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Bicalutamide (Bic) is an androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for treating prostate cancer, while ADT is potentially associated with acute kidney injury. Previously, we recognized Bic induced renal mitochondria dysfunction in vitro and in vivo via the ROS -HIF1α pathway. Whether OXPHOS complex, as well as mitochondrial dynamics, can be influenced by Bic via modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1α (PGC1α), NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), mitofusins 1/2 (MFN 1/2), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), and sirtuins (SIRTs) has not been documented. Renal mesangial cell line was treated with Bic (30~60 μM) for the indicated time. SIRTs, complex I, mitochondrial dynamics- and oxidative stress-related proteins were analyzed. Bic dose-dependently reduced mitochondrial potential, but dose- and time-dependently suppressed translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane member 20 (Tomm 20), complex I activity. Nox4 and glutathione lead to decreased NAD+/NADH ratio, with upregulated superoxide dismutase 2. SIRT1 was initially stimulated and then suppressed, while SIRT3 was time- and dose-dependently downregulated. PGC1α, MFN2, and OPA1 were all upregulated, with MFN1 and pro-fission dynamin-related protein I downregulated. Bic exhibits potential to damage mitochondria via destroying complex I, complex I activity, and mitochondrial dynamics. Long-term treatment with Bic should be carefully followed up.

Fluoxetine, an antidepressant known as a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), can cause side effects such as muscle atrophy with long-term use, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Geniposide (GPS) and geniposidic acid (GPSA), the main components of Gardenia jasminoides fruit, have been shown to have biological activity in disease prevention, but their role in preventing FXT-related side effects such as muscle atrophy remains unclear. The process of muscle atrophy is a complex physiological mechanism involving the balance of protein synthesis and catabolism. In this study, we hypothesized that FXT may suppress hypertrophy signaling and activate the atrophy mechanisms, resulting in proteolysis and reduced protein synthesis, while geniposide (GPS) and geniposide acid (GPSA) may be beneficial in improving muscle weakness caused by FXT. The C2C12 cell model was used to examine the expression of hypertrophy signaling (PI3K, Akt, and mTOR) and protein break signals (FOXO, MuRF-1, and MyHC). Our data indicated that FXT inhibited MyHC and promoted MuRF-1 protein expression by downregulating the signaling pathways of p-ERK1/2, p-Akt, p-mTOR, and p-FOXO, resulting in a decrease in differentiation and myotube formation in C2C12 muscle cells, which further resulted in muscle atrophy. However, GPS and GPSA can positively regulate the atrophy mechanism induced by FXT in muscle cells, thereby ameliorating the imbalance in muscle synthesis. In conclusion, GPS and GPSA have the potential to attenuate the muscle loss caused by long-term FXT administration, diseases, or the aging process.

Background Weight‐reduction therapies, including bariatric surgery (BS), are standard treatments for severely obese patients with type 2 diabetes; however, the outcomes of these therapies are inconclusive for obese patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate the effects of BS or non‐surgical interventions on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and to determine whether BS can be recommended for renal function preservation based on body mass index (BMI) and eGFR changes in obese patients with CKD. Methods This study used data from the weight Reduction Intervention on GFR in Obese Patients with Renal Impairment‐Taipei Medical University (TMU) study, which was a large, long‐term, propensity score‐matched cohort study based on clinical data from patients who registered at weight‐reduction centres at TMU and its affiliated hospitals from 2008 to 2016. The patients were stratified according to whether they had undergone BS and into the mild, moderate, and high CKD risk groups using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. The primary outcome was the eGFR calculated using the Taiwan Chronic Kidney Disease‐Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Cox regression models were used to determine hazard ratios (HRs) for eGFR decreases ≥25%. Results A total of 4332 obese patients were enrolled in this study. After propensity score matching, 1620 patients, including 60.2% women, with a mean age of 36.5 (9.9) years were divided into BS or non‐surgery groups (n = 810 per group). The overall mean eGFRs increased by 4.4 (14) mL/min·1.73 m2 and decreased by 6.4 (16.0) mL/min·1.73 m2 in the BS and non‐surgery groups, respectively. The decrease in BMI in the BS and non‐surgery groups were 2.5 and 1.3 kg/m2, respectively. In the moderate/high CKD risk BS group, a significant correlation was evident between an increased eGFR and a reduced BMI (Spearman's correlation −0.229, P < 0.001). The Cox regression analysis showed that the BS group had a significantly lower risk of an eGFR decline ≥25% at 12 months [adjusted HR (aHR) 0.47, P = 0.03). After BS, obese patients with hypertension or albuminuria had significantly lower risks of eGFR declines ≥25% (aHR 0.37, P = 0.02 and aHR 0.13, P = 0.0018, respectively). Conclusions Bariatric surgery was associated with eGFR preservation in all obese patients and, particularly, in those with moderate‐to‐high CKD risks. A longer term outcome study is warranted to determine the benefits of BS for CKD patients.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) belong to a class of universally and commonly used anti-inflammatory analgesics worldwide. A diversity of drawbacks of NSAIDs have been reported including cellular oxidative stress, which in turn triggers the accumulation of unfolded proteins, enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress, and finally resulting in renal cell damage. Cordyceps cicadae (CC) has been used as a traditional medicine for improving renal function via its anti-inflammatory effects. N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)adenosine (HEA), a physiologically active compound, has been reported from CC mycelia (CCM) with anti-inflammatory effects. We hypothesize that HEA could protect human proximal tubular cells (HK−2) from NSAID-mediated effects on differential gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels. To verify this, we first isolated HEA from CCM using Sephadex® LH−20 column chromatography. The MTT assay revealed HEA to be nontoxic up to 100 µM toward HK−2 cells. The HK−2 cells were pretreated with HEA (10–20 µM) and then insulted with the NSAIDs diclofenac (DCF, 200 µM) and meloxicam (MXC, 400 µM) for 24 h. HEA (20 µM) effectively prevented ER stress by attenuating ROS production (p &lt, 0.001) and gene expression of ATF−6, PERK, IRE1α, CDCFHOP, IL1β, and NFκB within 24 h. Moreover, HEA reversed the increase of GRP78 and CHOP protein expression levels induced by DCF and MXC, and restored the ER homeostasis. These results demonstrated that HEA treatments effectively protect against DCF- and MXC-induced ER stress damage in human proximal tubular cells through regulation of the GRP78/ATF6/PERK/IRE1α/CHOP pathway.

