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42. Reassessing Species Demarcation Criteria In Viroid Taxonomy By Pairwise Identity Matrices

Author

Chiumenti M., Navarro B., Candresse T., Flores R., and Di Serio F.

Subjects
viroid classification, viruses, viroid species, pairwise identity threshold
Abstract

With a small, circular and non-protein coding RNA genome, viroids are the smallest infectious agents. They invade plants, which in turn may develop symptoms. Since their discovery about 50 years ago, more than thirty viroids have been reported and classified using as species demarcation less than 90 per cent sequence identity on the overall genome and evidence of biological divergence with respect to the closest related viroids. In the last few years, new viroids have been identified that infect latently their (frequently) woody hosts and have a narrow experimental hosts range, complicating and slowing down studies on their biology. As a consequence, several viroids are still waiting for classification. Moreover, the number of new viroids is expected to increase in the next years due to the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies with diagnostics purposes. Therefore, establishment of reliable species demarcation criteria mainly based on molecular features of viroids is needed. Here, viroid classification is reassessed and a scheme based on pairwise sequence identity matrices is developed. After identifying a threshold pairwise identity score (PWIS) for each viroid genus, to be used as a species demarcation criterion, we show that most of those yet unclassified viroids can be assigned to a known or to a new species, thus limiting the need for additional biological evidence to only a few more complex situations. The advantages of this PWIS-based method are that the proposed identity thresholds for species demarcations are not arbitrarily established and evidence for biological divergence is not mandatory. Importantly, the current classification is not essentially modified. A protocol for a tentative fast classification of new viroids according to the proposed approach is also provided.

Published
2021

44. Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses of Rubus L

Author

EFSA Panel on Plant Health, Bragard C., Dehnen-Schmutz K., Gonthier P., Jaques M.A., Jaques Miret J.A., Fejer Justesen A., MacLeod A., Magnusson C.S., Milonas P., Navas-Cortes J.A., Parnell S., Potting R., Reignault P.L., Thulke H.-H., Van der Werf W., Civera A.V., Yuen J., Zappalà L., Candresse T., Chatzivassiliou E., Finelli F., Winter S., Bosco D., Chiumenti M., Di Serio F., Ferilli F., Kaluski T., Minafra A., and Rubino L.

Subjects
plant pest, pest risk, viruses, fungi, quarantine, food and beverages, blackberry virus, raspberry virus, European Union, plant health
Abstract

The Panel on Plant Health of EFSA conducted a pest categorisation of 17 viruses of Rubus L. that were previously classified as either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. Blackberry virus X, blackberry virus Z and wineberry latent virus were not categorised because of lack of information while grapevine red blotch virus was excluded because it does not infect Rubus. All 17 viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for entry and spread. For some viruses, additional pathway(s) are Rubus seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here infect only one or few plant genera, but some of them have a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Cherry rasp leaf virus, raspberry latent virus, raspberry leaf curl virus, strawberry necrotic shock virus, tobacco ringspot virus and tomato ringspot virus meet all the criteria to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests (QPs). With the exception of impact in the EU territory, on which the Panel was unable to conclude, blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus, blackberry leaf mottle-associated virus, blackberry vein banding-associated virus, blackberry virus E, blackberry virus F, blackberry virus S, blackberry virus Y and blackberry yellow vein-associated virus satisfy all the other criteria to be considered as potential QPs. Black raspberry cryptic virus, blackberry calico virus and Rubus canadensis virus 1 do not meet the criterion of having a potential negative impact in the EU. For several viruses, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties, mainly because of the absence of data on biology, distribution and impact. Since the opinion addresses non-EU viruses, they do not meet the criteria to qualify as potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests.

