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The valued studies of alternative psoriasis treatment options are in a much higher need among the Scientific Community. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-psoriatic activity of ursolic acid cream in imiquimod-induced psoriasis in BALB/c mice. The creams containing ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid at percentages of 0.1 and 0.2% were formulated. The pH, spreadability, physical characteristics and acute dermal irritation of the cream were assessed. Animals were grouped into five each having 6 animals. Clobetasol, a topical corticosteroid, was used as the standard. One group was used as control and four groups were treated with the formulated imiquimod cream while receiving treatment. Parameters such as skin inflammation severity, ear thickness, plasma level of interleukins (IL)-17, histology of the back of the skin and spleen weight were evaluated. Erythema and scales were scored on a daily basis with the 0.1 and 0.2% ursolic acid cream significantly ameliorating psoriatic-like symptoms in a manner comparable to clobetasol. Imiquimod-induced epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation were inhibited by topical application of ursolic acid as shown by the results of histopathology. Spleens of the positive control group were larger in comparison with the rest of the groups. BALB/c mice treated with ursolic acid creams exhibited a decrease in the plasma levels of cytokines IL-17 when compared to the positive control group. The result of this study provided an insight that topical application of ursolic acid can be a potential treatment for psoriasis

Every human society has its own medical system. It can be called a social institution. Disease and medicine are inseparable in the history of human culture. Folk medicine is the medical method practiced by the local people. These are called "hand remedies," "folk remedies," "grandmother's remedies," "herbal medicine," "home remedies," hereditary remedies, pachilai remedies (Medicament with leaves), naturopathy, etc., The Ayurvedic system of medicine is one of the oldest systems of medicine. Folk medicine was practiced in the Vedic period itself. There has been no extensive study of folk medicine in India. Western anthropologists have written some notes on folk medicine by studying the tribes. This system of medicine is intertwined with the culture, customs, and social structure of the rural population. They also adopt modern systems of medicine according to their beliefs. Folk medicine is widely used by the tribal people.

Background: Neurological complications are most likely to be fatal and cause loss of ability to function or care for self. These include Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive impairment. The main aim of the review is to determine the effects of various drugs and their cognitive risk with the need to opt for herbal therapy as an adjuvant in treating neurological conditions like Alzheimer’s disease with lesser-known side effects. Methods: Involved a detailed literature survey which was performed through an online database, such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed. The study included randomized trials and original research conducted by herbal supplements on animal models to assess the expression of upregulation of signalling pathways. Various studies involved in treating dementia, neurological disorders, Alzheimer disease, and cognitive dysfunction were included. Results: found that various studies involved plant-based products were showing improvement in prevention of disease and signalling pathways with lesser-known side effects. Conclusion: it was observed that plant-based products play a major role in the prevention of neurological complications. Herbal medicines could most suitably prevent Alzheimer’s risk with less known side effects in contrast with the existing treatment patterns. However, to improve the utility of herbal medicines, more evidences from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials need to be addressed.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting 2.5 million individuals globally. MS majorly affects younger adults, especially women, than males having an incidence ratio of 3:1. MS conditions are characterized by demyelination, axonal deterioration, gliosis, heterogeneous lesions, and lymphocytes entrance infiltrates into the CNS by breaching the blood brain barrier and leading to concurrent relapse remitting episodes. Environmental Factors have an essential role in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. The leukocytes infiltrate secrete the immune mediator's cytokines responsible for the inflammation milieu in the CNS and the disease progression through immune-mediated neurodegeneration. The Cytokines are the small protein molecules secreted for facilitating communication among other cells conducting a complex multicellular behavior. This review aims to discuss the role of the proinflammatory cytokines such as GM-CSF, IL-17, Il-6, IL-1β, IL-22, INF-γ accountable for the initiating and the MS progression. Even though the objective behind these inflammatory mediators' production is to protect the CNS tissue from further impairment, on the contrary sometimes they may severely damage the neurons, myelin sheath, and the other glial cells oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes in MS due to their pleiotropic nature whereas, the anti inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 may possess protective role against MS which could potentially be a novel drug target and could lead us towards a new promising treatment for MS in the future.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharmacological effect of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol using anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic in-vitro and ex-vivo methods. Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was obtained commercially and the CAM assay was done to determine the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effects. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 2'-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) assay was performed for anti-oxidant by in-vitro method. An evaluation of toxicity was determined by the lethality study assessment of Brine Shrimp larvae in which the administration of test (Phytosterols) and standard (NaCl, NaOH) drugs was estimated, by estimating the toxicity of the phytosterols the Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was studied for chondrogenesis in correlation to infiltration of inflammatory mediators. The CAM assay shows the anti-arthritic activity and anti-inflammatory activity by mTORC1 signalling pathway and deactivates certain inflammatory mediators thereby increasing cell recovery and joint health. The CAM assay in chick embryo done by using 10 μg and 20μg of each phytosterol respectively. The toxicity LC50 measured at 87.7 μg/ml of phytosterols and 1.99 μg/ml for potassium dichromate (Std). At higher dose of 20 μg/ml the CAM membrane was observed in reducing the inflammation caused in cartilages of synovial joint. From the study, Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol managed the inflammation and an oxidative property plays a significant role in human health care system. Keywords: Osteoarthritis, Stigmasterol, ?-Sitosterol, Inflammation, Anti-Oxidant.

Abstract: Latent Onset Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is an autoimmune disorder between T1DM and T2DM and is often misdiagnosed as T2DM due to its late-onset. The disease is characterized by β-cell failure and slow progression to insulin dependence. Early diagnosis is significant in limiting disease progression. C-peptide levels and autoantibodies against β-cells are the most critical diagnostic biomarkers in LADA. The review aims to provide an overview of the biomarkers used to diagnose LADA, and the following treatment approaches. We have summarized LADA's pathophysiology and the autoantibodies involved in the condition, diagnostic approaches, and challenges. There are clear shortcomings concerning the feasibility of autoantibody testing. Finally, we have explored the treatment strategies involved in the management of LADA. In conclusion, the usual management includes treatment with metformin and the addition of low doses of insulin. Newer oral hypoglycaemic agents, such as GLP-1RA and DPP-4 inhibitors, have been brought into use. Since the disease is not entirely understood at the research level and in clinical practice, we hope to encourage further research in this field to assess its prevalence. Large randomized controlled trials are required to compare the efficacy of different available treatment options.