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There is only one species of Spongiosarcinopsis in the literature currently. It was found in gray soil in Russia for the first time. According to molecular data analysis results, the isolated algal strain is most closely related to Spongiosarcinopsis terrestris. Unlike Spongiosarcinopsis terrestris, the isolated strain was found on soil surfaces at high altitudes, the young vegetative cell is spherical, vegetative cells are relatively large, and pyrenoids are generally fewer. In view of such morphological differences, phylogenetic analysis results, and comparison of ITS2 secondary structure and ultrastructure, the strain isolated in the present study was proposed to be a novel species.

Organelle genomes are known to have large sizes and substantial non-coding content, despite conserved coding regions and low substitution rates. Notably, volvocine green algae exhibit significant variation in plastid genome size, with some species harboring ptDNA ten times larger than the average. To explain this variability, my thesis explores two hypotheses. The first proposes that genetic divergence accumulates due to weak negative selection and genetic drift, resulting in similar evolution rates for coding and non-coding regions. The second suggests high evolution rates in non-coding sequences are due to error-prone repair mechanisms. Analyzing new plastid genomes from volvocine green algae, I found a potential for high silent-site substitution rates in intergenic regions. My analysis shows that these hypotheses can be applied to plastid genomes of close relatives to advance our understanding of the mechanisms of sequence evolution specific to non-coding DNA accumulation within the volvocine green algae.

Chittaro, Yannick, Sanchez, Andreas (2020): Tetratoma desmarestii Latreille, 1807, un Tetratomidae nouveau pour la faune de Suisse (Coleoptera). Entomo Helvetica 13: 175-178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-985902

La poursuite de l’inventaire des coléoptères de la commune de Fully (VS) (Chittaro & Sanchez 2016a) permet d’ajouter une espèce à la liste nationale des Tetratomidae (Chittaro & Sanchez 2016b). En effet, deux spécimens de Tetratoma desmarestii Latreille, 1807 ont été découverts en automne 2019: • 2 ex., Fully (VS), 27.9.– 22.11.2019, leg., det. & coll. Chittaro Y. Un mâle (Fig. 1a) et une femelle ont ainsi été capturés au moyen de deux pièges d’interception (selon le modèle de Brustel 2012). Le premier piège était suspendu sur un chêne mort sur pied dans une chênaie thermophile de plaine, à une altitude de 499 m (Fig. 1b). Outre cette découverte, ce piège a permis de mettre en évidence d’autres espèces rares telles Clytus tropicus (Panzer, 1795) (Cerambycidae) et Camptorhinus simplex Seidlitz, 1867 (Curculionidae). Le second piège, situé à près de 5 km du premier, était placé sur un hêtre mort sur pied à 869 m d’altitude. Cet arbre était notamment colonisé par Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerambycidae). Ce second piège a permis de capturer en outre plusieurs spécimens de Stictoleptura scutellata (Fabricius, 1781) (Cerambycidae) et un de Mesosa curculionoides (Linnaeus, 1760) (Cerambycidae), deux espèces rares. À noter toutefois que de nombreux chênes étaient présents à proximité de ce hêtre. Malgré le long intervalle entre les deux relevés, l’excellent état de conservation des deux spécimens capturés laisse supposer une date tardive de capture (plutôt en novembre qu’en septembre ou octobre). Au sein du genre Tetratoma Fabricius, 1790, représenté par 18 espèces dans la région paléarctique (Nikitsky 2008), T. desmarestii est la seule espèce en Europe centrale présentant une couleur uniforme brun-noir ou brun-jaune, avec une pilosité dorée, ce qui la distingue des autres espèces. Si l’espèce est considérée comme rare en France (Brustel 2014), elle est très rare en Europe centrale (Scharf 1991, Franc 2008, Kovács & Németh 2010, Konvička & Hauck 2014). Elle est considérée comme étant «en danger critique d’extinction» en Allemagne (Geiser 1998) et en République tchèque (Konvička & Hauck 2014) et «en danger» en Slovaquie (Franc 2008). Concernant son écologie, il semblerait que la larve se développe uniquement dans les fructifications de champignons lignicoles, principalement Stereum hirsutum (Willd.: Fr.) Gray, mais également Corticium quercicola Juelich ou plus sporadiquement Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murrill, situés sur les branches mortes du houppier de chênes. Il est supposé que la fin du cycle se déroule dans le sol, larves et nymphes ayant été trouvées également dans la mousse à la base de vieux chênes (Alexander 2002, Arnaboldi 2011). Stereum gausapatum Fr. et Phlebia radiata Fr. sont encore cités comme champignons hôtes (Scharf 1991, Kovács & Németh 2010)., Published as part of Chittaro, Yannick & Sanchez, Andreas, 2020, Tetratoma desmarestii Latreille, 1807, un Tetratomidae nouveau pour la faune de Suisse (Coleoptera), pp. 175-178 in Entomo Helvetica 13 on pages 175-177, DOI: 10.5169/seals-985902, http://zenodo.org/record/8120730, {"references":["Chittaro Y. & Sanchez A. 2016 a. Inventaire des Coleopteres saproxyliques d'un site exceptionnel: la Chataigneraie de Fully (VS). Bulletin de la Murithienne 133: 13 - 27.","Chittaro Y. & Sanchez A. 2016 b. Liste commentee des Tenebrionoidea (Coleoptera) de Suisse. Partie 1: Aderidae, Anthicidae, (Boridae), Melandryidae, Meloidae, Mycetophagidae, Mycteridae, Prostomidae, Pyrochroidae, Pythidae, Ripiphoridae, Salpingidae, Tenebrionidae, Tetratomidae, Zopheridae. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 89: 183 - 235.","Brustel H. 2012. PolytrapTM 2010: new \" soft design \" window flight trap for saproxylic beetles. In: Jurc M. (Ed), Saproxylic beetles in Europe: monitoring, biology and conservation. Ljubljana, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Silva Slovenica. Studia Forestalia Slovenica / Professional and Scientific Works 137: 91 - 92.","Nikitsky N. B. 2008. Family Tetratomidae Billberg, 1820. In: Lobl I. & Smetana A. (Eds), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 5: Tenebrionoidea, pp. 62 - 64. Apollo Books, Stenstrup.","Brustel H. 2014. Tetratomidae. In: Tronquet M. (coord.), Catalogue des Coleopteres de France, p. 521. Perpignan, Association Roussillonnaise d'Entomologie.","Scharf S. 1991. Anmerkungen zu Tetratoma desmaresti (Latr. 1807) (Coleoptera, Tetratomidae). Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rheinischer Koleopterologen (Bonn) 1: 98 - 99","Franc V. 2008. Distribution and ecosozological problems of the species of the family Tetratomidae (Coleoptera) in Slovakia and Europe. Entomofauna Carpathica 20: 51 - 54.","Kovacs T. & Nemeth T. 2010. Ritka szaproxilofag bogarak Magyarorszagrol. [Rare saproxylic beetles from Hungary] (Insecta: Coleoptera). Folia Historico-naturalia Musei Matraensis 34: 133 - 139 (in Hungarian, English abstract).","Konvicka O. & Hauck D. 2014. Faunistic records from the Czech Republic 370. Coleoptera: Tetratomidae. Klapalekiana 50: 253 - 254.","Geiser R. 1998. Rote Liste der Kafer (Coleoptera). In: Binot M., Bless R., Boye P., Gruttke H. & Pretscher P. (Eds.), Rote Liste gefahrdeter Tiere Deutschlands, pp. 168 - 230. Bundesamt fur Naturschutz, Bonn.","Alexander K. N. A. 2002. The invertebrates of living and decaying timber in Britain & Ireland. A provisional annotated checklist. English Nature, Peterborough, 142 pp.","Arnaboldi F. 2011. Les Tetratoma Fabricius de la Faune de France: identification et elements succincts d'ecologie (Coleoptera Tetratomidae). L'Entomologiste 67: 317 - 320."]}

A single-celled green algaCoccomyxagreatwallensisShunan Cao & Qiming Zhou,sp. nov., isolated from a specimen of Antarctic lichenPsoromahypnorum(Vahl) Gray, is described and illustrated based on a comprehensive investigation of morphology, ultrastructure, ecology and phylogeny. The cells ofC.greatwallensisare ovoid to long ellipsoidal and measured 3–5 µm × 6–12 µm. The new species has distinct ITS rDNA and SSU rDNA sequences and differs from the phylogenetic closely related speciesC.antarctica,C.arvernensisandC.viridisin cell size, distribution and habitat.

