐based CIBs, and insights gain from this study also offer valuable knowledge to develop high‐performance electrode materials for electrochemical deionization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]