Dysregulation of fatty acid oxidation and accumulation of fatty acids can cause kidney injury. Nifedipine modulates lipogenesis-related transcriptional factor SREBP-1/2 in proximal tubular cells by inhibiting the Adenosine 5&lsquo, monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which nifedipine (NF) modulates lipotoxicity in vivo are unclear. Here, we examined the effect of NF in a doxorubicin (DR)-induced kidney injury rat model. Twenty-four Sprague&ndash, Dawley rats were divided into control, DR, DR+NF, and high-fat diet (HFD) groups. The DR, DR+NF, and HFD groups showed hypertension and proteinuria. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis showed that NF significantly induced TNF-&alpha, CD36, SREBP-1/2, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase expression and renal fibrosis, and reduced fatty acid synthase and AMPK compared to other groups (p &lt, 0.05). Additionally, 18 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who received renal transplants were enrolled to examine their graft fibrosis and lipid contents via transient elastography. Low-density lipoprotein levels in patients with CKD strongly correlated with lipid contents and fibrosis in grafted kidneys (p &lt, 0.05). Thus, NF may initiate lipogenesis through the SREBP-1/2/AMPK pathway and lipid uptake by CD36 upregulation and aggravate renal fibrosis in vivo. Higher low-density lipoprotein levels may correlate with renal fibrosis and lipid accumulation in grafted kidneys of patients with CKD.

Combined androgen blockade using bicalutamide (Bic) is a therapeutic choice for treating prostate cancer (PCa). However, even at regular clinical dosages, Bic frequently shows adverse effects associated with cardiovascular and renal damage. Previously, we found that Bic selectively damaged mesangial cells compared to tubular cells and in an in vivo rat model, we also found renal damage caused by Bic. In the present study, a rat mesangial cell model was used to further the investigation. Results indicated that Bic enhanced lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lysosome population and kidney injury molecule-1 and decreased N-cadherin. Bic elicited mitochondrial swelling and reduced the mitochondrial potential, resulting in severe suppression of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), maximum respiration and ATP production. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 transcriptional activity and messenger RNA were significantly upregulated in dose-dependent manners. The HIF-1 protein reached a peak value at 24 h then rapidly decayed. BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa protein-interacting protein 3 and cleaved caspase-3 were dose-dependently upregulated by Bic (60 M) and that eventually led to cell apoptosis. It is suggested that Bic induces renal damage via ROS and modulates HIF-1 pathway and clinically, some protective agents like antioxidants are recommended for co-treatment.

AIMS OF THE STUDY A high prevalence of protein-energy wasting and malnutrition among uremic patients is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate the modulating effect of daily dietary protein intake (DPI) evaluated by normalised protein catabolic rate (nPCR) on mortality in long-term haemodialysis (HD) patient from a nationwide population-based study. METHODS USED TO CONDUCT THE STUDY By Taiwan Renal Registry Data System between 2005 and 2012, we divided the long-term HD patients into average nPCR

Nifedipine (NF) is reported to have many beneficial effects in antihypertensive therapy. Recently, we found that NF induced lipid accumulation in renal tubular cells. Palmitic acid-induced renal lipotoxicity was found to be partially mediated by endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress, while it can also be elicited by NF in kidney cells, we examined the induction of suspected pathways in both in vitro and in vivo models. NRK52E cells cultured in high-glucose medium were treated with NF (30 &micro, M) for 24&ndash, 48 h. ER stress-induced lipotoxicity was explored by staining with thioflavin T and Nile red, transmission electron microscopy, terminal uridine nick-end labeling, and Western blotting. ER stress was also investigated in rats with induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) fed NF for four weeks. NF induced the production of unfolded protein aggregates, resulting in ER stress, as evidenced by the upregulation of glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa (GRP78), activating transcription factor 6&alpha, (ATF6&alpha, ), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), and caspases-12, -3, and -7. In vitro early apoptosis was more predominant than late apoptosis. Most importantly, ATF6&alpha, was confirmed to play a unique role in NF-induced ER stress in both models. CKD patients with hypertension should not undergo NF therapy. In cases where it is required, alleviation of ER stress should be considered to avoid further damaging the kidneys.

Combined androgen blockade using bicalutamide (Bic) is a therapeutic choice for treating prostate cancer (PCa). However, even at regular clinical dosages, Bic frequently shows adverse effects associated with cardiovascular and renal damage. Previously, we found that Bic selectively damaged mesangial cells compared to tubular cells and in an in vivo rat model, we also found renal damage caused by Bic. In the present study, a rat mesangial cell model was used to further the investigation. Results indicated that Bic enhanced lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lysosome population and kidney injury molecule-1 and decreased N-cadherin. Bic elicited mitochondrial swelling and reduced the mitochondrial potential, resulting in severe suppression of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), maximum respiration and ATP production. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α transcriptional activity and messenger RNA were significantly upregulated in dose-dependent manners. The HIF-1α protein reached a peak value at 24 h then rapidly decayed. BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa protein-interacting protein 3 and cleaved caspase-3 were dose-dependently upregulated by Bic (60 μM) and that eventually led to cell apoptosis. It is suggested that Bic induces renal damage via ROS and modulates HIF-1α pathway and clinically, some protective agents like antioxidants are recommended for co-treatment.

