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The Shitoukengde Cu-Ni deposit is located in the eastern part of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB). The overall complex underwent emplacement into the surrounding rock, including the gneiss and marble. The ore-bodies exist in complex I, which is composed of peridotite, pyroxenite, and gabbro. The petrogeochemical characteristics of the rocks show that the m/f values range from 1.93 to 5.97, and the Fe3+/ΣFe ratios of the spinel are < 0.3, indicating that the Shitoukengde complexes have the potential to form a Cu-Ni ore deposit. Based on the evidence of marble and gneiss xenoliths, there are higher CaO and Al2O3 contents in the peridotite and pyroxene, there are Nb and Ta depletions, in the Shitoukengde; these results indicate that the ore-forming parental magma has been obviously contaminated by crustal material during the evolution process and that the materials responsible for the contamination mainly originated from the middle-upper crust. The mafic-ultramafic complex, which is closed to marble, has higher CaO and Al2O3 contents; higher (87Sr/86Sr)i values and lower Ni contents; thus, it is reasonable to infer that the Shitoukengde mafic-ultramafic rocks assimilated some marble, and the contamination of marble without sulfide suppresses the sulfide saturation. The pyroxenite with better mineralization is mainly orthopyroxene, and the increase in the sulfur isotope values in the pyroxenite and peridotite is accompanied by an increase in the Ni content; these results suggest that the SiO2 and S of biotite-plagioclase gneisses, especially the S addition, were important for the Shitoukengde intrusion to reach sulfide saturation. The whole-rock Ni content in the peridotite shows a positive relationship with the FeO content of spinel, indicating that the crystallization of spinel has little effect on sulfide saturation. The capable of crystallizing olivine with Fo content as high as 89.3 mol% and olivine Fo value exhibits a positive relationship with the olivine NiO content, indicating that olivine fractional crystallization did not play a significant role in sulfide saturation. The δ34SV-CDT value of the giant Xiarihamu deposit is much higher than that of Shitoukengde. The degree of crustal S contamination is probably responsible for the difference in the scale and ore grade of the Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in the East Kunlun area. The above indicators could guide the exploration and evaluation of similar deposits in the EKOB.

Three-dimensional computations on the basis of the index-function lattice Boltzmann method are performed to simulate the process of multiple droplets impinging and coalescing into a line pattern on a solid substrate. The employed calculation model is validated by theoretical calculated values and experimental data from the literature. The influences of the equilibrium contact angle, droplet spacing and impinging velocity on the droplets impingement and coalescence behaviours are investigated. Numerical results demonstrate the width of the formed line depends significantly on the equilibrium contact angle and droplet spacing. The droplet spacing plays a significant role in controlling the coalescence moment of multiple droplets. The resolution of the printed pattern can be slightly increased with increase in impinging velocity.

The effects of surface properties of the substrate on the geometrical characteristics of inkjet-printed silver lines are investigated. Silver nanoparticle ink is printed on the paper and silicon wafers, which are frequently used as substrates of electronic devices. The microscopic three-dimensional structure is constituted by repeatedly printing of lines when the substrate temperature varies from 60°C to 100°C. The roughness of the substrate has no significant effects on the line morphologies while the substrate temperature is the major factor. Cross-section views of printed lines change from convex to concave shapes as the substrate temperature increases on both substrates. When the substrate temperature rises to 90°C, the coffee ring effect begins to appear on the paper substrate but does not happen on silicon wafers. Further studies show that a small ratio of edge length to area or high surface roughness is helpful to reduce the occurrence of the coffee ring effect. Suitable morphologies of printed lines to improve the performance of electronic devices can be obtained by controlling surface properties of the substrate.

Inkjet printing is a method for directly patterning and fabricating patterns without the need for masks. However, the physical phenomenon in inkjet printing process is very complicated with the coupling of piezoelectricity, elasticity, and free surface fluid dynamics. The authors use the volume of fluid (VOF) method as implemented in the commercial code FLUENT to model the details of the drop formation process. The influence of viscosity and surface tension of the liquid on the droplet formation process is investigated. Consequently, we find that the speed of liquid plays an important role for the jet stability. The viscosity of liquid greatly influences the final speed of droplet. However, the surface tension of liquid does not much affect the speed of droplet. It changes the shape of the liquid thread and final droplet.

The present paper considers a design of fish fin actuators based on shape memory alloy composites composed of a couple of plates with the opposite functions. Both SMA plates, whose microstructure is either martensite or austenite, are individually arranged in parallel and operated as a bias to each other. The actuation mechanism is based on change in elastic constant, from stiff to soft during austenite to martensite transformation. First, a preliminary model of the elastic and superelastic deformation is proposed for prediction of the optimum curvature of SMA plates, which enable us to control the steering of an underwater object. The analytical model provides the relationship between the bending moment and the curvature for the composite plates in each deformation range. For a given velocity of a moving fish robot, the underwater curvature and bending moment of its plates is successfully obtained. We design such a fish fin actuator made of a set of different types of SMA composite plates which are embedded in an elastometer matrix to form a fish tail fin.