Background Renewable energy for sustainable development is a subject of a worldwide debate since continuous utilization of non-renewable energy sources has a drastic impact on the environment and economy; a search for alternative energy resources is indispensable. Microalgae are promising and potential alternate energy resources for biodiesel production. Thus, our efforts were focused on surveying the natural diversity of microalgae for the production of biodiesel. The present study aimed at identification, isolation, and characterization of oleaginous microalgae from shola forests of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), the biodiversity hot spot of India, where the microalgal diversity has not yet been systematically investigated. Results Overall the higher biomass yield, higher lipid accumulation and thermotolerance observed in the isolated microalgal strains have been found to be the desirable traits for the efficient biodiesel production. Species composition and diversity analysis yielded ten potential microalgal isolates belonging to Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae classes. The chlorophytes exhibited higher growth rate, maximum biomass yield, and higher lipid accumulation than Cyanophyceae. Among the chlorophytes, the best performing strains were identified and represented by Acutodesmus dissociatus (TGA1), Chlorella sp. (TGA2), Chlamydomonadales sp. (TGA3) and Hindakia tetrachotoma (PGA1). The Chlamydomonadales sp. recorded with the highest growth rate, lipid accumulation and biomass yield of 0.28 ± 0.03 day−1 (μexp), 29.7 ± 0.69% and 134.17 ± 16.87 mg L−1 day−1, respectively. It was also found to grow well at various temperatures, viz., 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C, indicating its suitability for open pond cultivation. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis of stationary phase cultures of selected four algal strains by tandem mass spectrograph showed C16:0, C18:1 and C18:3 as dominant fatty acids suitable for biodiesel production. All the three strains except for Hindakia tetrachotoma (PGA1) recorded higher carbohydrate content and were considered as potential feed stocks for biodiesel production through hydrothermal liquefaction technology (HTL). Conclusions In conclusion, the present investigation is a first systematic study on the microalgal diversity of soil and water samples from selected sites of NBR. The study resulted in isolation and characterization of ten potent oleaginous microalgae and found four cultures as promising feed stocks for biodiesel production. Of the four microalgae, Chlamydomonadales sp. (TGA3) was found to be significantly thermo-tolerant and can be considered as promising feedstock for biodiesel production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-017-1144-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Mitter, Heinz (2017): Bemerkenswerte Käferfunde aus Oberösterreich XIV und Anhang weiterer bemerkenswerter Funde aus Österreich (Insecta: Coleoptera). Linzer biologische Beiträge 49 (2): 1489-1504, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5412239, {"references":["BENSE U. (1995): Bockkafer. Illustrierter Schlussel zu den Cerambyciden und Vespreiden Europas, Weikersheim.","DALLA TORRE K.W. v. (1879): Die Kaferfauna von Oberosterreich. Systematisches Verzeichnis der in Oberosterreich bisher beobachteten Kafer. - 10. Jber. Ver. Natkde. in Oesterr. ob der Enns zu Linz: 1-125.","ECKELT A. & M. KAHLEN (2012): Die holzbewohnende Kaferfauna des Nationalperk Kalkalpen in Oberosterreich (Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturkunde Oberosterreichs 22: 3-57, Linz.","ERMISCH K. (1969): 79. Familie: Mordellidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","FRANZ H. (1970): Die Nordostalpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt 3, Innsbruck.","FRANZ H. (1974): Die Nordostalpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt 4, Innsbruck.","FREUDE H. (1971): 12. Familie: Silphidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 3, Krefeld.","FREUDE H. (1976): 1. Familie: Carabidae (Laufkafer). - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 2, Krefeld.","GEISER E. (2001): Die Kafer des Landes Salzburg. - Monographs on Coleoptera, Vol. 2.","HARDE K.W. (1966): 87. Familie: Cerambycidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 9, Krefeld.","HARDE K.W. (1979): 38. Familie: Buprestidae (Prachtkafer). - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","HORION A. (1949): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 2, Frankfurt a.M.","HORION A. (1956): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 5, Tutzing.","HORION A. (1958): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 6, Uberlingen.","HORION A. (1974): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 12, Uberlingen.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 71. Familie: Pythidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 73. Familie: Scraptiidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 75. Familie: Anthicidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 80. Familie: Serropalpidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 82. Familie: Alleculidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 83. Familie: Tenebrionidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KLOIBER J. (1956): Das Vorkommen der Curculioniden im Linzer Raum und in einigen anderen oberosterreichischen Landesteilen. - Naturkundl. Jb. Stadt Linz 1956: 241-292.","KLOIBER J. (1957): Das Vorkommen der Curculioniden im Linzer Raum und in einigen anderen oberosterreichischen Landesteilen. - Naturkundl. Jb. Stadt Linz 1957: 91-161.","KOLLER F. (1961): Die Bockkafer (Cerambycidae) Oberosterreichs mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Grossraumes von Linz. - Naturk. Jb. Stadt Linz 1961: 235-276.","LOHSE G.A. (1964): 23. Familie: Staphylinidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mittleuropas 4, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1969): 68. Familie: Anobiidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1971): 9. Familie: Hydrophilidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 3, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 32. Familie: Derodontidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE: Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 34. Familie: Elateridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A.LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 36. Familie: Eucnemidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 40. Familie: Helodidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 45. Familie: Dermestidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 11. Unterfamilie: Cleoninae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 18. Unterfamilie: Notarinae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A, LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 20. Unterfamilie: Pissodinae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 28. Unterfamilie: Ceutorhynchinae. - In: FREUDE H. HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. & W.H. LUCHT (1989): 9. Familie: Hydrophilidae. - In: Lohse G.A. & W.H. Lucht, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 12 (1. Supplementband), Krefeld.","LUCHT W. (1998): 32.a Familie: Trogossitidae. - In: LUCHT W. & B. KLAUSNITZER, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 15 (4. Supplementband), Jena.","MACHATSCHKE J.W. (1969): 85. Familie: Scarabaeidae (Blatthornkafer). - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","MITTER H. (1981): Zur Verbreitung einiger Arten der Familie Serropalpidae in Oberosterreich (Coleoptera, Serropalpidae). - NachrBl. bayer. Ent. 30: 79-80.","MITTER H. (2000): Die Kaferfauna Oberosterreichs (Coleoptera: Heteromera und Lamellicornia). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 8: 3-192.","MITTER H. (2000): Verbreitung und Biologie der Eucnemidae und Lissomidae (Coleoptera, Elateroidea) in Oberosterreich. - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 9: 39-45.","MITTER H. (2001): Die Kaferfauna des Naturschutzgebietes \"Staninger Leiten\" (Oberosterreich, Unteres Ennstal). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 10: 415-437.","MITTER H. (2001): Bestandsanalyse und Okologie der nach FFH-Richtlinie geschutzten Kafer in Oberosterreich (Insecta, Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 10: 439-448.","MITTER H. (2002): Vergleichende Untersuchung der Kaferfauna an drei Halbtrockenrasen im Unteren Steyrtal (Keltenweg, Kreuzberg, Kuhschellenboschung Neuzeug, Oberosterreich). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 11: 5-34.","MITTER H. (2005): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich VIII (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 14: 411-433.","MITTER H. (2007): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich IX (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 17: 169-194.","MITTER H. (2008): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich X (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 18: 297-303.","MITTER H. (2009): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich XI (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 19: 339-346.","MITTER H. (2012): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich XII (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 22: 69-82.","MITTER H. (2015): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich XIII (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Linzer biol. Beitr. 47 (1): 691-706.","MULLER- MOTZFELD G. (Hrsg.) (2004): Bd. 2 Adephaga 1: Carabidae (Laufkafer). - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W., LOHSE G.A. & B. KLAUSNITZER, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 2, 2. Aufl., Heidelberg/Berlin.","REDTENBACHER L. (1874): Fauna Austriaca, 3. Aufl., Wien.","SCHUH R, PLONSKI I.S. et al. (2011): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Osterreich (XVIII) (Coleoptera). - Koleopt. Rdsch. 81: 327-332, Wien.","SPORNRAFT K. (1967): 50. Familie: Nitidulidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld.","VOGT H. (1967): 59. Familie: Mycetophagidae. - In: FREUDE H, HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld.","VOGT H. (1967): 60. Familie: Colydiidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld.","WITTMER W. (1979): 27. Familie: Cantharidae, pars Malthinini. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","WITZGALL K. (1971): 10. Familie: Histeridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 3, Krefeld."]}

Tetratoma ancora FABRICIUS, 1790 M a t e r i a l: Nationalpark Kalkalpen, Trittstein-Puglkar, Fensterfallen, 10.7.- 6.8.2015, 5 Ex. leg. E. Weigand. Ä l t e r e F u n d e: Nationalpark Kalkalpen: Geisslucke, 2013 (Mitter); Kogleralm und Zwielauf, 2010-2013 (Eckelt). In Nord- und Mitteleuropa, besonders im Osten weit verbreitet, meist selten. In Österreich mehr in gebirgigen Gegenden, stellenweise bis in subalpine Lagen. An verpilzten Ästen von Laubbäumen, aber auch an Fichte und Kiefer; Imagines von Juni bis August., Published as part of Mitter, Heinz, 2017, Bemerkenswerte Käferfunde aus Oberösterreich XIV und Anhang weiterer bemerkenswerter Funde aus Österreich (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 1489-1504 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 49 (2) on page 1496, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5412239

Diogenes chhapgari n. sp. (Figs1–4) Material examined. Holotype. ZL-AR-AN-09, ♂ (SL 3.61 mm, SW 3.70 mm), Koliyak (21°36'02"N, 72°17'23"E), Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India, sand and mud, 29 January 2014 (coll. Jignesh Trivedi and Kauresh Vachhrajani). Paratypes. ZL-AR-AN-16, 11 males (SL 3.05–3.50 mm, SW 3.13–3.69 mm), 4 females (2 ovigerous; SL 2.23– 2.72 mm, SW 2.49–2.92 mm), Koliyak (21°36'02"N, 72°17'23"E), Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India, sand and mud, 26 October 2015 (coll. Jignesh Trivedi and Gunjan Soni). Non-types. ZL-AR-AN-17, 10 males (SL 2.17–3.07 mm, SW 2.28–3.25 mm), 5 females (3 ovigerous; SL 1.91–2.51 mm, SW 2.10–2.61 mm), Dandi (20°53'10"N, 72°47'47"E), Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India, sand and mud, 3 July 2014 (coll. Jignesh Trivedi, Gunjan Soni, and Dhruva Trivedi).. Description. Shield (Fig. 1 A) slightly broader than long, suboctagonal; anterior margin between rostrum and lateral projection slightly concave; lateral projections with 2 tubercles laterally, terminally each with small submarginal spinule; anterolateral margin sloping; posterior margin roundly truncate; dorsal surface laterally with setae-bearing, short transverse ridges, setose tubercles lateral to midline. Rostrum (Fig. 1 A) obtuse. Anterior part of branchiostegite (Fig. 1 E) with row of about 10 small spines on dorsal margin, anterior margin rounded. Ocular peduncles (Fig. 1 A) equal in length, about 0.7 times as long as shield, moderately stout, not inflated basally; cornea not dilated, corneal width 0.3 of peduncular length, subequal to basal width of peduncle; ocular acicles each with slightly concave mesial margin, anterolateral margin nearly straight or slightly convex, bearing 5–7 spinules decreasing in size laterally. Intercalary rostral process not reaching distal end of ocular acicles, slightly broadened medially, anteriorly ending in slender acute tip. Antennular peduncle (Fig. 1 A) overreaching distal corneal margin by 0.4–0.5 length of ultimate segment, extending slightly beyond distal margin of antennal peduncle. Ultimate segment 4.4 times longer than distal width, slightly longer than penultimate segment, with scattered setae on dorsal surface. Penultimate segment with tuft of setae on dorsodistal margin. Basal segment with tuft of setae on dorsodistal mesial angle and on median part of mesial margin. Antennal peduncle (Fig. 1 A) overreaching distal corneal margin by 0.5–0.6 length of fifth segment. Fifth segment with row of long stiff setae on ventral surface. Fourth and third segments unarmed. Second segment with strong spine on dorsolateral distal angle and small but prominent spine on dorsomesial distal angle. First segment with small but prominent spine dorsolaterally on distal margin. Antennal acicle reaching slightly beyond distal margin of fourth peduncular segment, bearing simple or bifid terminal spine, armed with 4 or 5 spines on mesial margin and some tufts of setae on both mesial and lateral margins. Antennal flagellum (Fig. 1 F) more than twice length of shield, articles each with paired long setae on ventral margin. Third maxillipeds (Fig. 1 B) moderately slender. Merus with small spine at dorsolateral distal angle. Ischiumbasis (Fig. 1 C) fused segment with 3 strong, corneous–tipped spines on ventral margin. Coxa unarmed. Exopod slightly overreaching distal margin of merus. Left cheliped much larger than right. Chela (Figs. 2 A, B) with narrow hiatus between dactylus and fixed finger. Dactylus about 1.1 times longer than palm, terminating in small calcareous claw; upper margin with double row of small tubercles or spines (becoming single row on distal half); outer surface covered with scattered small tubercles or spines, and with single row of tubercles or spines running parallel to upper margin and merging row of upper margin proximal to midlength; cutting edge sinuous, with row of small calcareous teeth increasing in size proximally; inner surface (Fig. 2 B) with tuft of short setae and row of tubercles or spines running parallel to upper margin on entire length, lower half with scattered tubercles or spines. Palm longer than carpus; upper margin with 2 rows of spines, spines on mesial row stronger and more produced, space between rows narrowing distally and with few spines or tubercles; outer surface strongly convex, with distinctly produced, subacute median crest extending beyond half length of palm but not reaching fixed finger (crest becoming stronger and wider distally, spines or spinulose tubercles forming crest increasing in size distally); upper part of outer surface flattened or slightly convex, with rows of tubercles, spines or spinules, distinct spinulose protuberance present at distal angle just below upper margin; lower part of outer surface covered with closely spaced rows of spines or spinulose tubercles along with long setae; inner surface (Fig. 2 B) covered with scattered spines or spinulose tubercles and long setae, 2 strong longitudinal ridges of large spines or spinulose tubercles on upper half and midline, upper ridge not reaching distal margin, median ridge running parallel to upper ridge and ending at midlength, additional small spinulose protuberances near dorsodistal angle just below upper margin; lower surface rounded, noticeably sinuous, with irregular rows of spines or spinulose tubercles; outer surface of fixed finger covered with small spines or tubercles, more closely packed in lower part; cutting edge sinus, with single row of large teeth increasing in size proximally; dense tuft of long setae on inner surface. Carpus longer than wide (Figs. 2 C, D); upper margin with 2 rows of spines; outer surface slightly convex, with scattered, small spines or spinulose tubercles and tufts of stiff setae, spines or tubercles decreasing in size proximally, small cluster of spines or tubercles present below upper margin distally, prominent spine present on distal margin, shallow and smooth depression or furrow present just below upper margin and widening distally; lower margin denticulate; inner surface (mesial) covered with closely spaced small spines or spinulose tubercles and tufts of stiff setae. Merus (Figs. 2 D, E) distinctly longer than wide; upper margin with small spine (visible in mesial view) on proximal one third; outer surface with row of strong spines just below upper margin, spines decreasing in size distally, upper half with scattered small spines or tubercles and tufts of stiff setae, lower half with few scattered tubercles; lower margin with distal strong spines followed by row of smaller spines (Fig. 2 D); inner (mesial) surface with scattered spinulose tubercles and tufts of setae (Fig. 2 E). Ischium with few scattered spinulose tubercles on ventral surface, ventromesial margin with row of setae. Right cheliped (Figs. 3 A–C) moderately stout, with numerous tufts of long setae. Chela with wide hiatus between dactylus and fixed finger. Dactylus gently arched, about 1.7 times longer than palm; dorsal surface with few scattered tubercles (Fig. 3 A); mesial surface with 2 rows of spines continuing to tip of dactylus, space between rows narrowing distally and with small granules; cutting edge with few tiny calcareous teeth on distal half (Fig. 3 C). Palm longer than carpus; dorsal surface with scattered spinulose tubercles mesially and row of small spines or spinulose tubercles along lateral margin; ventral surface slightly convex, with scattered spines (Fig. 3 A). Fixed finger slightly curved; dorsal surface with small spines or spinulose tubercles, small scattered pits present distally; cutting edge with few acute calcareous teeth distally and proximally, no teeth on median part; ventrolateral margin with scattered pits (Fig. 3 B). Carpus with large distal spine followed by 3 or 4 small spines on dorsomesial margin (Figs. 3 A, C); dorsal surface covered with small spines or spinulose tubercles mesially and laterally, wide furrow present on midline(Figs. 3 A); lateral surface with scattered tufts of setae ventrally (Fig. 3 B). Merus covered with long setae entirely on dorsal margin; lateral surface with scattered tufts of short setae on dorsal half distally and with row of long setae along ventral margin; mesial surface smooth (Figs. 3 B, C). Ischium with few scattered spinulose tubercles on ventral surface, ventromesial margin with row of setae. Ambulatory legs (second and third pereopods) (Figs. 4 A–D) subequal in length. Dactyli 1.3–1.4 times longer than propodi, 7.6–7.8 times longer than wide; dorsal margins unarmed; lateral surfaces each with single furrow running parallel to dorsal margin in second pereopods (Fig. 4 A) but without such furrow in third pereopods (Fig. 4 C); mesial surfaces each with 2 rows of moderately short setae and no median furrow in second (Fig. 4 B), and with a single median furrow covered with short setae in third (Fig. 4 D). Propodi with moderately long setae scattered on dorsal, ventral and lateral surfaces; dorsal and ventral surfaces unarmed but slightly crenulated (Figs. 4 A–D). Carpi of second pereopods each with strong distal spine followed by row of smaller spines and with tufts of setae on dorsal margin (Figs. 4 A, B); lateral faces each with dorsal row of moderately long setae, not reaching distal margin (Fig. 4 A); mesial faces with long scattered setae (Fig. 4 B). Carpi of third pereopods each with only strong dorsodistal spine (Fig. 4 C); mesial faces each with small but distinct spine near dorsodistal angle (Fig. 4 D); lateral and mesial surfaces with scattered tufts of short setae. Meri with tufts of long setae on dorsal and ventral margins; dorsal margins of second pereopods each with row of small spines (Fig. 4 A) but unarmed in third pereopods (Fig. 4 C); mesial faces of second each with dorsal row of long stiff setae in second (Fig. 4 B) and with scattered tufts of setae in third; lateral faces with long scattered setae (Fig. 4 A); ventral surfaces unarmed. Ischia each with tufts of long setae but without spines on dorsal and ventral margins. Fourth pereopods chelate. Dactylus slightly shorter than length of rasp of corneous scales on propodus; dorsal margin with row of minute spines, terminating in sharp tip; ventral margin with 2 or 3 small spines distally. Propodus with produced dorsodistal margin; rasp composed of numerous corneous scales becoming larger marginally. Carpus with 3 distinct (1 median and 2 distal) and few smaller spines on dorsal margin (Fig. 1 D). Anterior lobe of sixth thoracic sternite faintly bilobed, each lobe with 2 tiny spines anterolaterally on large depression and tuft of moderately long setae (Fig. 1 G). Pleon twisted or weakly straight. Males and females with unpaired second to fifth pleopod. Telson with very small medial cleft; left posterior lobe larger than right; terminal margin of left lobe slightly rounded, with and 5or 6 prominent spines and row of numerous spinules extending to lateral margin; right posterior lobe with terminal margin almost straight and armed with 3 or 4 prominent spines and row of smaller spines (Fig.1 H). Variation. The degree of the sculpture on the outer and inner surface of the left chela varies between smaller ( Coloration. In fresh condition. Shield, ocular, and antennular and antennal peduncles cream. Left cheliped generally cream, median ridge on palm light brown, carpus and merus also cream. Right cheliped entirely cream. Second and third pereopods cream, with light orange bands on carpi and dactyli. Habitat. Sandy or muddy substratum near the low tide mark. Distribution. So far known only from Koliyak and Dandi, the Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat State, northwestern India. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of Dr. B. F. Chhapgar for his valuable contribution to the study of crustacean fauna of Gujarat and Maharashtra States, India. Remarks. Diogenes chhapgari n. sp. belongs to the D. edwardsii species group as defined by Asakura & Tachikawa (2010). Within the informal species group, the new species appears closest to D. singaporensis Rahayu, 2015 in having the following characters: the antennal acicle being elongate and triangular; the palm of the left cheliped with more or less developed median crest, but without a transverse row or arc of proximal spines on the outer surface, and with two crests of tubercles on the dorsal half of the inner surface; and the carpi of the second pereopods each with a row of small but distinct spines on the dorsal surface. However, D. chhapgari n. sp. differs from D. singaporensis in the absences of a dorsodistal spine on the fourth segment of the antennal peduncle, a distal spinulose protuberance or low ridge on the upper margin of the palm of the left cheliped, and a distomedian spinulose protuberance on the outer surface of the carpus of the left cheliped (cf. Rahayu 2015). The absences of such spinulose protuberances on the carpus and palm of the left cheliped immediately distinguish D. chhapgari n. sp. from D. goniochirus Forest 1956 of the D. edwardsii species group (cf. Forest 1956; McLaughlin 2002b). Diogenes chhapgari n. sp. is also allied to D. avarus and D. karwarensis in the general morphology of the antennal acicle, palm and carpus of the left cheliped, and carpi of the second pereopods. The new species is, however, distinguished from the two known species by the palm of the left cheliped with a distinct spinulose protuberance on each outer and inner surface near the distal angle just below the upper margin and two crests of tubercles on the dorsal half of the inner surface of the left palm, which have not been described and illustrated in the latter two species (cf. Siddiqui et al. 2004). The new species further differs from D. karwarensis in the absence of a dorsodistal spine on the fourth segment of the antennal peduncle.

Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1829) (Fig. 6) Pagurus pugilator Roux 1829: 67 (unnumbered page), pl. 14 figs. 3���4. Diogenes pugilator.��� Forest, 1955: pg. 79, pl. 2 fig. 10 (syn. and ref.); 1956: 348, figs. 3���6; 1961: 222 (Tropical West Africa, 3���4 to 100 m).��� Ingle, 1993: 46, figs. 9���12 (lit.). Material examined. MU 171, 105 ��� 100 m, (1). Male: 1.50 mm Habitat. This species shows a preference for medium and fine sandy bottoms (d���Udekem d���Acoz 1999) but is also reported on muddy sand, sandy mud, medium and coarse sands, debris and coralligenous bottoms (Forest 1961; Dolbeth et al. 2006; Garc��a-Mu��oz et al. 2008; El Lakhrach et al. 2012), associated with Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, 1813 meadows (S��nchez-Jerez et al. 2000), in bottoms with the seaweed Caulerpa prolifera (Forssk��l) J.V. Lamouroux, 1809 (L��pez de la Rosa et al. 2002) and with Amphioxus sand (Garc��a Raso & Manj��n-Cabeza 2002). Diogenes pugilator shows a significant regional variability in its shell use. In Turkey, Mutlu & Ergev (2010) reported 27 inhabited gastropod species in the Levantine Sea, mostly of Nassarius gibbulosus (Linnaeus, 1758), N. circumcintus (Adams A., 1852), N. mutabilis (Linnaeus, 1758), Strombus persicus (Swainson, 1821) and Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758), while Ates et al. (2007) reported only shells of Ceritium and Gibbula on the Aegean coast. In southern Spain the most common gastropod shell species were Mesalia varia (Kiener, 1887), Turritella communis Risso, 1826, Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Nassarius mutabilis (Linnaeus, 1758), Turritella turbona Monterosato, 1877 and Gibbula magus Linnaeus, 1758, but another 32 species (including scaphopods and polychaete tubes) were listed by Manj��n-Cabeza & Garc��a Raso (1999). In southern Portugal, D. pugilator was mostly found in Nassarius sp (as Hinia sp), Turritella sp and Gibbula sp. shells (Dolbeth et al. 2006). In the German Bight, the species was mainly found inhabiting Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) (plus another seven shells) (T��rkay 2014), whereas on the Irish coast, McGrath et al. (2000) found the species mostly living in Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), but also in Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus, 1758), Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758), L. obtusata agg. and Gibbula umbilicalis (da Costa, 1778). In West Africa the species was found in Clavatula nifat (Adanson) Bruguiere, Chicoreus varius (G. B. Sowerby II, 1834) (as Murex varius), Murex sp., Nassa sp., Natica collaria Lamarck, 1822, Natica fulminea (Gmelin, 1791), Agaronia hiatula (Gmelin, 1791) (as Olivancillaria (Agaronia) hiatula), Turritella annulata Kiener, 1843 and Turritella sp. (Forest 1955, 1956). The single specimen captured during the Maurit surveys inhabited a gastropod shell of the family Nassariidae that was considerably damaged during crab extraction. Epibiotic and free-living species associated with D. pugilator are the protozoan Acinetides symbiotica (Daday, 1907), the hydrozoan Podocoryna exigua (Haeckel, 1879), the plathyhelminthe Leptoplana tremellaris (M��ller, 1774), the polychaete Polydora ciliata (Johnston, 1838) and the copepod Sumaristes paguri Hesse, 1867 (Williams & McDermott 2004). Forest (1955) found this species associated with bryozoans and with zoanthids of the genus Palythoa. Distribution. This species has been reported evenly distributed in the eastern Atlantic from the western and southern Irish coasts (McGrath et al. 2000) and from the North Sea southwards to Angola, including the Cape Verde Islands and the Mediterranean Sea. The species was also found in the Black and Red Seas (d���Udekem d���Acoz 1999). Further records that fit well with this distribution can be found in S��nchez-Jerez et al. (2000), Ko��ak et al. (2001), L��pez de la Rosa et al. (2002), Pipitone & Arculeo (2003), Dolbeth et al. (2006), Serrano et al. (2006), Garc��a-Mu��oz et al. (2008), Mutlu & Ergev (2008 and 2010), Ko��ak et al. (2010), Pipitone & Vaccaro (2011), El Lakhrach et al. (2012) and T��rkay (2014). D. pugilator is reported here for the first time in Mauritanian waters. D. pugilator has been found living mostly from the intertidal zone (d���Udekem d���Acoz 1999) to 40���50 m (Forest 1961; T��rkay 2014), but also in depths of about 100 m (Forest 1961 in Nigeria; present record) and from 201 to 400 m depth (Serrano et al. 2006 in the Cantabrian Shelf). A record from 1800 m depth reported by Neves (1977) was considered erroneous by d���Udekem d���Acoz (1999). Remarks. Our specimen fits well with the description and figures given by Ingle (1993) and with the variations described and figured by Forest (1956). Only five Diogenes species were reported from tropical West Africa (Barnard 1950; Forest 1955, 1956). Our specimen can be easily differentiated from Diogenes brevirostris Stimpson, 1858 and Diogenes denticulatus Chevreux & Bouvier, 1891 by the ocular acicles, whose distal margin slopes outwards and are cut into four graded processes of which the innermost is the largest and more acute versus the 10���12 similar serrations in the other two species. Diogenes mercatoris Forest, 1952 differs by the presence of short, strong spines disposed in transversal rows on both sides of the carapace shield, the shortness of the interocular process, and the long and dense setae on the chelipeds and ambulatory legs versus no spinose transverse rows on the shield, long interocular process and scarcely setose chelipeds and ambulatory legs in D. pugilator. Diogenes ovatus Miers, 1881 shows a conspicuous depression at the base of the left cheliped carpus housing pereiopods 2 and 3 when retracted, which is absent in D. pugilator. Variability for this species was demonstrated and discussed by Forest (1955, 1956). Our specimen closely resembles those collected in Ghana and figured by Forest (1956: figs. 3 A, 5), with only one difference: the presence of two small spines instead of one on the anterolateral margins of the shield. We consider that this is to be minor intraspecific variation., Published as part of De Matos-Pita, Susana S. & Ramil, Fran, 2015, Hermit crabs (Decapoda: Crustacea) from deep Mauritanian waters (NW Africa) with the description of a new species, pp. 151-190 in Zootaxa 3926 (2) on pages 161-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3926.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242192, {"references":["Forest, J. (1955) Crustaces Decapodes, Pagurides. Expedition Oceanographique Belge dans les Eaux Cotieres Africaines de L'Atlantique Sud (1948 - 1949). Resultats Scientifiques. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belge, 3 (4), 23 - 147.","Ingle, R. W. (1993) Hermit crabs of the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea: an illustrated key. Chapman & Hall, London, 495 pp.","d'Udekem d'Acoz, C. (1999) Inventaire et distribution des crustaces decapodes de l'Atlantique nord-oriental, de la Mediterranee et des eaux continentales adjacentes au nord de 25 ° N. Paris, Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Service du patrimoine naturel, 40, 1 - 383.","Forest, J. (1961) Pagurides de l'Afrique occidentale. Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the coasts of tropical West Africa 1945 - 1946. Atlantide Report, 6, 203 - 250.","Dolbeth, M., Viegas, I., Martinho, F., Marques, J. C. & Pardal, M. A. (2006) Population structure and species dynamics of Spisula solida, Diogenes pugilator and Branchiostoma lanceolatum along a temporal-spatial gradient in the south coast of Portugal. Estuarine, Coastal ans Shelf Science, 66, 168 - 176. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2005.08.006","Garcia-Munoz, J. E., Manjon-Cabeza, M. E. & Garcia-Raso, J. E. (2008) Decapod crustacean assemblages from littoral bottoms of the Alboran Sea (Spain, west Mediterranean Sea): spatial and temporal variability. Scientia Marina, 72 (3), 437 - 449.","El Lakhrach, H., Hattour, A., Jarboui, O., Elhasni, K. & Ramos-Espla, A. (2012) Spatial distribution and abundance of the stomatopoda and decapoda crustaceans sampled by bottom trawl in the gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, Central Mediterranean). Cahiers de biologie marine, 53 (4), 435 - 446.","Sanchez-Jerez, P., Barbera-Cebrian, C. & Ramos-Espla, A. A. (2000) Influence of the structure of Posidonia oceanica meadows modified by bottom trawling on crustacean assemblages: comparison of amphipods and decapods. Scientia Marina, 64 (3), 319 - 326.","Lopez de la Rosa, I., Garcia Raso, J. E. & Rodriguez, A. (2002) Evolution of a decapod community (Crustacea) of shallow soft bottoms with seaweeds from southern Europe. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 82, 85 - 95.","Mutlu, E. & Ergev, M. B. (2010) Temporal variability of density and diverse shell occupancy of Diogenes pugilator on a sandy bottom of Levantine Sea and their biometrical relationships. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 51, 55 - 67.","Ates, A. S., Katagan, T. & Kocatas, A. (2007) Gastropod shell species occupied by hermit crabs (Anomura: Decapoda) along the Turkish Coast of the Aegean Sea. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 31, 13 - 18.","Manjon-Cabeza, M. E. & Garcia Raso, J. E. (1999) Shell utilization by the hermit crabs Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1829), Paguristes eremita (Linnaeus, 1767) and Pagurus forbesii Bell, 1845 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura), in a shallowwater community from southern Spain. Bulletin of Marine Science, 65 (2), 391 - 405.","Turkay, M. (2014) On the occurrence of Diogenes pugilator in the German Bight (Crustacea: Decapoda Diogenidae). Helgoland Marine Research, 68, 281 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10152 - 014 - 0388 - 1","McGrath, D., Costello, M. J. & Emblow, C. (2000) The hermit crab Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1829) in Irish waters. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 100 b (2), 115 - 118.","Forest, J. (1956) Sur une collection de Paguridae de la cote de l'Or. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 126 (3), 335 - 367. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1956. tb 00442. x","Williams, J. D. & McDermott, J. J. (2004) Hermit crab biocoenoses: A worldwide review of the diversity and natural history of hermit crab associates. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 305, 1 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2004.02.020","Kocak, C., Katagan, T. & Kocatas, A. (2001) Anomurans of the Aegean coasts of Turkey and reported species from Turkish seas. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 25, 305 - 311.","Pipitone, C. & Arculeo, M. (2003) The marine Crustacea Decapoda of Sicily (central Mediterranean Sea): a checklist with remarks on their distribution. Italian Journal of Zoology, 70, 69 - 78. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000309356498","Serrano, A., Sanchez, F. & Garcia-Castrillo, G. (2006) Epibenthic communities of trawlable grounds of the Cantabrian Sea. Scientia Marina, 70 S 1, 149 - 159.","Mutlu, E. & Ergev, M. B. (2008) Spatio-temporal distribution of soft-bottom epibenthic fauna on the Cilician shelf (Turkey), Mediterranean Sea. Revista de biologia tropical, 56 (4), 1919 - 1946.","Kocak, C., Kirkim, F. & Katagan, T. (2010) Anomuran (Crustacea, Decapoda) fauna of Fethiye Bay (Turkey, eastern Mediterranean). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 34, 333 - 342.","Pipitone, C. & Vaccaro, A. M. (2011) Crustacea Decapoda from Ustica (southern Tyrrhenian Sea): species distribution in different habitats and sampling approach. In: Pessani, D., Tirelli, T. & Froglia, C. (Eds.), IX Colloquium Crustacea Mediterranea Torino, September 2 - 6, 2008. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, pp. 413 - 434. [Italy]","Neves, A. M. (1977) Crustaceos decapodes marinhos de Portugal continental existentes no Museu Bocage. III. Anomura. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Serie 2, 6, 153 - 206.","Barnard, K. H. (1950) Descriptive catalogue of South African decapod Crustacea (crabs and shrimps). Annals of the South African Museum, 38, 1 - 837.","Milne-Edwards, A. & Bouvier, E. - L. (1891) Sur les modifications que subissent les Pagures suivant l'enroulement de la coquille qu'ils habitent. Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris, Serie 8 e, 3 (1), 151 - 153."]}