Bicalutamide (Bic), frequently used in androgen-deprivation therapy for treating prostate cancer, was demonstrated to induce multiple apoptosis and fibrosis pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction in renal mesangial cells. Whether Bic also damages the glycolytic pathway has never been cited. To investigate this, we performed an in vitro model study with mesangial cells, and at the same time, collected data from an in vivo experiment. Bic induced hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 which upregulates phosphorylated-5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and severely suppresses the rate of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in both the oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis pathways. Bic suppressed the oxygen consumption rate, extracellular acidification rate, and mitochondrial proton efflux rate, downregulated in vivo but upregulated in vitro glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, reduced glucose uptake, inhibited key glycolytic enzymes, including phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), and upregulated hexokinase II (HKII) and lactic dehydrogenase A (LDHA). In vivo, Bic downregulated renal cubilin levels, thereby disrupting the glomerular reabsorption function. Conclusively, Bic can damage bioenergenesis from both mitochondria and glycolysis. It was suggested that long-term administration of Bic can initiate renal damage depending on the duration and dose of treatment, which requires cautious follow-up.

Memory impairment has been shown to be associated with glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity, homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation, and oxidative stress. We hypothesize that Glu and Hcy could damage neuronal cells, while astaxanthin (ATX) could be beneficial to alleviate the adverse effects. Using PC12 cell model, we showed that Glu and Hcy provoked a huge amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, causing mitochondrial damage at EC50 20 and 10 mm, respectively. The mechanisms of action include: (1) increasing calcium influx, (2) producing ROS, (3) initiating lipid peroxidation, (4) causing imbalance of the Bcl-2/Bax homeostasis, and (5) activating cascade of caspases involving caspases 12 and 3. Conclusively, the damages caused by Glu and Hcy to PC12 cells can be alleviated by the potent antioxidant ATX.

Taiwan produces large quantities of bananas in the southern area. Recently, due to the export quantity has been greatly reduced, in order to efficiently maintain the banana agriculture and economy, the development of alternate uses of bananas has become urgently in need. Bananas contain a fair amount of nutrients with low glycemic index. Currently, as the bread consumption is increasing, we tried to manufacture banana‐assorted breads. The desiccated powders of Musa sapientum var TC2‐425 Linn [(genomically, called as Musa (AAA) (MA)] and Musa basjoo “Nam Wa” (MB) were separately incorporated at 15%, 20%, and 25% (denoted as MA15‐MA25 and MB15‐MB25). Results indicated that MA exhibited higher contents of moisture, ash, crude protein, and lutein, while with lower crude fat, crude fibers, carbohydrate, sodium, total soluble sugars, and pectin. The contents of taste compounds (name, samples in decreasing order) were as follows: 5′‐CMP (MB25, MB20); 5′‐GMP (MA25, MA20); 5′‐AMP (MB25, MA15); 5′‐XMP (MA25, MA20); 5′‐IMP (MA25, MB20, MB25); and 5′‐UMP (MA20, MA25, MB20). Hedonic scoring (HS) indicated MA15, MA20, MB15, and MB20 were more acceptable. Textural profile analysis (TPA; for 0–6 days, only 0–4 days are shown) revealed that “flavor,” “mouthfeel,” “hardness,” “gumminess,” and “chewiness” were the determinant key roles. Conclusively, due to different chemical constituent of banana, different recipes must be considered. The bread acceptability is affected by the fermentative profile which in turn is governed by the contents of soluble sugars, pectin, taste compounds, and the overall activity of yeast cells., The bread acceptability is affected by the fermentative profile which in turn is governed by the contents of soluble sugars, pectin, and taste compounds. Hence, regarding the use of bananas in making the banana‐assorted breads, the recipes must be carefully designed by considering such factors.

Bicalutamide (Bic) is frequently used in androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for treating prostate cancer. ADT-induced hypogonadism was reported to have the potential to lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). ADT was also shown to induce bladder fibrosis via induction of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β level. We hypothesized that Bic can likely induce renal fibrosis. To understand this, a cell model was used to explore expressions of relevant profibrotic proteins. Results indicated that Bic initiated multiple apoptotic and fibrotic pathways, including androgen deprivation, downregulation of the androgen receptor → phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase → Akt pathway, upregulation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway- tumor necrosis factor α → nuclear factor κB → caspase-3, increased expressions of fibrosis-related proteins including platelet-derived growth factor β, fibronectin and collagen IV, and enhanced cell migration. The endoplasmic reticular stress pathway and smooth muscle actin were unaffected by Bic. Co-treatment with testosterone was shown to have an anti-apoptotic effect against Bic, suggesting a better outcome of Bic therapy if administered with an appropriate testosterone intervention. However, since Bic was found to inhibit the membrane transport and consumption rates of testosterone, a slightly larger dose of testosterone is recommended. In conclusion, these pathways can be considered to be pharmaceutically relevant targets for drug development in treating the adverse effects of Bic.

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt Labiatae (Pl), known as “Zi-So” and widely grown in China (red cultivar, Rpl) and Japan (green cultivar, Gpl), is frequently served on “Sa-Shi-Mi” dishes. Considering ...