Published
2020

45. 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Alioto, D., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Anthony, S.J., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Bartonička, T., Basler, C., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C., Blasdell, K.R., Bradfute, S.B., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Buzkan, N., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chamberlain, J., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Chen, B., Chiumenti, M., Choi, I-R, Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., da Graça, J.V., Dal Bó, E., Dávila, A.M.R., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Di Bello, P.L., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolja, V.V., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dürrwald, R., Dufkova, L., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Fernandes, J., Fooks, A.R., Formenty, P.B.H., Forth, L.F., Fouchier, R.A.M., Freitas-Astúa, J., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gbakima, A., Goldstein, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Guterres, A., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Hassan, M., Hepojoki, J., Hepojoki, S., Hetzel, U., Hewson, R., Hoffmann, B., Hongo, S., Höper, D., Horie, M., Hughes, H.R., Hyndman, T.H., Jambai, A., Jardim, R., Jiāng, D., Jin, Q., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Karadağ, S., Keller, K.E., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Kondō, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kurath, G., Kuzmin, I.V., Laenen, L., Lamb, R.A., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lemos, E.R.S., Leroy, E.M., Li, D., Lǐ, J., Liang, M., Liú, W., Liú, Y., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., Marciel de Souza, W., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Martelli, G.P., Martin, R.R., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Mielke-Ehret, N., Minafra, A., Minutolo, M., Mirazimi, A., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, B., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Nylund, A., Økland, A.L., Oliveira, R.C., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Parrish, C.R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Perez, D.R., Pfaff, F., Radoshitzky, S.R., Rahman, A-U, Ramos-González, P.L., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Romanowski, V., Robles Luna, G., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Runstadler, J.A., Ruzek, D., Sabanadzovic, S., Salat, J., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sarpkaya, K., Sasaya, T., Schwemmle, M., Shabbir, M.Z., Shí, X., Shí, Z., Shirako, Y., Simmonds, P., Širmarová, J., Sironi, M., Smither, S., Smura, T., Song, J-W, Spann, K.M., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Straková, P., Takada, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Towner, J.S., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I., Ulrich, R.G., Vaira, A.M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, X., Wang, L-F, Wèi, T., Wells, H., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wú, Z., Yang, X., Yáng, X., Yu, X., Yutin, N., Zerbini, F.M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhou, G., Zhou, X., Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Alioto, D., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Anthony, S.J., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Bartonička, T., Basler, C., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C., Blasdell, K.R., Bradfute, S.B., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Buzkan, N., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chamberlain, J., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Chen, B., Chiumenti, M., Choi, I-R, Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., da Graça, J.V., Dal Bó, E., Dávila, A.M.R., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Di Bello, P.L., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolja, V.V., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dürrwald, R., Dufkova, L., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Fernandes, J., Fooks, A.R., Formenty, P.B.H., Forth, L.F., Fouchier, R.A.M., Freitas-Astúa, J., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gbakima, A., Goldstein, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Guterres, A., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Hassan, M., Hepojoki, J., Hepojoki, S., Hetzel, U., Hewson, R., Hoffmann, B., Hongo, S., Höper, D., Horie, M., Hughes, H.R., Hyndman, T.H., Jambai, A., Jardim, R., Jiāng, D., Jin, Q., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Karadağ, S., Keller, K.E., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Kondō, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kurath, G., Kuzmin, I.V., Laenen, L., Lamb, R.A., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lemos, E.R.S., Leroy, E.M., Li, D., Lǐ, J., Liang, M., Liú, W., Liú, Y., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., Marciel de Souza, W., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Martelli, G.P., Martin, R.R., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Mielke-Ehret, N., Minafra, A., Minutolo, M., Mirazimi, A., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, B., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Nylund, A., Økland, A.L., Oliveira, R.C., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Parrish, C.R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Perez, D.R., Pfaff, F., Radoshitzky, S.R., Rahman, A-U, Ramos-González, P.L., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Romanowski, V., Robles Luna, G., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Runstadler, J.A., Ruzek, D., Sabanadzovic, S., Salat, J., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sarpkaya, K., Sasaya, T., Schwemmle, M., Shabbir, M.Z., Shí, X., Shí, Z., Shirako, Y., Simmonds, P., Širmarová, J., Sironi, M., Smither, S., Smura, T., Song, J-W, Spann, K.M., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Straková, P., Takada, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Towner, J.S., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I., Ulrich, R.G., Vaira, A.M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, X., Wang, L-F, Wèi, T., Wells, H., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wú, Z., Yang, X., Yáng, X., Yu, X., Yutin, N., Zerbini, F.M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhou, G., and Zhou, X.

Abstract

In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2020

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