In the Chlorophyceae, the chloroplast genome is extraordinarily fluid in architecture and displays unique features relative to other groups of green algae. For the Chaetophorales, 1 of the 5 major lineages of the Chlorophyceae, it has been shown that the distinctive architecture of the 223,902-bp genome of Stigeoclonium helveticum is consistent with bidirectional DNA replication from a single origin. Here, we report the 182,759-bp chloroplast genome sequence of Schizomeris leibleinii, a member of the earliest diverging lineage of the Chaetophorales. Like its Stigeoclonium homolog, the Schizomeris genome lacks a large inverted repeat encoding the rRNA operon and displays a striking bias in coding regions that is associated with a bias in base composition along each strand. Our results support the notion that these two chaetophoralean genomes replicate bidirectionally from a putative origin located in the vicinity of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Their shared structural characteristics were most probably inherited from the common ancestor of all chaetophoralean algae. Short dispersed repeats account for most of the 41-kb size variation between the Schizomeris and Stigeoclonium genomes, and there is no indication that homologous recombination between these repeated elements led to the observed gene rearrangements. A comparison of the extent of variation sustained by the Stigeoclonium and Schizomeris chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) with that observed for the cpDNAs of the chlamydomonadalean Chlamydomonas and Volvox suggests that gene rearrangements as well as changes in the abundance of intergenic and intron sequences occurred at a slower pace in the Chaetophorales than in the Chlamydomonadales.

The ?-carotene-yielding microalga, Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teod. maintained in De Walne's medium was harvested and lyophilized. Fibrosarcoma was induced in rats by 20-methylcholanthrene. 0.5 g and 1.0 g of lyophilized D. salina powder was administered to the rats orally through carboxy methyl cellulose. Cisplatin was administered along with vitamin E to compare the protective effect of D. salina against fibrosarcoma. Administration of D. salina decreased the levels of cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase as well as the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, serum aspartate aminotransaminase, serum alanine aminotransferase, when compared to control. A significant reduction in the levels of hepatic and renal RNA and DNA was observed in the sarcoma rats when treated with D. salina powder. Histopathological studies of tumor tissues showed regenerative and regressive changes. ?-carotene globules isolated from the powder of Dunaliella salina confirmed the presence of 9-cis-?-carotene and all-trans-?-carotene. � 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

A large amount of diversity in genomic size and content exists within the mitochondrial and plastid genomes of green algae. However, there are still many un-sequenced green algal organelle genomes. In Smith et al. 2010, the green algal species Dunaliella salina, isolated from Western Australia (strain CCAP 19/18), had its organelle genomes fully sequenced. The genomes of this organism were found to contain large amounts of noncoding DNA. The lack of sequenced organelle genomes of green algae prevented the comparison of genomic architectures in other closely related species. In this study, I expanded on the information from the 2010 study by sequencing the organelle genomes from two Dunaliella species (D. salina CONC-001 and D. viridis CONC-002) isolated from a saline pond in Chile and compared their genomic architectures to that of D. salina CCAP 19/18. Sequencing, assembly, and bioinformatics analyses of the Chilean strains revealed genomic expansion within their mitochondrial and plastid genomes. Accompanying the increase in organelle genome size were highly inflated noncoding regions and an excess of introns. Upon further investigation, D. salina CCAP 19/18 and D. salina CONC-001 were found to be more similar to each other than to D. viridis CONC-002. Nevertheless, the two D. salina strains, given their major differences in organelle genome size, appear to represent distinct species.

Tetratoma ancora FABRICIUS, 1790 In Nord- und Mitteleuropa an verpilzten Laubbäumen; selten. M a t e r i a l: Nationalpark Kalkalpen, Geisslucke, Umgeb. Alpstein, 1200m, 10.7.2013, auf verpilztem Buchenstamm, leg. H. Mitter. Nationalpark Kalkalpen, Kogleralm und Zwielauf, 2010- 13 (Eckelt, mündl. Mitt.), Published as part of Mitter, Heinz & A, Upper, 2015, Bemerkenswerte Käferfunde aus Oberösterreich XIII (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 691-706 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (1) on page 701, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5415246

Mitter, Heinz, A, Upper (2015): Bemerkenswerte Käferfunde aus Oberösterreich XIII (Insecta: Coleoptera). Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (1): 691-706, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5415246, {"references":["BENSE U. (1995): Bockkafer. Illustrierter Schlussel zu den Cerambyciden und Vespreiden Europas, Weikersheim.","CYMOREK S. (1969): 66. Famile: Lyctidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","CYMOREK S. (1969): 67. Familie: Bostrychidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","DALLA TORRE K.W. v. (1879): Die Kaferfauna von Oberosterreich. Systematisches Verzeichnis der in Oberosterreich bisher beobachteten Kafer. - 10. Jber. Ver. Natkde. in Oesterr. ob der Enns zu Linz: 1-125.","ENDRODI- YOUNGA S. (1971): 18. Familie: Scydmaenidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 3, Krefeld.","ERMISCH K. (1969): 79. Familie: Mordellidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","FRANZ H. (1970): Die Nordostalpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt 3, Innsbruck.","FRANZ H. (1974): Die Nordostalpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt 4, Innsbruck.","FREUDE H. (1971): 12. Familie: Silphidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 3, Krefeld.","FREUDE H. (1976): 1. Familie: Carabidae (Laufkafer). - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 2, Krefeld.","FRIESER R. (1981): 90. Familie: Anthribidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 10, Krefeld.","GEISER E. (2001): Die Kafer des Landes Salzburg. Monographs on Coleoptera, Vol. 2.","HARDE K.W. (1966): 87. Familie: Cerambycidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 9, Krefeld.","HORION A. (1949): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 2, Frankfurt a.M.","HORION A. (1956): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 5, Tutzing.","HORION A. (1958): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 6, Uberlingen.","HORION A. (1974): Faunistik der mitteleuropaischen Kafer 12, Uberlingen.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 70. Familie: Oedemeridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 80. Familie: Serropalpidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 82. Familie: Alleculidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KASZAB Z. (1969): 83. Familie: Tenebrionidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","KLOIBER J. (1956): Das Vorkommen der Curculioniden im Linzer Raum und in einigen anderen oberosterreichischen Landesteilen. - Naturkundl. Jb. Stadt Linz 1956: 241-292.","KLOIBER J. (1957): Das Vorkommen der Curculioniden im Linzer Raum und in einigen anderen oberosterreichischen Landesteilen. - Naturkundl. Jb. Stadt Linz 1957: 91-161.","KOLLER F. (1961): Die Bockkafer (Cerambycidae) Oberosterreichs mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Grossraumes von Linz. - Naturk. Jb. Stadt Linz 1961: 235-276.","LOHSE G.A. (1964): 23. Familie: Staphylinidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mittleuropas 4, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1967): 55. Familie: Cryptophagidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1969): 68. Familie: Anobiidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 8, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1971): 9. Familie: Hydrophilidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 3, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 30. Familie: Melyridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 31. Familie: Cleridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 34. Familie: Elateridae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A.LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 36. Familie: Eucnemidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1979): 41. Familie: Eucinetidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 11. Unterfamilie: Cleoninae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 18. Unterfamilie: Notarinae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A, LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. (1983): 93. Familie: Curculionidae, 28. Unterfamilie: Ceutorhynchinae. - In: FREUDE H. HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 11, Krefeld.","LOHSE G.A. & W. LUCHT (1992): 66. Familie: Lyctidae. - In: FREUDE H. HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 13 (2. Supplementband), Krefeld.","LUCHT W. (1998): 32.a Familie: Trogossitidae. - In: LUCHT W. & B. KLAUSNITZER, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 15 (4. Supplementband), Jena.","MANDL K. (1965): Die Arten der Gattung Carabus L. im Raum von Linz und ihre Verbreitung in den unrigen Gebieten von Oberosterreich. - Naturk. Jb. d. Stadt Linz 1965: 203-255.","MITTER H. (1981): Zur Verbreitung einiger Arten der Familie Serropalpidae in Oberosterreich (Coleoptera, Serropalpidae). - NachrBl. bayer. Ent. 30: 79-80.","MITTER H. (2000): Die Kaferfauna Oberosterreichs (Coleoptera: Heteromera und Lamellicornia). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 8: 3-192.","MITTER H. (2000): Verbreitung und Biologie der Eucnemidae und Lissomidae (Coleoptera, Elateroidea) in Oberosterreich. - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 9: 39-45.","MITTER H. (2001): Die Kaferfauna des Naturschutzgebietes \"Staninger Leiten\" (Oberosterreich, Unteres Ennstal). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 10: 415-437.","MITTER H. (2001): Bestandsanalyse und Okologie der nach FFH-Richtlinie geschutzten Kafer in Oberosterreich (Insecta, Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 10: 439-448.","MITTER H. (2002): Vergleichende Untersuchung der Kaferfauna an drei Halbtrockenrasen im Unteren Steyrtal (Keltenweg, Kreuzberg, Kuhschellenboschung Neuzeug, Oberosterreich). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 11: 5-34.","MITTER H. (2007): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich IX (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 17: 169-194.","MITTER H. (2008): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich X (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 18: 297-303.","MITTER H. (2009): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich XI (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 19: 339-346.","MITTER H. (2012): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Oberosterreich XII (Insecta: Coleoptera). - Beitr. Naturk. Oberosterreichs 22: 69-82.","MULLER- MOTZFELD G. (Hrsg.) (2004): Bd. 2 Adephaga 1: Carabidae (Laufkafer). - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W., LOHSE G.A. & B. KLAUSNITZER, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 2, 2. Aufl., Heidelberg/Berlin.","MOHR K.H. (1966): 88. Familie: Chrysomelidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 9, Krefeld.","REDTENBACHER L. (1874): Fauna Austriaca, 3. Aufl., Wien.","SCHUH R., CALDARA R., PLONSKI I.S., GEISER E. & M.A. JACH (2011): Bemerkenswerte Kaferfunde aus Osterreich (XVIII) (Coleoptera). - Koleopt. Rdsch. 81: 327-332, Wien.","SPORNRAFT K. (1967): 50. Familie: Nitidulidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld.","STEFFAN A.W. (1979): 42. Familie: Dryopidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 6, Krefeld.","VOGT H. (1967): 59. Familie: Mycetophagidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld.","VOGT H. (1967): 60. Familie: Colydiidae. - In: FREUDE H., HARDE K.W. & G.A. LOHSE, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7, Krefeld."]}