Aim Fluoxetine (FXT), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is one of the most common psychiatric medications clinically prescribed; while over-produced serotonin may suppress neurite development. The role of major iridoids like geniposide (GPS) and genipin (GNP) from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit (family Rubiaceae) in ameliorating the anti-neurite outgrowth effect of FXT is poorly understood. In this study, the effects of these iridoids on FXT-suppressed neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells were investigated. Main methods Neuro2a cells were treated with FXT and GPS. The effect of GPS-FXT co-treatment on neurite outgrowth was observed using inverted phase-contrast microscope imaging system, while neurite outgrowth markers — microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) were analyzed using RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The transcription factor-cAMP response element binding (CREB), and signaling pathways — mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR) were also analyzed with the help of Western blot. Key findings The results showed that FXT decreased the neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a cells and also downregulated gene and protein expression of MAP2 and GAP43. It also downregulated the protein expression of phosphorylated-CREB, MAPK, and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. In contrast, GPS counteracted the effects of FXT. GPS-FXT co-treatment increased the percentage of neurite-bearing cells by 3.6-fold at 200 μM as compared to FXT treatment only. Significance This study has provided the possible molecular mechanism showing how FXT exerted its detrimental side-effects on the neurite differentiation, and via the same mechanism how GPS attenuated these side effects.

Lipid accumulation in renal cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-related kidney disease, and lipotoxicity occurring in the kidney can be a surrogate marker for renal failure or renal fibrosis. Nifedipine-induced renal lipotoxicity has never been cited, although a few studies have shown that nifedipine inhibits lipogenesis via activation of the LKB1-AMPK pathway. Therefore, we utilized NRK52E cell models to examine this further. We pre-treated cells with varying concentrations of nifedipine (7.5, 15, or 30 μM) for 24 or 48 h prior to examining the activity of lipogenesis enzymes and lipotoxicity. Nifedipine was found to activate acetyl CoA synthetase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, long chain fatty acyl CoA elongase, ATP-citrate lyase, and HMG CoA reductase, suggesting elevated production of cholesterol, triacylglycerides, and phospholipids. Nifedipine exposure induced a vast accumulation of cytosolic free fatty acids (FFA) and stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species, upregulated CD36 and KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1) expression, inhibited p-AMPK activity, and triggered the transcription of SREBP-1/2 and lipin-1, underscoring the potential of nifedipine to induce lipotoxicity with renal damage. In the present study, we elucidated the mechanism of action of nifedipine that leads to renal lipotoxicity via the AMPK-SREBP-1/2 pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating nifedipine-induced lipid accumulation in the kidney.

The effect of dyslipidemia on peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients based on the presence of residual renal function (RRF; renal creatinine clearance >2 mL/min/1.73 m2) is unknown. Data from the Taiwan Renal Registry Data System between 2005 and 2012 were analyzed to estimate the association between dyslipidemia and mortality in PD patients. Long-term PD patients (n = 8032) were divided into groups with (RRF; n = 2691, 33.5%) and without RRF (non-RRF; n = 5341, 66.5%). The primary outcome was three-year mortality, and multivariate Cox regression was used for survival analysis. After stratifying the total cholesterol (TC) level between the first and third years, the hazard ratio for mortality was estimated. In the non-RRF group, TC < 120 mg/dL was associated with independently increased risk of mortality. In the RRF group, low TC was not independently correlated with increased mortality, but TC > 285 mg/dL was associated with increased risk. PD patients with higher level of TC (>200 mg/dL) in both first and third years of dialysis had significantly lower risk of mortality. In this nationwide cohort study, PD patients without RRF who had low TC level had the highest mortality, in contrast to those with RRF. Malnutrition in long-term PD patients without RRF is an important issue to be monitored.

Hericium erinaceus (Bulliard: Fries) Persoon (HE), synonymously called Monkey Head mushroom or Yamabushitake, contains a huge amount of nutrients, in particular, the erinacines. This study was carried out with the aim to uncover whether erinacines can play a role as a neuroprotective adjuvant and what the related mechanism of action could be. A novel medium was developed to significantly enhance the productivity of biomass as well as erinacines to reach 16.8 g/L and 225 ± 54 mg/L, respectively. The ethanolic extract of HE (HEE) was tested on PC-12 cell line for its protective effect against the 20 mM glutamate-insult (GluI). The parameters affected were (control vs. GluI): glutathione (8.9 ± 0.8 vs. 2.5 ± 0.7 nmol/mg protein); glutathione peroxidase (11.6 ± 1.6 vs. 28.2 ± 3.2 mU/mg protein); glutathione reductase (9.2 ± 0.8 vs. 2.3 ± 0.4 mU/mg-protein); Ca2+-influx (115 ± 16 vs. 360 ± 23 nmol/L); reactive oxygen species (100 ± 3 vs. 140 ± 7%); superoxide dismutase (56.5 ± 6.3 vs. 23.2 ± 4.2 U/mg-protein); H2O2 (8.2 ± 0.7 vs. 20.4 ± 3.5 nmol/mg-protein); and TBARs (MDA) (8.1 ± 0.3 vs. 13.3 ± 2.5 μmol/μg-protein) (p

4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB, methyl yellow, or butter yellow), a human carcinogen, has been banned for use in foods since 1988. In 2014, DAB adulteration in Tofu occurred in Taiwan. We hypothesize that DAB can form [DAB•SBP]adduct adduct with soybean protein (SBP) which could damage Gastro-Duodenal-Hepatic axis. Sprague-Dawley rats gavage fed [DAB•SBP]adduct adduct revealed severely reduced body weight and damaged duodenum, liver, hepatic mitochondria, and spleen. Hepatic levels of glutathione and ATP were severely reduced. Serum GOT and GPT were substantially elevated. Analysis by the adsorption isotherm clearly revealed DAB formed very stable [DAB•SBP]adduct adduct at 1:1 molar ration (Phase A). The equilibrium constant of this colloidal adduct [DAB•SBP]adduct was KeqA = ∝, behaving as the most stable and toxic species. At higher protein concentration (Phase C) it formed conjugate [DAB×SBPgross]conjugate, with KeqC = 3.23×10-2 mg/mL, implicating a moderately strong adsorption. The in vitro pepsin digestibility test showed apparently reduced digestibility by 27% (by Ninhydrin assay) or 8% (by Bradford assay). Conclusively, this is the first report indicating that [DAB•SBP]adduct potentially is capable to damage the Gastro-Duodenal-Hepatic axis.

Hepatic CYP2B metabolizes cyclophosphamide (CP) into acrolein and phosphoramide mustard, which are the ultimate toxic teratogenic compounds. To determine whether folic acid (FA), resveratrol (RV) and vitamin E (vitE) could prevent these adverse effects, we carried out this study with CP at 20–60 nM. CP at 40 nM yielded maximum malformation (58.3 ± 4.2%) with a minimum mortality rate (58.3 ± 4.5%) and severe neural tube defects (NTDs). CP (40 nM) was co-administered with nutraceutics (each at 0.2 and 2.0 μM) applied to day-zero chicken embryo models (CEMs) and the biochemical parameters in brains were examined. CP upregulated (vs. control) hydrogen peroxide (HPO) (1.75/1.05 μmol per μg protein), hif-1α gene (1.5 fold), and HIF-1α protein (1.87 fold). CP downregulated glutathione (3.0/5.2 μmol per μg protein), cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) (10/22 U per mg protein) and ATP production (0.52 ± 0.7/1.23 ± 0.4 pmol per μg protein) (p 20 U per mg protein, and ATP to >1.2 pmol per mg protein. As a consequence, the intracranial hemorrhage was completely alleviated. Interestingly, vitE at 2.0 μM slightly upregulated the hif-1α gene, and suppressed GSH, CCO, and ATP production, which was suggested to be due to limited permeability through the blood brain barrier and the formation of tocopheryl free radicals. Conclusively, CP tends to elicit intracranial hemorrhaging via the mitochondrial ROS-hif-1α-ATP depletion pathway. For the prevention of such teratogenicity, FA and RV at 2.0 μM are more effective than vitE.

Background Calcium channel blocker (CCB) or two renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockades (RAAS), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), are major potent and prevalently used as initial antihypertensive agents for mild to moderate hypertension, but no uniform agreement as to which antihypertensive drugs should be given for initial therapy, especially among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Design A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing CCBs and the two RAAS blockades for hypertensive patients with CKD stage 3 to 5D. The inclusion criteria for this systematic review was RCT that compared the effects of CCBs and the two RAAS blockades in patients with hypertension and CKD. The exclusion criteria were (1) renal transplantation, (2) CKD stage 1 or 2, (3) combined therapy (data cannot be extracted separately). Outcomes were blood pressure change, mortality, heart failure, stroke or cerebrovascular events, and renal outcomes. Results 21 randomized controlled trials randomized 9,492 patients with hypertensive and CKD into CCBs and the two RAAS blockades treatments. The evidence showed no significant differences in blood presser change, mortality, heart failure, stroke or cerebrovascular events, and renal outcomes between CCBs group and the two RAAS blockades group. The publication bias of pooled mean blood presser change that was detected by Egger’s test was non-significant. Conclusions CCBs has similar effects on long term blood pressure, mortality, heart failure, stroke or cerebrovascular events, and renal function to RAAS blockades in patients CKD stage 3 to 5D and hypertension.

Previous studies show that serum bilirubin has potent antioxidant effect and is associated with protection from kidney damage and reduce cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to examine the association of serum total bilirubin level and mortality in uremia patients who underwent hemodialysis.This is a nationwide retrospective long-term cohort study. Patients were registered in the Taiwan Renal Registry Data System (TWRDS) from 2005 to 2012. A total of 115,535 hemodialysis patients were surveyed and those with valid baseline total bilirubin (TB) data were enrolled. All-cause mortality was the primary outcome.A total of 47,650 hemodialysis patients followed for 27.6 ± 12 months, were divided into 3 groups according to different baseline serum total bilirubin levels (0.1-0.3, 0.3-0.7, 0.7-1.2 mg/dL). Mean age was 61.4 ± 13.6 years, 50% were male, 13% were hepatitis B carriers, and 20% were hepatitis C carriers. Primary outcome was the 3-year mortality. The TB level 0.7-1.2 mg/dL group had high mortality, statistically significant hazard ratio of mortality was 1.14 (crude HR, 95% 1.07-1.20, p 0.01), and adjusted HR was 1.18 (model 1, 95% CI 1.11-1.25), 1.21 (model 2, 95% CI 1.14-1.29, p 0.01), 1.44 (model 3, 95% CI 1.06-1.96, p 0.01), respectively. Sensitivity test showed that after excluding 14,899 patients with hepatitis B or C, or abnormal liver function, the highest level of TB associated with higher significant mortality was still robust.In our study, high TB level is associated with mortality in uremia patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis, but further studies of the different effects of unconjugated or conjugated bilirubin on hemodialysis patients are needed.

Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) (GA) occurs in many plants. The adverse effects of GA are seldom cited. GA (6–14 μM) provoked the hemorrhagic liposis of the cervical muscles and intracranial hemorrhage. The cause of these pathological events and the method for prevention are still lacking. Using the chicken embryo model and some selected nutraceutics such as folate, glutathione (GSH), N-acetylcysteine, and vitamin E (Vit E), we carried out this study. Results revealed that the action mechanism of GA involved (i) inducing hypoxia with upregulated gene hif-1α and downregulated ratio vegf-r2/vegf-a, leading to dys-vascularization and myopathy; (ii) impairing cytochrome c oxidase; (iii) stimulating creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase release; (iv) eliciting carnitine accumulation and liposis via downregulating gene CPT1; (v) suppressing superoxide dismutase and stimulating NO, H2O2, and malondialdehyde; and (vi) depleting erythrocytic and tissue GSH, resulting in hemorrhage. When both Vit E and GSH were applied to the day 1 chicks, a better alleviation effect was revealed. Conclusively, GA potentially exhibits adverse effect by eliciting hemorrhagic liposis of cervical muscles and cerebral hemorrhage. Supplementation with GSH, Vit E, and N-acetylcysteine is able to ameliorate these adverse effects, warranting the importance of restricting the clinical phytotherapeutic doses of GA and related compounds. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lipid accumulation in renal cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-related kidney disease, and lipotoxicity in the kidney can be a surrogate marker for renal failure or renal fibrosis. Fatty acid oxidation provides energy to renal tubular cells. Ca2+ is required for mitochondrial ATP production and to decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, how nifedipine (a calcium channel blocker) affects lipogenesis is unknown. We utilized rat NRK52E cells pre-treated with varying concentrations of nifedipine to examine the activity of lipogenesis enzymes and lipotoxicity. A positive control exposed to oleic acid was used for comparison. Nifedipine was found to activate acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, long chain fatty acyl CoA elongase, ATP-citrate lyase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, suggesting elevated production of cholesterol and phospholipids. Nifedipine exposure induced a vast accumulation of cytosolic free fatty acids (FFA) and stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species, upregulated CD36 and KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1) expression, inhibited p-AMPK activity, and triggered the expression of SREBP-1/2 and lipin-1, underscoring the potential of nifedipine to induce lipotoxicity with renal damage. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating nifedipine-induced lipid accumulation in the kidney.

Nutraceutically, much of the literature has indicated that an aglycon and its related glycoside would act similarly. However, controversial reports are accumulating. We hypothesize that rutin (RT) and quercetin (QT) pharmacodynamically could act differently. To confirm this, doxorubicin (DR) (8.5 mg/kg) was used to induce rat chronic kidney disease (CKD) and then treated with QT and RT (each 70 mg/kg body weight per day) for 13 weeks. QT exhibited better body weight gaining effect (420 ± 45) vs RT, 350 ± 57 g/rat (p0.001). DR raised the ratio kidney-to-body weight (%) to 0.82 (p0.001) vs RT, 0.62 (p0.01), and QT, 0.35 (p0.01). DR reduced the glomerular filtration rate to 25.2 vs RT, 48 ± 11.3; QT, 124.7 ± 12.8 (p0.001) and the control, 191.5 ± 15.7 mL/h (p0.001). DRCKD reduced hematocrit to 29 ± 5; RT, to 28 ± 5 (p0.05); QT, to 36 ± 6 vs the control 37.5 ± 4%, (p0.01). DRCKD reduced the serum albumin (s-Ab) to 2.1 ± 0.2 (p0.001); QT, to 2.7 ± 0.2 (p0.05) vs the normal 4.3 ± 0.5 g/dL, yet RT was totally ineffective. DRCKD raised serum cholesterol level to 340 ± 30; vs RT, 260 ± 12; QT, 220 ± 25; and the normal value, 70 ± 25 mg/dL. DRCKD increased serum triglyceride to 260 ± 15 (p0.001), RT and QT restored it to 170 ± 25 and 200 ± 15 (p0.05) vs the normal 26-145 mg/dL. DRCKD elevated blood urea nitrogen to 38 ± 3 vs RT, to 98 ± 6 mg/dL (p0.001), implicating "protein-energy malnutrition". RT stimulated serum creatinine (sCr) production to reach 6.0 ± 0.9 mg/dL (p0.001). QT did not alter the sCr level. RT but not QT induced uremia and hypercreatininemia. DR significantly downregulated Bcl-2, but highly upregulated Bax, Bad, and cleaved caspase-3, implicating the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. DR damaged DNA, but QT completely rescued such an effect and recovered renal amyloidosis and collagen deposition. Conclusively, RT and QT act differently, and RT is inferior to QT with respect to treating CKD.

4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB, methyl yellow, or butter yellow), a human carcinogen, has been banned for use in foods since 1988. In 2014, DAB adulteration in Tofu occurred in Taiwan. We hypothesize that DAB can form [DAB•SBP]adduct adduct with soybean protein (SBP) which could damage Gastro-Duodenal-Hepatic axis. Sprague-Dawley rats gavage fed [DAB•SBP]adduct adduct revealed severely reduced body weight and damaged duodenum, liver, hepatic mitochondria, and spleen. Hepatic levels of glutathione and ATP were severely reduced. Serum GOT and GPT were substantially elevated. Analysis by the adsorption isotherm clearly revealed DAB formed very stable [DAB•SBP]adduct adduct at 1:1 molar ration (Phase A). The equilibrium constant of this colloidal adduct [DAB•SBP]adduct was KeqA = ∝, behaving as the most stable and toxic species. At higher protein concentration (Phase C) it formed conjugate [DAB×SBPgross]conjugate, with KeqC = 3.23×10−2 mg/mL, implicating a moderately strong adsorption. The in vitro pepsin digestibility test showed apparently reduced digestibility by 27% (by Ninhydrin assay) or 8% (by Bradford assay). Conclusively, this is the first report indicating that [DAB•SBP]adduct potentially is capable to damage the Gastro-Duodenal-Hepatic axis.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an imbalance between androgen/estrogen, overexpression of stromal, and epithelial growth factors associated with chronic inflammation, has become an atypical direct cause of mortality of aged male diseases.Ginkgopossesses anti-inflammatory, blood flow-enhancing, and free radical scavenging effects. Considering strenuous exercise can reduce BPH risks, we hypothesizeGinkgo+ exercise (Ginkgo+ Ex) could be beneficial to BPH. To verify this, rat BPH model was induced by s.c. 3.5 mg testosterone (T) and 0.1 mg estradiol (E2) per head per day successively for 8 weeks, using mineral oil as placebo. Cerenin®8.33 μL/100 g was applied s.c. from the 10th to the 13th week, and simultaneously, Ex was applied (30 m/min, 3 times/week). In BPH,Ginkgoalone had no effect on T, 5α-reductase, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), but suppressed androgen receptor (AR), aromatase, E2 and estrogen receptor (ER), and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA); Ex alone significantly reduced T, aromatase, E2, ER, AR, and PCNA, but highly raised DHT. WhileGinkgo+ Ex androgenically downregulated T, aromatase, E2, and ER, but upregulated DHT, AR, and PCNA, implyingGinkgo+ Ex tended to worsen BPH. Conclusively,Ginkgoor Ex alone may be more beneficial thanGinkgo+ Ex for treatment of BPH.