Diogenes canaliculatus n. sp. (Figs 1���5) ? Diogenes bicristimanus. ������ Tirmizi & Siddiqui 1981: fig. 15; 1982: 52, figs 27, 28. ��� Siddiqui & Kazmi 2003: 89 (list). Material examined. Holotype: male (sl 5.4 mm), off Kollam, Kerala State, India 08�� 27.23 ���N, 75 �� 15.58 ���E to 08�� 35.42 ���N, 75 �� 40.25 ���E, 15���20 m, 22 February 2011, CBM-ZC 11428. Paratypes: 4 males (sl 3.3���4.7 mm), same data as holotype, CBM-ZC 11429; 5 males (sl 3.4���4.9 mm), same data, DABFUK-AR-AN 20���24; 2 females (sl. 2.6, 2.9), same data, DABFUK-AR-AN 25, 26. Non-type: 3 males (sl 2.5 ���3.0 mm), same data as holotype, CBM-ZC 11430. Description. Shield (Fig. 1 A) 1.1 times longer than broad, suboctogonal; anterior margin between rostrum and lateral projections slightly concave, smooth or bearing 1���4 tiny tubercles near each base of lateral projection; anterolateral margins sloping, slightly tuberculate; posterior margin roundly truncate; dorsal surface with some transverse spinulose ridges laterally (these ridges bearing short setae). Rostrum obtuse; lateral projections each with small submarginal spinule. Anterior part of branchiostegite with row of about 10 small spines on dorsal margin, anterior angle rounded; lateral surface with scattered tufts of setae. Ocular peduncles (Fig. 1 A) equal in length, about 0.7 times as long as shield, moderately stout, not inflated basally; cornea not dilated, corneal width slightly less than 0.3 of peduncular length, subequal to basal width of ocular peduncle; ocular acicles with straight or slightly concave mesial margins, nearly straight or slightly convex anterolateral margin bearing 4���6 spinules or spines decreasing in size laterally and not extending to entire length of lateral margin. Intercalary rostriform process not reaching distal end of ocular acicles, slightly broadened basally, tapering to slender acute tip. Antennular peduncle (Fig. 1 A, B) overreaching distal corneal margin by 0.8���0.9 length of ultimate segment and extending as far as distal margin of antennal peduncle. Ultimate segment 4.6 times longer than distal width, subequal in length to penultimate segment, with some tufts of setae on dorsal surface; penultimate segment with prominent tuft of long setae on dorsodistal margin; basal segment with row of minute granules on distolateral margin. Antennal peduncle (Fig. 1 A, C) overreaching distal corneal margin by 0.8���0.9 length of fifth segment. Fifth segment with rows of moderately long to long stiff setae on ventral surface; fourth and third segments unarmed; second segment with strong spine at dorsolateral distal angle and small but prominent spine at dorsomesial distal angle, ventrodistal margin with 1 or 2 spinules; first segment with row of denticles on distal margin laterally. Antennal acicle slightly falling short of distolateral margin of fourth segment, terminating in simple or bifid spine, bearing 5���7 strong accessory spines on mesial margin and some tufts of short stiff setae on both lateral and mesial margins. Antennal flagellum (Fig. 1 D) more than twice length of shield, articles with paired long, setulose setae and few additional short setae, forming filtering apparatus. Third maxilliped (Fig. 1 E) moderately slender. Carpus unarmed on dorsodistal margin. Ischium-basis fused segment with 4 strong, corneous-tipped spines (2 on ischium and 2 on basis) on mesial margin (Fig. 1 F). Coxa with 2 or 3 spinules on mesial margin (Fig. 1 F). Exopod slightly overreaching distal margin of merus. Left cheliped (Fig. 2) moderately large, not particularly elongate in male. Chela strongly compressed. Dactylus distinctly longer than palm; upper margin with double row of small tubercles or spines (these becoming single row in distal half); outer surface usually with deep furrow medially and blunt ridge along cutting edge; cutting edge sinuous, with single row of small blunt calcareous teeth increasing in size proximally; inner surface with median row of tiny tubercles, row of small tubercles adjacent to upper margin, and shallow sulcus proximally. Palm shorter than carpus; upper surface becoming wider distally, with scattered small spines or tubercles; outer surface covered with rounded granules, substantially sculptured with 1 blunt ridge on midline extending onto fixed finger and shallow depressions or furrows, in particular, lower one-third forming deep furrow extending onto fixed finger; longitudinal row of spines decreasing in size distally along upper one-third of outer surface, sometimes elevated in ridge; a few prominent spines present proximally; lower margin slightly upturned, irregular double or triple row of spines becoming smaller and single row distally, spines around proximo-lower angle particularly prominent; inner surface glabrous, with faint longitudinal sulcus proximal to dactylar articulation. Fixed finger slightly deflexed; cutting edge sinuous, with row of small, blunt, closely-set calcareous teeth. Carpus slightly longer than wide, with single row of spines increasing in size distally on upper margin; outer surface convex, with scattered, numerous small spines or spine-like tubercles and tufts of short stiff setae, dorsodistal margin denticulate; ventrolateral distal angle with 1 or 2 small spines; inner (mesial) surface with cluster of small spines or tubercles adjacent to distomesial angle, otherwise nearly smooth; ventral surface with tiny, low tubercles. Merus distinctly longer than high; dorsal surface rounded, bearing numerous spinules often arranged in short transverse rows and tufts of short stiff setae, dorsodistal margin spinulose mesially; lateral surface with short spinulose ridges (each bearing 2���4 spinules), particularly numerous on upper two-thirds, distolateral margin smooth, ventrolateral margin sinuous, with row of small spines increasing in size distally; mesial surface with several tufts of moderately short setae dorsally and low tubercles ventrally, distomesial margin spinulose, ventromesial margin with row of small spines or tubercles; ventral surface with scattered low tubercles and tufts of setae. Ischium with very low, blister-like protuberances on ventral surface, ventromesial margin minutely denticulate. Right cheliped (Fig. 3) moderately stout, with numerous tufts of long setae, particularly on dorsal side; broad hiatus between fingers. Dactylus gently arched, about 2.5 times longer than palm; dorsal surface with irregular longitudinal row of spinules along midline in proximal half; mesial surface with several spinules or tubercles adjacent to dorsal margin; ventral surface unarmed; cutting edge with row of tiny calcareous denticles. Palm about half length of carpus; dorsal surface with few minute tubercles mesially, dorsomesial margin with row of spinules; mesial surface with few spinules or short spinulose ridges dorsally, distal margin (base of dactylus) denticulate; ventral surface slightly convex. Fixed finger gently curved, with few spinules on dorsal surface; cutting edge with row of small, often acute, calcareous teeth. Carpus with row of spines increasing in size distally on dorsomesial margin, dorsodistal margin with 1 small spine mesially; dorsolateral surface with several spinules or minute tubercles arranged in 2 irregular longitudinal rows; mesial surface with several short setose ridges dorsally, distomesial margin denticulate ventrally. Merus with short, transverse spinulose ridges or row of spinules and tufts of long setae over entire length of dorsal margin, dorsodistal margin spinose; lateral surface with scattered minute spinules dorsally, ventrolateral margin only delimited in distal part and with 3 or 4 small spines; mesial surface nearly smooth, ventromesial margin with row of tiny spines; ventral surface with scattered very low protuberances and tufts of setae. Ischium with few blister-like protuberances on ventral surface and with row of minute denticles on ventromesial margin. Ambulatory legs (Figs 4 A, B, 5 A, B) generally similar, but third pair slightly longer than second pair. Dactyli about 1.3���1.4 times longer than propodi and 7.9 ���9.0 times longer than wide; dorsal margins unarmed, and each with 2 rows of moderately long stiff setae (merging in single row in distal half); lateral surfaces nearly flat, each with row of tufts of moderately short stiff setae dorsal to midline (second and right third) or with 2 rows of stiff setae flanking midline (left third; ventral setae much shorter than dorsal setae); mesial surfaces slightly convex, each with 2 rows of moderately long, stiff setae dorsally and ventrally; ventral margins each with tufts of or individual stiff setae decreasing in length distally (second and right third) (Fig. 5 D) or with row of short bristle-like setae and row of short sparse setae distally (left third) (Fig. 5 C). Propodi nearly straight or faintly curved; dorsal surfaces unarmed, with tufts of long stiff setae; lateral and mesial surfaces each with rows of tufts of moderately short to long stiff setae adjacent to dorsal and ventral margins, no conspicuous armature; ventral margin smooth, with sparse tufts of setae (second and right third) or with row of low protuberances (left third). Carpi each with row of small spines and tufts of setae on dorsal margin (spines smaller and fewer in third than in second; dorsodistal spine strongest); lateral surfaces unarmed, with row of tufts of moderately long stiff setae on midline; mesial and ventral surfaces with few setae. Meri with dorsal and ventral tufts of setae; dorsal margins each with row of spinules at least on proximal half (second) or unarmed (third); lateral surfaces unarmed or with few minute spinulose tubercles ventrally; mesial surfaces smooth; ventral surfaces each with row of spinules at least on proximal half (second) or unarmed, ventrolateral distal margin with 1 minute spine (second) or unarmed (third). Ischia with small, blister-like protuberances on ventral surfaces; dorsal margins without conspicuous armature. Fourth pereopods chelate (Fig. 1 G). Dactyli reaching distal margins of propodi. Propodi each with distinctly produced dorsodistal margin sometimes bearing 1 or 2 small spines; rasp consisting of numerous corneous scales becoming larger marginally. Carpi each with small dorsodistal spine. Anterior lobe of sixth thoracic sternite (of third pereopods) (Fig. 1 H) faintly bilobed, each lobe with 1 or 2 tiny spines anterolaterally and tufts of moderately long setae. Pleon twisted or straight. Male with unpaired second to fifth pleopods, fifth pleopod longest; endopods absent; exopods divided in 3 or 4 articles. Female with unpaired second to fifth pleopods, second to third unequally biramous, fifth uniramous; second pleopods with endopod divided in 3 subequal articles and exopod divided in 4 unequal articles; third pleopods with endopod divided in 3 articles and exopod divided in 5 or 6 articles; fourth pleopods with endopod divided in 4 articles and exopod divided in 6 or 7 articles. Telson (Fig. 1 I) with small median cleft; terminal margin slightly oblique on left, nearly transverse on right, both with row of numerous spinules or small spines (row of spinules extending onto left lateral margin); left with 4���6 prominent submarginal spines laterally; right with 5 or 6 small spines on terminal margin. Variation. Three smaller, non-type specimens (sl 2.5 ���3.0 mm) inhabited in tusk shells, and thus the pleons are straight. Degree of the sculpture and armature on the outer surface of the left chela is fairly variable among individuals, and in particular, in the two smallest specimens, it is much less pronounced than in other larger specimens (sl 3.0 mm or more). Nevertheless, the sulci on the dactylus and on the lower part of the left palm are distinctly delimited in the larger specimens (sl 3.0 mm or more). Coloration. In formalin. Shield light brown or tan generally; posterior carapace translucent. Ocular peduncles generally light brown, with tinge of darker brown proximal to base of cornea; no distinct markings otherwise. Antennular and antennal peduncles also light brown, without distinct markings. Chelipeds and ambulatory legs generally light brown; carpus and merus of left cheliped with tinge of darker brown on lateral to dorsal faces; dactyli of ambulatory legs each with obscure brown spots proximally; propodi each brown transverse band at midlength; carpi each with obscure brown patch on lateral face dorsally. Distribution. Known with certainty only from southwest coast of India, depths 15��� 20 m. Remarks. Diogenes canaliculatus n. sp. is referred to the D. edwardsii species group because of the simple intercalary rostriform process, the antennal peduncle distinctly longer than the ocular peduncle, and the presence of paired long setae inserted on the ventral surfaces of articles of the antennal flagellum (Asakura & Tachikawa 2010). It appears unique for that informal species group in the combination of the pronounced sculpture on the outer surface of the left chela and the smooth dorsal margins of the propodi of the second and third pereopods. The sculpture of the left chela consists mainly of longitudinal furrows on the outer surface of the dactylus and on the lower part of the outer surface of the palm (extending onto the fixed finger and making the lower margin upturned), a blunt ridge extending from the distal part of the palm to fixed finger, and a short ridge or a row of spines parallel to the upper margin; in addition, there are frequently prominent spines proximally on the outer surface. In addition, the presence of short bristle-like setae on the ventral margin of the dactylus of the left third pereopod may be also characteristic to the new species, since such an armature has not been described for other congeneric species. Diogenes bicristimanus, known only from India, is apparently similar to the present new species in the general pattern of the sculpture of the left chela, but in D. bicristimanus, the left palm bears a distinct arcuate crest-like ridge extending from the lower proximal angle to the fixed finger along the midline (Alcock 1905: 72, pl. VII, fig. 1). The antennal acicle reaches or slightly overreaches the base of the cornea in D. bicristimanus (cf. Alcock 1905: pl. 7, fig. 1 a), rather than falling short of it in D. canaliculatus n. sp. Furthermore, in D. bicristimanus, the antennal flagellum carries only ���a few lank setae��� (Alcock 1905: 72), and this character sets D. bicristimanus apart from members of the D. edwardsii species group. Other species in the D. edwardsii species group characterized by the unarmed dorsal margins of the dactyli and propodi of the second and third pereopods and the carpi of second pereopods armed with a dorsal row of spines or spinules include D. fasciatus from Indonesia to the Persian Gulf, D. laevicaprus Rahayu, 1996 from Singapore, and D. moosai Rahayu & Forest, 1995 from Indonesia. Nevertheless, none of these latter species has a sculptured left chela as in D. canaliculatus n. sp. Diogenes fasciatus seems to be characteristic in having a transverse row of proximal spines on the outer surface of the left palm (Rahayu & Forest 1995). In D. canaliculatus n. sp., there are some proximal spines, but these spines do not form a distinct transverse row. Diogenes laevicarpus is readily distinguished from D. canaliculatus by the possession of a pronounced curved crest extending from the lower proximal angle to the midline on the outer surface of the left palm, the presence of three longitudinal rows of small spines on the outer surface of the right palm, and the unarmed dorsal margins of the carpi of the third pereopods (except for a small dorsodistal spine) (Rahayu 1996). As described above, in D. canaliculatus n. sp., the ridge on the left palm, extending from the lower proximal angle, is not clearly delimited on the palm proper; the right palm is mostly unarmed except for a dorsomesial row of spines; the dorsal margins of the carpi of the third pereopods are armed each with a row of small spines or spinules. Diogenes moosai differs from D. canaliculatus n. sp. in the shorter antennal peduncles with a relatively longer antennal acicle, the absence of prominent spines on the proximal outer surface and lower margin of the left palm, the presence of irregular rows of small spines on the dorsal surface of the right palm, and the much more slender dactyli of the ambulatory legs (more than 10 times longer than wide versus 7.9 ���9.0 times) (Rahayu & Forest 1995). The antennal peduncle overreaches the distal corneal margin by less than half-length in D. moosai, rather than more than half length in D. canaliculatus n. sp.; the antennal acicle overreaches the distal end of the fourth peduncular segment in D. moosai, rather than falling short of it in D. canaliculatus n. sp. It is worth to mention about Diogenes avarus, because the species sometimes lacks dorsal spinules on the propodi of the second pereopods (e.g., McLaughlin & Clark 1997; Rahayu & Komai 2000), though variable. The convex outer surface of the left palm, sometimes elevated in the midline, and the lack of the bristle-like short setae on the ventral margin of the dactylus of the left third pereopod immediately distinguish D. avarus from D. canaliculatus n. sp. Tirmizi & Siddiqui (1981; 1982) and Siddiqui & Kazmi (2003) recorded D. bicristimanus from Pakistan, but these records were later referred to D. fasciatus by Siddiqui et al. (2004), though the latter authors did not actually examine the specimens used by Tirmizi & Siddiqui (1981, 1982). We have noticed that our new species rather well agrees with the description and figures of D. bicristimanus by Tirmizi & Siddiqui (1982), particularly in the sculpture and armature of the left chela and the unarmed dorsal margins of the propodi of the second pereopods. It is possible that the specimens identified with D. bicristimanus by Tirmizi & Siddiqui (1982) might actually represent D. canaliculatus n. sp. Etymology. Named after the longitudinal furrows on the outer surface of the dactylus and palm of the left chela. Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Masayuki Osawa for reviewing the draft of the manuscript and for offering valuable comments and suggestions for improvements. We also thank two anonymous referees for reviewing the manuscript. The junior authors thank the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment for financial support of the project. References Alcock, A. (1905) Anomura. Fasc. I. Pagurides. Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea in the Collection of the Indian Museum 2. Indian Museum, Calcutta, 197 pp. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080 /00222930709487239 Asakura, A & Tachikawa, H. (2010) Diogenes holthuisi, a new species of hermit crab (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae) from shallow waters of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. In: Fransen C.H.J.M., De Grave, S. & Ng, P.K.L. (Eds.), studies on Malacostraca: Lipke Bjideley Holthuis Memorial Volume. Crustaceana Monographs, 14, 133 ��� 144. Dana, J. (1851) Conspectus cr, Published as part of Komai, Tomoyuki, Reshmi, Rema & Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju, 2013, A new species of the hermit crab genus Diogenes (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae) from southern India, pp. 380-390 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on pages 381-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/219826

Morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular-sequence data were used to assess the phylogenetic position of a tetraflagellate green alga isolated from soil samples of a saline dry basin near F'derick, Mauritania. This alga can grow as individual cells or form non-coenobial colonies of up to 12 individuals. It has a parietal chloroplast with an embedded pyrenoid covered by a starch sheath and traversed by single parallel thylakoids, and an eyespot located in a parietal position opposite to the flagellar insertion. Lipid vacuoles are present in the cytoplasm. Microspectroscopy indicated the presence of chlorophylls a and b, with lutein as the major carotenoid in the chloroplast, while the eyespot spectrum has a shape typical of green-algal eyespots. The cell has four flagella, two of them long and two considerably shorter. Sequence data from the 18S rRNA gene and ITS2 were obtained and compared with published sequences for green algae. Results from morphological and ultrastructural examinations and sequence analysis support the placement of this alga in the Chlorophyceae, as Tetraflagellochloris mauritanica L. Barsanti et A. Barsanti, gen. et sp. nov.

Naderloo, Reza, Türkay, Michael (2012): Decapod crustaceans of the littoral and shallow sublittoral Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf: Faunistics, Biodiversity and Zoogeography 3374. Zootaxa 3374 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3374.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3374.1.1

Diogenes karwarensis Nayak & Neelakantan, 1989 Persian Gulf. Iran (Moradmand 2007; Kazmi et al. 2007; present study). Iran. Hormozgan Province: Qeshm I. (five stations around the island). Khuzestan Province: Bandar-Emam Hassan. General distribution. Northwestern Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf, Pakistan, India. Habitat. Rocky/cobble intertidal. Remarks. Diogenes karwarensis is very closely related to its sympatric congener D. avarus. In the original description, Nayak & Neelakantan (1989) discriminated this species from the latter by some characters, which generally show variations within both species (McLaughlin & Dworschack 2001; Moradmand 2007). The two most discriminative characters stated by earlier studies (e.g. Nayak & Neelakantan 1989); Siddiqui et al. 2004) are the presence of a large distinct spine distally on the fourth segment of the antenna, and a row of the large spines along the anterior margin of the carpus of the first walking legs. The senior author has examined a huge amount of specimens of the both species, and could not find any reliable character discriminating these two species. Further taxonomic studies using morphometric and genetics studies are necessary in order to establish the taxonomic position of D. karwarensis., Published as part of Naderloo, Reza & Türkay, Michael, 2012, Decapod crustaceans of the littoral and shallow sublittoral Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf: Faunistics, Biodiversity and Zoogeography 3374, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 3374 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3374.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5253502, {"references":["Nayak, V. N. & Neelakantan, B. (1989) A new species of hermit crab, Diogenes karwarensis (Decapoda: Anomura), from Coast of India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 86, 71 - 77.","Kazmi, Q. B., Siddiqui, F. A. & Kazmi, M. A. (2007) Range Extension of Diogenes karwarensis Nayak & Neelakantan, 1989, and a report on Dardanus tinctor Forskal, 1775 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae) from the Persian Gulf. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 31, 95 - 98.","Siddiqui, F. A., Kazmi, Q. B. & McLaughlin, P. A. (2004) Review of the Pakistani species of Diogenes Dana 1851 (Decapoda Anomura Paguroidea Diogenidae). Tropical Zoology, 17, 155 - 200."]}

Diogenes klaasi Rahayu & Forest, 1995 Persian Gulf. Iran (Moradmand 2007; Naderloo et al. 2012, in press; present study). Iran. Hormozgan Province: Bandar-Abbas, Mahtabi. General distribution. Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf, Pakistan, western Thailand, Indonesia. Habitat. Muddy-sand intertidal, oyster bank. Remarks. Diogenes klaasi belongs to the Diogenes avarus species-group by having a smooth intercalated process and possessing a small spine distally on the fourth antennal segment. Due to some variations of the specimens, discriminating the three closely related species of the group, namely D. avarus, D. karwarensis and D. klaasi is not easily possible. Moradmand (2007) recorded Diogenes sp. from Mahtabi at the Iranian coast. He could not distinctly identify the species, even though he discussed that the species is closely related to Diogenes klaasi Rahayu & Forest, 1995, rather than any other congeners. He has mentioned several differences between the Persian Gulf specimens and description and illustrations provided by (Rahayu & Forest 1995; Siddiqui et al. 2004). We collected two males from a muddy-sand flat of Bandar-Abbas that are distinctly similar with D. klaasi described by Rahayu & Forest (1995). Moradmand’s (2007) specimens are relatively small-sized, so the variations cited by him could be considered as growth-dependent variation. However, the three species of the D. avarus species-group need to be studied in detail using modern taxonomic methods.