We hypothesized that doxorubicin (DR) induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) could trigger the intrinsic and the extrinsic renal cell apoptotic pathways, while treadmill exercise could help prevent adverse effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to treadmill running exercise at a speed of 30 m/min, 30 or 60 min/day, 3 times per week, for a total period of 11 weeks. The physiological and biochemical parameters were seen substantially improved (DR-CKD control, 30 min, 60 min exercise): the ratio of kidney weight/body weight (0.89, 0.74, and 0.72); the WBC (1.35, 1.08, and 1.42 × 104 cells/μL); RBC (5.30, 6.38, and 6.26 × 106 cells/μL); the platelet count (15.1, 12.8, and 11.3 × 105/μL); serum cholesterol (659, 360, and 75 mg/dL); serum triglyceride (542, 263, and 211 mg/dL); BUN (37, 25, and 22 mg/dL). Bcl-2 and intramitochondrial cytochromecwere upregulated, while the levels of Bax, SOD, MDA, cleaved caspases 9, 3, 8, 12, and calpain were all downregulated in DRCKD groups with exercise. CHOP (GADD153) and GRP78 were totally unaffected. FAS (CD95) was only slightly suppressed in the 60 min exercise DRCKD group. Conclusively, exercise can ameliorate CKD through the regulation of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. The 60 min exercise yields more beneficial effect than the 30 min counterpart.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is usually associated with cardiac apoptosis and/or cardiac hypertrophy. We hypothesized that exercise can reduce the CKD-induced cardiac damage.The doxorubicin-induced CKD (DRCKD) model was used in rats to compare two exercise models: 60-min running and 60-min swimming. Results indicated that in healthy normal groups, the signals cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), and gp130 were upregulated and janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) were downregulated by both exercises. In contrast, all signals were highly upregulated in CKD. After exercise training, all signals (CT-1, IL-6, LIFR, gp130, and STAT) were downregulated, with JAK being only slightly upregulated in the running group but not in the swimming group. The myocyte death pathway (CT-1/IL-6 → LIFR/gp130 → PI3K → Akt → Bad) was excluded due to no change found for Bad. Nitric oxide (NO; normal, 15.63 ± 0.86 µmol/l) was significantly suppressed in CKD rats (2.95 ± 0.32 µmol/l), and both running and swimming training highly upregulated the NO level to 30.33 ± 1.03 µmol/l and 27.82 ± 2.47 µmol/l in normal subjects and 24.0 ± 3.2 µmol/l and 22.69 ± 3.79 µmol/l in the DRCKD rats, respectively. The endothelial progenic cells CD34 were significantly suppressed in DRCKD rats, which were not rescued significantly by exercise. In contrast, the CD 34 cells were only slightly suppressed in the healthy subjects by exercise.Both exercise regimens were beneficial by rescuing cardiac function in CKD victims. Its action mechanism was by way of inhibiting myocyte death and rescuing cardiac hypertrophy.

Antrodia cinnamomea has a diversity of therapeutic effects including anticancer properties. Its neuroprotective effect is rarely cited. We hypothesized that due to its high phenol, triterpenoid, and adenosine contents, it might exhibit a potent neuroprotective effect. The PC12 cell model was used to investigate its pharmaceutical effects. Congo red staining was used to identify the activation of Aβ 25–35. Chemical analysis indicated that the ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea contained a huge amount (mg/g ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea) of polyphenolics (133 ± 7), flavonoids (114 ± 6), triterpenoids (175 ± 26), and adenosine (370 ± 17). When tested with Aβ 25–35 (15 µM), the cell viability was suppressed in a dose-dependent fashion with an IC50 value of 10 µM. The biochemical parameters upregulated by Aβ 25–35 (15 µM) involved TNF-α, ROS, MDA, NO, and the intracellular calcium ions. These adverse effects were effectively ameliorated by the ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea (1 µg/mL). The Western blot analysis revealed that Aβ 25–35 downregulated BcL-2/Bax and upregulated cleaved caspases-9 and − 3 without affecting cleaved caspase-8. The G2/M arrest elicited by Aβ 25–35 was ameliorated by the ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea. TUNEL assay confirmed the apoptosis, and the ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea downregulated adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors. Taken together, Aβ 25–35 tends to induce neurotoxicity on PC12 cells. The ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea is capable of suppressing its neurotoxicity by rescuing the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and simultaneously by downregulating adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors to retard neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Guava leaf tea (GLT), exhibiting a diversity of medicinal bioactivities, has become a popularly consumed daily beverage. To improve the product quality, a new process was recommended to the Ser-Tou Farmers' Association (SFA), who began field production in 2005. The new process comprised simplified steps: one bud–two leaves were plucked at 3:00–6:00 am, in the early dawn period, followed by withering at ambient temperature (25–28 °C), rolling at 50 °C for 50–70 min, with or without fermentation, then drying at 45–50 °C for 70–90 min, and finally sorted. RESULTS: The product manufactured by this new process (named herein GLTSF) exhibited higher contents (in mg g−1, based on dry ethyl acetate fraction/methanolic extract) of polyphenolics (417.9 ± 12.3) and flavonoids (452.5 ± 32.3) containing a compositional profile much simpler than previously found: total quercetins (190.3 ± 9.1), total myricetin (3.3 ± 0.9), total catechins (36.4 ± 5.3), gallic acid (8.8 ± 0.6), ellagic acid (39.1 ± 6.4) and tannins (2.5 ± 9.1). CONCLUSION: We have successfully developed a new process for manufacturing GLTSF with a unique polyphenolic profile. Such characteristic compositional distribution can be ascribed to the right harvesting hour in the early dawn and appropriate treatment process at low temperature, avoiding direct sunlight. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Summary Backgrounds & aims The long term therapeutic effect of ferulic acid (FA) and gallic acid (GA) in treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been lacking. Methods Doxorubicin (DR, Adriamycin)-induced CKD rat model was established for this study. Results DR significantly reduced levels of serum albumin, GOT, GPT, RBC, TNF-α, and urinary creatinine and elevated serum cholesterol, TG, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, WBC, platelet count, and IL-6. In DRCKD rats, FA and GA significantly increased kidney weight and glomerular volume. FA reduced glomerular filtration rate but GA did not. FA enhanced more collagen deposition than GA in renal cortex and glomeruli. Both FA and GA showed crucial hyperlipidemic activity. The inhibitory effects of FA and GA on MMP-2 were very comparable. GA suppressed MMP-2 more effectively than FA in DRCKD rats. Both FA and GA induced SOD elevation and MDA elimination. In DRCKD rats, Western blot analysis indicated that FA further up-regulated CD34, α-SMA, tissue pDGFR, p-PDGFR, and TGF-β; and down-regulated p-PI3K, and p-Akt. Since both PDGF-BB and TGF-β are considered to induce kidney prefibrosis stage, GA was proved to be more beneficial in this regard. Conclusions GA tends to protect the CKD while FA is not recommended for the long term CKD therapy.

In utilization of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt and Smith (Zingiberaceae) (AZ), usually the angiocarps are discarded without further use.We speculate whether the angiocarps could show hypolipidemic effect.Several diets were prepared: Alpinia seed powder (ASP); Alpinia seed powder/husk (ASH): 40/60; and Alpinia seed essential oil (ASO): 0.01-0.10%. Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 11 groups were fed these diets for 8 weeks and tested for the hypolipidemic bioactivity.The fecal neutral cholesterol excretion was increased, and the serum total triglyceride (TG) was significantly reduced from 153.7 mg/dL in the high-fat group (H) to 114.3-119.8 mg/dL by ASO; to 116.3-147.9 mg/dL by ASP; and to 116.2-145.3 mg/dL by ASH. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were almost unaffected. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were mostly raised by ASO to 180.3-200.8 mg/dL. The lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) levels were mostly reduced to 66.8-82.6 mg/dL by ASH. The level of arachidonic acid was mostly raised to 0.50-0.60% by ASO, compared with 0.37% of group H. More importantly, the significant reduction in hepatic TG and total cholesterol (TC) implicated a crucial liver protective effect.ASP and ASH consisted of high crude-fiber content, while ASO consisted of seed essential oil. Both the seed essential oil and the whole powder of AZ previously had been reported to possess potent hypolipidemic bioactivity. Conclusively, the hypolipidemic effect can be attributed to the combined effect of the essential oil and the crude fiber.

The amount of major lignans present in the alkaline extract of the defatted flaxseed (in mg/g) is as follows: secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG, 109.80), p-coumaric acid glucoside (CAG, 70.21), ferulic acid glucoside (FAG, 68.81), secoisolariciresinol (SECO, 0.49), coumaric acid (CA, 0.37), and ferulic acid (FA, 0.85). When biotransformed, SDG yields two valuable mammalian lignans (MLG): enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL). Bacillus cereus strain H62-L1 was isolated and tested for the process of bioconversion. Kinetic analysis revealed the sequential reaction SDG (A) → CAG (B) → END (C) → ENL (D) to be reversible at the first step with the generalized reaction type A ⇄ k 2 k 1 B ⟶ k 3 C ⟶ k 4 D . The obtained rate coefficients were as follows: k1 = 0.001–0.028 h−1, k2 = 0.006–0.077 h−1, k3 = 0.013 h−1, and k4 = 0.002 h−1, and the overall kinetic parameter k1/(k2 + k3) varied from 0.05 to 1.32, mostly not favoring the forward deglucosylation reaction. SDG with higher purity favored the forward reaction. In conclusion, to facilitate the production rate, we propose (i) using substrate SDG with high purity at a higher concentration; (ii) using an allosteric inhibitor to block the reverse reaction from SECO to SDG; or (iii) genetically modifying Bacillus cereus H62-L1.

The aqueous extract ofPsidium guajavabudding leaves (PE) bears an extremely high content of polyphenolic and isoflavonoids. Whether it could be used as an anti-tumor chemopreventive in view of anti-angiogenesis and anti-migration, we performed the assay methods including the MTT assay to examine the cell viability; the ELISA assay to test the expressions of VEGF, IL-6 and IL-8; the western blot analysis to detect TIMP-2; the gelatinolytic zymography to follow the expression of MMPs; the wound scratch assay to examine the migration capability; and the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay to detect the suppressive angiogenesis. Results indicated that the IC50 of PE for DU145 cells was ∼0.57 mg ml−1. In addition, PE effectively inhibited the expressions of VEGF, IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines, and MMP-2 and MMP-9, and simultaneously activated TIMP-2 and suppressed the cell migration and the angiogenesis. Conclusively, PE potentially possesses a strong anti-DU145 effect. Thus, clinically it owns the potential to be used as an effective adjuvant anti-cancer chemopreventive.