Diogenes custos Fabricius, 1798 Persian Gulf. Kuwait (Motoh 1975), Iran (Moradmand 2007). Iran. Hormozgan Province: Kuhestak (Strait of Hormoz). General distribution. Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Madagascar, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Pakistan, India, Indo-Malayan Archipelago, Australia (NSW). Habitat. Sandy beach. Remarks. Apel (2001) discussed the occurrence of this species in the Persian Gulf. He stated that the only record of this species is that of Motoh (1975) from Kuwait, which is more likely a misidentification of a more common species Diogenes dubius (Herbst, 1804). Siddiqui & McLaughlin (2003) discussed on the affinities of the species with D. leavimanus, providing some detailed accounts on both. Moradmand (2007) has distinguished these two species from each other but he insisted still on close affinities between them. There is a need for taxonomic revision of the group in order to resolve their systematic problems. Apel (2001) believed that because of the several misidentification of the species, its records from different regions are ambiguous, therefore its real distribution might be different from what is considered here., Published as part of Naderloo, Reza & Türkay, Michael, 2012, Decapod crustaceans of the littoral and shallow sublittoral Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf: Faunistics, Biodiversity and Zoogeography 3374, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 3374 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3374.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5253502, {"references":["Motoh, H. (1975) A report on macruran Decapoda from the north-western Arabian Gulf along the coast of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research MAB II. VIII. 75, 1 - 25.","Apel, M. (2001) Taxonomie und Zoogeographie der Brachyura, Paguridea und Porcellanidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) des Persisch-Arabischen Golfes. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt a. M., 268 pp.","Siddiqui, F. A. & McLaughlin, P. A. (2003) A new species of the hermit crab genus Diogenes (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea: Diogenidae) from Pakistan, with a comparative diagnosis of D. guttatus Henderson, 1888. Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, 116 (4), 956 - 966."]}

Diogenes holthuisi Asakura & Tachikawa, 2010 (Fig. 1B) Diogenes holthuisi Asakura & Tachikawa, 2010: 135, figs. 1–5. Material examined. 1 ovig. female 1.3 mm, Stn. Dredge 2, 26°23.147ʹN, 126°44.931ʹE, 9 November 2009, 70 m (RUMF-ZC-1644). Remarks. This species is characterized by the short, distally bifid antennal acicle without dorsal and dorsomesial rows of spines (Asakura & Tachikawa 2010: fig. 1A, a). The specimen in this study agrees well with the original description except the shield is longer than broad and the ocular peduncles are prominently inflated basally. Asakura & Tachikawa (2010) stated that the shield is as long as broad and the ocular peduncles are only slightly inflated basally in the type material. Furthermore, the lateral and mesial surfaces of the dactyls of the second and third pereopods lack longitudinal sulci in the present specimen are unlike the type material. These differences are likely to be intraspecific variation because the intraspecific variations of particular characters are known to be high in the genus Diogenes as indicated by McLaughlin (2002c). Colour. Shield white, ocular peduncles reddish-pink, corneas black with a greenish tinge. Left cheliped white with brown spot near articulation of dactyl and palm; right cheliped white with pinkish-red band on articulation of palm and carpus; ischium of both chelipeds red pinkish. Ambulatory legs alternately transparent and brown; meri reddish-brown. Distribution. Ogasawara Island and now recorded from Kume Island; 3– 70 m., Published as part of Rahayu, Dwi Listyo & Osawa, Masayuki, 2012, Hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Diogenidae) from the KUMEJIMA 2009 Expedition, Japan *, pp. 176-190 in Zootaxa 3367 (1) on page 181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3367.1.17, http://zenodo.org/record/5252070, {"references":["Asakura, A. & Tachikawa, H. (2010) Diogenes holthuisi a new species of hermit crab (Decapoda Anomura Paguridae) from shallow water of Ogasawara (Bonin) Island, Japan. In: Fransen, C. H. J. M., Ng, P. K. L. & De Grave, S., Studies on Malacostraca: a Homage to Lipke B. Holthuis. Crustaceana Monographs, 14, 133 - 144.","McLaughlin, P. A. (2002 c) Diogenes pallescens Whitelegge, D. gardineri Alcock and D. serenei Forest (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea: Diogenidae): Distinct species or morphological variants? Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50 (1), 81 - 94."]}

Diogenes avarus Heller, 1865 Persian Gulf. Saudi Arabia (Apel 2001), Kuwait (Jones 1906a), Bahrain (Nobili 1906a), UAE (Hornby 1997; Apel 2001), Iran (Moradmand 2007; Apel 2001; present study). Iran. This species is widely distributed along the Iranian coast and was found at the most of the stations visited during the present study. Moradmand (2007) also recorded it from several stations all Iranian coast, and mentioned that D. avarus is the most common species of hermit crabs of the area. General distribution. Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Socotra, southern Oman (Dhofar), Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Pakistan, India, Mergui-Archipelago, Andaman Sea, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland). Habitat. Intertidal rocky/cobble, sandy, muddy. Remarks. Diogenes avarus is the most common species among the decapod crustaceans occurring along the intertidal zone of the Iranian coast (Moradmand 2007; present study). This species shows some distinct variations in a few characters including the form of the large cheliped, spination on the three distal segments of the waking legs, size of the single spine on the upper side of the third antennal segment. Moradmand (2007: 101) has also remarked such variations in his Persian Gulf specimens. Rahayu & Forest (1995) regarded such differences as agedependent variations., Published as part of Naderloo, Reza & Türkay, Michael, 2012, Decapod crustaceans of the littoral and shallow sublittoral Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf: Faunistics, Biodiversity and Zoogeography 3374, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 3374 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3374.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5253502, {"references":["Apel, M. (2001) Taxonomie und Zoogeographie der Brachyura, Paguridea und Porcellanidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) des Persisch-Arabischen Golfes. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt a. M., 268 pp.","Nobili, G. (1906 a) Crustaces decapodes et stomatopodes. In: Mission J. Bonnier et Ch. Perez (Golfe Persique, 1901). Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 40, 13 - 159, pls. 2 - 7.","Hornby, R. (1997) A survey of the habitats, invertebrate fauna and environmental sensitivity of the mainland coast of the UAE, with information on status and distribution of Crustaceans. TRIBULUS, Bulletin of the Emirates Natural History Group, 7 (2), 11 - 17.","Rahayu, D. L. & Forest, J. (1995) Le genre Diogenes (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae) en Indonesie, avec la description de six especes nouvelles. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (4) 16 (2 - 4), 383 - 416."]}

Diogenes alias McLaughlin & Holthuis, 2001 Persian Gulf. Kuwait (Apel 2001), UAE (Titgen 1982), Iran (Moradmand 2007). Iran. Hormozgan Province: Between Bandar Abbas-Qeshm I. General distribution. Indo-west Pacific: Persian Gulf, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Andaman Sea, Thailand, South China Sea, Indonesia. Habitat. Muddy-sand shallow subtidal. Remarks. Titgen (1982) recorded this species as Diogenes diogenes (Linnaeus, 1758) from the UAE. McLaughlin & Holthuis (2001) discussed the identity of the species, and proposed a replacement name, namely Diogenes alias. They have elaborately described D. alias and synonymized all previous records of Diogenes diogenes with this species., Published as part of Naderloo, Reza & Türkay, Michael, 2012, Decapod crustaceans of the littoral and shallow sublittoral Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf: Faunistics, Biodiversity and Zoogeography 3374, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 3374 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3374.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5253502, {"references":["McLaughlin, P. A. & Holthuis, L. B. (2001) In pursuit of J. F. W. Herbst's species of Diogenes (Anomura: Paguridea: Diogenidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 21 (1), 249 - 265.","Apel, M. (2001) Taxonomie und Zoogeographie der Brachyura, Paguridea und Porcellanidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) des Persisch-Arabischen Golfes. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt a. M., 268 pp.","Titgen, R. H. (1982) The systematics and ecology of the Decapods of Dubai, and their zoogeographic relationships to the Persian Gulf and the Western Indian Ocean. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Texas A & M University, 292 pp."]}

Diogenes leptocerus Forest, 1956 (Fig. 1C) Diogenes leptocerus Forest, 1956: 528, figs. 8–11. — Lewinsohn, 1982a: 47. — Rahayu & Forest, 1995: 405. — Rahayu & Hortle, 2002: 616. Material examined. 1 ovig. female 1.3 mm, Stn. Intertidal 3, Shinri Beach, 26°20ʹ57.8ʺN, 126°43ʹ33.9ʺE, 18 November 2009, intertidal (ZRC 2011.0728); 6 males 0.8–2.4 mm, Stn. Intertidal 4, Ohara, 26°20ʹ57.8ʺN, 126°43ʹ33.9ʺE, 18 November 2009 (RUMF-ZC-1645, intertidal; 1 ovig. female 1.5 mm, 2 males 1.1 mm, Stn. Dredge 55, 26°19.442ʹN, 126°49.211ʹE, 17 November 2009, 4.7–9.5 m (NTOU A 01221). Remarks. The present specimens from Kume Island are referable to Diogenes leptocerus, and agree very well with the original description and figure of the species (Forest 1956: 528, figs. 8–11). Rahayu & Forest (1995) and Rahayu & Hortle (2002) pointed out the difference of this species from Diogenes spinicarpus Rahayu & Forest, 1995: the telson is truncate and has no incision on the posterior margin. In Diogenes spinicarpus, the telson has a distinct median cleft on the posterior margin, and is armed with prominent spines on the left lobe, smaller spines on the right lobe. Additional differences examined in the material studied are: the ocular peduncles of Diogenes leptocerus are subcylindrical and prominently dilated basally but less so distally, and straight on the lateral and mesial margins; while in Diogenes spinicarpus, they are dilated basally and distally, and sinuous on the lateral and mesial margins. Distribution. Somalia, Indonesia, Vietnam and now recorded from southern Japan; intertidal to 9.5 m., Published as part of Rahayu, Dwi Listyo & Osawa, Masayuki, 2012, Hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Diogenidae) from the KUMEJIMA 2009 Expedition, Japan *, pp. 176-190 in Zootaxa 3367 (1) on page 183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3367.1.17, http://zenodo.org/record/5252070, {"references":["Forest, J. (1956) Les Pagures du Viet-Nam. I. Le genre Diogenes Dana. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, ser. 2, 28, 524 - 532.","Lewinsohn, Ch. (1982 a) Researches on the coast of Somalia. The shore and the dune of Sar Uanle. 33. Diogenidae, Paguridae and Coenobitidae (Crustacea Decapoda Paguridea). Monitore Zoologico Italiano, new series, Supplement. 16, 33 - 68.","Rahayu, D. L. & Forest, J. (1995) Le genre Diogenes (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae) en Indonesie, avec la description de six especes nouvelles. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, ser. 4, sec. A, 16, 383 - 415.","Rahayu, D. L. & Hortle, K. G. (2002) The genus Diogenes (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae) from Irian Jaya, Indonesia with description of a new species. Crustaceana, 75 (3 - 4), 609 - 619."]}

Komai, Tomoyuki, Liang, Jingzhen, Yang, Tingbao (2012): Records of four species of the shallow water hermit crab genus Diogenes (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae) from southern China, with description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 46 (19-20): 1219-1248, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.654279, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.654279

Chlamydomonas palmellomoewusii Novis & Visnovsky, sp. nov. (Figs 1A–D) Cellulae juvenes ellipsoideo-cylindricae, 10.8–11.6 µm longae, 4.6–5.8 µm latae, flagellis 2 circa aequilongis praeditae. Papilla bimamillata, ex apice cellulari subexcentrica. Aetate cellulae maiores, ellipsoideae, papillas flagellaque amittentes. Cellulae maturae in cultura liquida crescentes usque ad 13.1 µm longae, 10.8 µm latae; in agaro, in statu palmelloideo usque 18.0 µm longae, 15.4 µm latae attingentes. Chloroplastus viridis, parietalis, cupulatus, incisuris numerosis praeditus, pyrenoide unica centraliter posita, intrusiones irregulares multiplices e membranis thylacoidium compositae eae lamellis amylaceis circumdatae continens. Vacuolae apicales contractiles duae. Stigma ellipsoideum, in parte cellulae 1/3 apicali situm. Zoosporis 2–4–8 per sporangium regenerans. Type:— NEW ZEALAND: Westland: Mt Philistine, 1400 m, preserved cultured specimen from sample collected 30 November 2007, CHR610484. Young cells ellipsoidal–cylindrical, 10.8–11.6 µm long, 4.6–5.8 µm wide, with 2 flagella of approximately equal length. Papilla bimammillate, slightly offset from cell apex. Cells becoming larger and ellipsoidal with age, with papilla and flagella being lost (Fig. 1A). Mature cells in liquid culture up to 13.1 µm long, 10.8 µm wide; on agar, up to 18.0 µm long, 15.4 µm wide in palmelloid state (Fig. 1B). Chloroplast green, parietal, cup-shaped with numerous incisions, with single, centrally located pyrenoid, containing multiple irregular intrusions of thylakoid membranes and surrounded by starch plates (Fig. 1C, D). Two apical contractile vacuoles. Stigma ellipsoidal, located in apical third of cell (Fig. 1A). Reproduction by zoospores, 2–4–8(–16) per sporangium (Fig. 1B). DNA sequence data for both 18 S (Fig. 7) and rbc L (Fig. 9) show that C. palmellomoewusii belongs to the Moewusii clade. Habitat:— Alpine herbfield soil. Distribution:— New Zealand. Etymology:— Reflecting the strong resemblance of the species to the related C. moewusii Gerloff 1940, and occurring predominantly in a palmelloid form in culture. Observations:— Data for the rbc L gene (Fig. 9) show that this species is quite distinct from C. pseudogloeogama, previously found on Mt Philistine (Novis et al. 2008); the two are not sister species. They also differ in size, length:width ratio, papilla structure, and in the more cylindrical shape of the young cells in C. palmellomoewusii. In this respect, and in papilla structure, cell size, and pyrenoid location, the new species strongly resembles C. moewusii; in the absence of molecular data, the specimens would likely have been assigned to this species. Morphology of the pyrenoid is characteristic of the Moewusii clade. According to traditional classification, this strain would belong in section Chlamydella (Ettl 1983), due to its single lateral pyrenoid in a cup-shaped chloroplast. Within this section it is closest to C. gymnogama (Deason 1967), which also has numerous incisions in the chloroplast. C. gymnogama is regarded as a synonym of Lobochlamys segnis (Pröschold et al. 2001), which 18S sequences show to differ from C. palmellomoewusii. Cultures:— LCR-CG1, LCR-CG4., Published as part of Novis, Phil M. & Visnovsky, Gabriel, 2012, Novel alpine algae from New Zealand: Chlorophyta, pp. 1-30 in Phytotaxa 39 on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.39.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4894684, {"references":["Gerloff, J. (1940) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Variabilitat und Systematik der Gattung Chlamydomonas. Archiv fur Protistenkunde 94: 311 - 502.","Novis, P. M., Beer, T. & Vallance, J. (2008) New records of microalgae from the New Zealand alpine zone, and their distribution and dispersal. New Zealand Journal of Botany 46: 347 - 366.","Deason, T. R. (1967). Chlamydomonas gymnogama, a new homothallic species with naked gametes. Journal of Phycology 3: 109 - 112.","Proschold, T., Marin, B., Schlosser, U. G. & Melkonian, M. (2001) Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta). I. Emendation of Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg and Chloromonas Gobi, and description of Oogamochlamys gen. nov. and Lobochlamys gen. nov. Protist 152: 265 - 300."]}

Variochloris pyrenoglobularis Novis & Visnovsky, gen. et sp. nov. (Figs 5A–F) Cellulae quoad formam variabiles, sphaericae vel ellipsoideae vel pyriformes, 6.2–9.2 µm longae, 4.6–8.5 µm latae, cytoplasmate granulari, unicae vel in greges aggregatae. Chlorplastus viridis, cupulatus, parietalis, pyrenoidibus 1–2 per thylacoides valde circulariter flexuosae penetratis, quaeque pyrenoglobulis circumdatae. Autosporis 2–4 per sporangium regenerans. Variochloris sita per analysem per sequentias geneticas rbcL in clado valde confirmato conjunctim speciebus alpinis Stichococci novae-zelandiae, Raphidonemtae nivali ex USA atque speciebus duabus “Chlorellae”. Type:— NEW ZEALAND: Westland: Mt Philistine, 1400 m, preserved cultured specimen from sample collected 30 November 2007, CHR610489. Cells variable in shape, spherical to ellipsoidal to pyriform, 6.2–9.2 µm long, 4.6–8.5 µm wide, with granular cytoplasm, single or in groups (Fig. 5A, B). Chloroplast green, cup-shaped, parietal, with 1–2 pyrenoids, penetrated by looped thylakoids, each surrounded by pyrenoglobuli (Figs 5E, F). Reproduction by autospores, 2–4 per sporangium (Fig. 5C). Analysis based on rbc L gene sequences placed Variochloris in a robustly supported clade with alpine species of Stichococcus from New Zealand, Raphidonema nivale Lagerheim from USA, and two “ Chlorella ” species (Fig. 9). The same phylogenetic position was established with 18 S rDNA sequences according to the Bayesian analysis, but no close matches were found with strains previously sequenced. Habitat:— Alpine herbfield soil. Distribution:— New Zealand. Etymology:— Referring to variable shape and presence of pyrenoglobuli. Observations:— Variochloris shares morphological features with Chlorella, but this generic name has priority in the Chlorellales (with the type species Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck 1890). Pyrenoglobuli are known from taxa in other clades, such as Trebouxia (Tarhanen et al. 2000), and Heveochlorella hainangensis Zhang et al. (2008) in the Watanabea clade. Thylakoid patterns within the pyrenoid matrix in these taxa are also similar. The species of Stichococcus in the same clade as Variochloris do not have pyrenoids, and ultrastructure of this feature in Chlorella ellipsoidea Gerneck 1907 and C. saccharophila (Krüger) Migula 1907 appears to be unknown. The association of coccoid and non-coccoid species in this clade has been noted previously (Novis et al. 2008), and these new results confirm the polyphyly of trebouxiophycean strains referred to Stichococcus. Cultures:— LCR-CG2.

Bracteacoccus ruber Novis & Visnovsky, sp. nov. (Figs 2A–G) Cellulae sphaericae, 5.0–24.0(–60.0) µm latae, unicae vel in greges laxos irregulars aggregatae. Paries cellularis laevis, in cellulis immaturis Type:— NEW ZEALAND: Westland: Mt Philistine, 1400 m, preserved cultured specimen from sample collected 30 November 2007, CHR610485. Cells spherical, 5.0–24.0(–60.0) µm wide, single or in loose, irregular groups. Cell wall smooth, Bracteacoccus, but without close affinities (Fig. 7). Habitat:— Alpine herbfield soil. Distribution:— New Zealand. Etymology:— Referring to the red pigmentation developed by older cultures. Observations:— Data for rbc L failed to reconstruct Bracteacoccus as a clade (Fig. 9); the phylogenetic conclusions are therefore drawn from 18S data. The size and red colouration of B. ruber resemble those reported for B. minor (Chodat) Petrová 1931, but the two are not closest relatives according to DNA sequences. Fučíková et al. (2011) suggest that Bracteacoccus (Tereg 1923) and Pseudomuriella (Hanagata 1998) are morphologically cryptic genera. However, our strain of Bracteacoccus is clearly related to B. aerius (Bischoff & Bold 1963) UTEX 1250, which falls in the Bracteacoccus clade of Fučíková et al. The large cells with multilayered wall suggest B. giganteus (Bischoff & Bold 1963), but 18S rDNA sequences clearly distinguish this from B. ruber (Fig. 7). Capacity to develop the red colouration was found to diminish over time following isolation from field material, especially if the population underwent a culture cycle in liquid medium before replating on agar. A crude spectrophotometer test indicated that the pigment absorbs in the UV spectrum (data not shown). Cultures:— LCR-CG8., Published as part of Novis, Phil M. & Visnovsky, Gabriel, 2012, Novel alpine algae from New Zealand: Chlorophyta, pp. 1-30 in Phytotaxa 39 on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.39.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4894684, {"references":["Petrova, J. (1931) Die vermeintliche Heterokonte Botrydiopsis minor - eine Chlorophyceae. Beihefte zum Botanische Centralblatt 48: 221 - 228.","Fucikova, K., Rada, K. C. & Lewis, L. A. (2011) The tangled taxonomic history of Dictyococcus, Bracteacoccus and Pseudomuriella (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) and their distinction based on a phylogenetic perspective. Phycologia 50: 422 - 429.","Tereg, E. (1923) Einige neue Grunalgen. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 39: 179 - 175.","Hanagata, N. (1998). Phylogeny of the subfamily Scotiellocystoideae (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) and related taxa inferred from 18 S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data. Journal of Phycology 34: 1049 - 1054.","Bischoff, H. W. & Bold, H. C. (1963) Phycological studies IV. Some soil algae from Enchanted Rock and related algal species. University of Texas Publication 6318: 1 - 95."]}

Novis, Phil M., Visnovsky, Gabriel (2012): Novel alpine algae from New Zealand: Chlorophyta. Phytotaxa 39: 1-30, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.39.1.1, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.39.1.1

Flagella-generated fluid stirring has been suggested to enhance nutrient uptake for sufficiently large micro-organisms, and to have played a role in evolutionary transitions to multicellularity. A corollary to this predicted size-dependent benefit is a propensity for phenotypic plasticity in the flow-generating mechanism to appear in large species under nutrient deprivation. We examined four species of volvocalean algae whose radii and flow speeds differ greatly, with Péclet numbers (Pe) separated by several orders of magnitude. Populations of unicellular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and one- to eight-celled Gonium pectorale (Pe ∼ 0.1-1) and multicellular Volvox carteri and Volvox barberi (Pe ∼ 100) were grown in diluted and undiluted media. For C. reinhardtii and G. pectorale, decreasing the nutrient concentration resulted in smaller cells, but had no effect on flagellar length and propulsion force. In contrast, these conditions induced Volvox colonies to grow larger and increase their flagellar length, separating the somatic cells further. Detailed studies on V. carteri found that the opposing effects of increasing beating force and flagellar spacing balance, so the fluid speed across the colony surface remains unchanged between nutrient conditions. These results lend further support to the hypothesized link between the Péclet number, nutrient uptake and the evolution of biological complexity in the Volvocales. © 2011 The Royal Society.

Diogenes nitidimanus Terao, 1913 Diogenes edwardsii. ��� Ortmann, 1892: 295. [Not Diogenes edwardsii (De Haan, 1849)]. Diogenes nitidimanus Terao, 1913: 363, fig. 1 [type locality: Province Sagami, Japan]; Gordan, 1956: 317 (bibliography); Kim, 1973: 208, fig. 40, pl. 68, fig. 22; Miyake & Imafuku, 1980: 3, pl. 1, fig. 5; Miyake, 1982: 194 (list), 213 (key); Asakura, 1987 b: 34 ���37, fig. 1, pl. 6, figs 1���6; 1995 b: 352, fig. 21; 2006: 28, figs 9, 10. Diogenes spinifrons. ��� Komai et al., 1992: 196. Not Diogenes spinifrons (De Haan, 1849)., Published as part of Korn, Olga M., Kornienko, Elena S. & Komai, Tomoyuki, 2008, A reexamination of adults and larval stages of Diogenes nitidimanus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 1693 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180654, {"references":["Terao, A. (1913) A catalogue of hermit-crabs found in Japan (Paguridae excluding Lithodidae), with descriptions of four new species. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 8, 355 - 391.","Ortmann, A. (1892) Die Decapoden-Krebse des Strassburger Museums, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der von Herrn Dr. Doderlein bei Japan und bei den Liu-Kiu-Inseln gesammelten und zur Zeit im Strassburger Museum aufbewahrten Formen, IV. Die Abtheilungen Galatheidea und Paguridea. Zoologischen Jahrbucher, Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 6, 241 - 326, pls. 11, 12.","Gordan, J. (1956) A bibliography of pagurid crabs, exclusive of Alcock, 1905. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 108, 253 - 352.","Kim, H. S. (1973) Anomura and Brachyura. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea, Vol. 14. Ministry of Education, Seoul, 694 pp., 112 pls.","Miyake, S. & Imafuku, M. (1980) Hermit crabs from Kii Peninsula, II. Nankiseibutu, the Nanki Biological Society, 22, 59 - 64. [In Japanese]","Miyake, S. (1982) Japanese Crustacean Decapods and Stomatopods in Color, Volume 1: Macrura, Anomura and Stomatopoda. Hoikusha, Osaka, viii + 261 pp., 56 pls. [In Japanese]","Asakura, A. (1987 b) Polymorphism in chelae of Diogenes nitidimanus Terao (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae). Researches on Crustacea, 16, 29 - 33.","Komai, T., Maruyama, S. & Konishi, K. (1992) A list of decapod crustaceans from Hokkaido, northern Japan. Researches on Crustacea, 21, 189 - 205."]}

Volvox globator Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 1: 820. 1758. "Habitat in Europae lacubus." Lectotype (John in Spencer & al. in Taxon, in press): [icon] " The Globe Animal " in Baker, Employ. Microscope: 323, t. 12, f. 27. 1753. Generitype of Volvox Linnaeus (vide Ehrenberg, Infus.: 72. 1838). Current name: Volvox globator L. (Volvocaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part V), pp. 911-926 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 926, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971