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Nanoscale materials derived from natural polymers have attracted considerable attention in various scientific and technological fields due to their impressive qualities such as high efficacy, biodegradability, and particularly, biocompatibility. Chitosan, among these biopolymer-based nanomaterials, plays a crucial role owing to its unique structural and functional properties. While numerous studies have explored the biological activities of chitosan-based nanomaterials, there is a lack of research on the extraction of chitosan from the most cost-effective biological sources and its subsequent conversion into nanoscale materials. This review aims to address this gap by discussing the extraction of chitosan from fungal organisms—a distinct group of ubiquitous eukaryotic microorganisms—using simple, environmentally friendly in situ green science principles. It also explores the potential transformation of fungal-derived chitosan into nanoscale materials. The methods for extracting chitosan from fungal biomass are extensively reviewed, alongside the environmentally friendly routes for converting extracted chitosan into nanoscale materials such as chitosan nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Furthermore, the review thoroughly examines the applications of fabricated chitosan nanomaterials, highlighting their roles as antimicrobial, anticancer, and agro-active agents. Special attention is given to assessing the toxicity of chitosan nanomaterials using reliable in vitro and in vivo model systems. In summary, the findings suggest that chitosan derived from fungi shows promise as an effective bioactive nanomaterial for a wide range of applications, characterised by its high biocompatibility and environmental friendliness. This research underscores the potential of harnessing natural resources for the development of advanced nanomaterials with significant practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve drug bioavailability, eye drops can be replaced by drug-eluting contact lenses. However, issues of drug leaching from lenses during manufacture and storage, and sterilization, currently limit their commercial application. To address the issues, stimuli-(lysozyme)-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles were developed to provide controlled ocular drug delivery. Nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation and characterized by TEM, X-ray diffraction, DSC, and FTIR. In the flux study, conventional-soaked contact lenses (SM-TM-CL) showed high-burst release, while with direct drug-only laden contact lenses (DL-TM-CL) the drug was lost during extraction and sterilization, as well as having poor swelling and optical properties. The nanoparticle-laden contact lenses (TM-Cht-NPs) showed controlled release of timolol for 120 h in the presence of lysozyme, with acceptable opto-physical properties. In the shelf-life study, the TM-Cht-NPs contact lenses showed no leaching or alteration in the drug release pattern. In animal studies, the TM-NPs-CL lenses gave a high drug concentration in rabbit tear fluid (mean = 11.01 µg/mL for 56 h) and helped maintain a low intraocular pressure for 120 h. In conclusion, the chitosan nanoparticle-laden contact lenses demonstrated the potential application to treat glaucoma with acceptable opto-physical properties and addressed the issues of drug-leaching during sterilization and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To compare the impacts of different remineralizing agents on demineralized enamel, we focused on chitosan nanoparticles (ChiNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods: This study was conducted on 40 extracted human premolars with artificially induced demineralization using demineralizing solution. Prior to the beginning of the experimental procedures, the samples were preserved in artificial saliva solution. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and teeth were divided into four equal groups: Group A was utilized as a control group (no demineralization) and received no treatment. Group B was subjected to demineralization with no treatment. Group C was subjected to demineralization and then treated with ChiNPs. Group D was subjected to demineralization and then treated with AgNPs. The teeth were evaluated for microhardness. The enamel surfaces of all the samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological changes and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) for elemental analysis. Results: The third and fourth groups had the highest mean microhardness and calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) contents. SEM of these two groups revealed relative restoration of homogenous remineralized enamel surface architecture with minimal micropores. Conclusion: Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) and silver NPs help restore the enamel surface architecture and mineral content. Therefore, chitosan NPs and AgNPs would be beneficial for remineralizing enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While chitosan is widely used in aquaculture feed, chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) offer potential advantages due to their enhanced absorption. This study investigated the safe use of CNP levels in Nile tilapia feed, evaluating its impact on growth, immunity, and disease resistance. Five experimental diets were formulated and supplemented with zero chitosan (served as a control group), 1g/kg of chitosan (CS), and 1, 3, and 5 g/kg of CNPs. Each diet was randomly assigned to three replicate groups of 45 fish per group (15 fish/tank) with an average weight of (42.10 ± 0.05g, mean ± S.E.) twice daily (09:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.) to apparent satiation for two months. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed 5 g/ kg of CNPs had the highest growth performance. However, no significant variations (p > 0.05) in somatic index were seen between the experimental groups. All chitosan and CNP-enriched groups exhibited improved intestinal morphology compared to the control group, characterized by increased villus length and width, reduced necrosis of intestinal tips, and better overall tissue integrity, with the CNP 3g and 5g groups demonstrating the most favorable intestinal structure. The CNP-treated groups (3, 5 g/kg) had significantly higher blood indices and serum globulin. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were lower in the CNP-treated groups compared to the chitosan macromolecule group. There was a substantial rise in glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), phagocytic index, and respiratory burst activity in the 5 g/kg CNP-treated group. The dietary addition of 5 g/kg of CNPs raised mRNA expression for TLR-2, MUC-2, and IGF-1, but there was no significant difference in HSP70 expression across treatments. After the experimental challenge with Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria, the groups that received 3 and 5 g/kg of CNPs exhibited the lowest mortality rates. Overall, the results suggest that including 5g/kg of CNPs in fish food is safe and effective for enhancing their health and growth, making it a promising addition to aquaculture feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study focused on evaluating the physiochemical characteristics and antibacterial activity of Octoprohibitin-encapsulated CNPs (Octoprohibitin-CNPs) against Acinetobacter baumannii. Methods: Octoprohibitin was encapsulated into CNPs via ionotropic gelation with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and low molecular weight chitosan (CS). Octoprohibitin-CNPs were dispersed in phosphate-buffered saline and the release kinetic profile was determined. Then Octoprohibitin-CNPs were examined using field-emission transmission electron microscopy and physicochemical characterization was performed. Antibacterial activity of Octoprohibitin-CNPs against A. baumannii was evaluated. Biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were performed using the crystal violet (CV) staining-based method for biofilm quantification. Results: The average diameter, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity of Octoprohibitin-CNPs were 244.5 ± 21.97 nm, +48.57 ± 0.38 mV, and 85.7% and 34.2%, respectively. TEM analysis imaging revealed that Octoprohibitin-CNPs are irregularly shaped, with fewer aggregates than CNPs. Octoprohibitin-CNPs exhibited a biphasic release pattern, characterized by an initial rapid phase followed by a sustained release over time, extending up to 93.68 ± 6.48% total release until 96 h. In vitro, Octoprohibitin-CNPs showed lower cytotoxicity compared to Octoprohibitin alone. Time-kill kinetic and bacterial viability reduction assays showed Octoprohibitin-CNPs exhibited slightly higher antibacterial activity against A. baumannii than Octoprohibitin. Conclusions: Octoprohibitin-CNP-treated A. baumannii exhibited higher levels of morphological deviation, increased membrane permeability, and the production of reactive oxygen species, as well as antibiofilm activity with greater biofilm inhibition and eradication than Octoprohibitin. These findings show that Octoprohibitin-CNPs perform better against A. baumannii compared to Octoprohibitin alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) exerts various biological effects, including anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-regulatory effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of GRC encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CN) against particulate matter (PM)-induced lung inflammation. Optimal CN (CN6) (CHI: TPP w/w ratio of 4:1; TPP pH 2) exhibited a zeta potential of +22.77 mV, suitable for GRC encapsulation. At different GRC concentrations, higher levels (60 and 120 mg/mL) led to increased negative zeta potential, enhancing stability. The optimal GRC concentration for maximum entrapment (31.4 ± 1.35%) and loading efficiency (7.6 ± 0.33%) of GRC encapsulated in CN (GCN) was 8 mg/mL with a diameter of 146.1 ± 54 nm and zeta potential of +30.68. In vivo studies revealed that administering 300 mg/kg of GCN significantly decreased the infiltration of macrophages and T cells in the lung tissues of PM-treated mice, as shown by immunohistochemical analysis of CD4 and F4/80 markers. Additionally, GCN ameliorated PM-induced lung tissue damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and alveolar septal hypertrophy. GCN also decreased total cells and neutrophils, showing notable anti-inflammatory effects in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from PM-exposed mice, compared to GRC. Next the anti-inflammatory properties of GCN were further explored in PM- and LPS-exposed RAW264.7 cells; it significantly reduced PM- and LPS-induced cell death, NO production, and levels of inflammatory cytokine mRNAs (IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2). GCN also suppressed NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways by reducing levels of p-NF-κB, p-ERK, and p-c-Jun proteins, indicating its potential in managing PM-related inflammatory lung disease. Furthermore, GCN significantly reduced PM- and LPS-induced ROS production. The enhanced bioavailability of GRC components was demonstrated by an increase in fluorescence intensity in the intestinal absorption study using FITC-GCN. Our data indicated that GCN exhibited enhanced bioavailability and potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in cells and in vivo, making it a promising candidate for mitigating PM-induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of artificial dental pulp for the regeneration of pulpectomized root canal is of vital importance in maintaining the tooth's health and function. To achieve this objective, designing a pulp-like structure able to support tissue repair and vascularization is needed. In the current study, we developed a composite hydrogel based on collagen hydrogel and resveratrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Various physicochemical and biological properties of the hydrogel system were investigated in vitro. The healing potential of the artificial pulp was studied in a rabbit model of dental pulp injury. Study revealed the composite hydrogel had significantly higher healing activity compared with simple hydrogel, as evidenced by the results of histopathological examinations. Real-time PCR assay showed that the composite hydrogel system could enhance the level of VEGF expression and modulated inflammation via decreasing NFKβ expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is a suitable medium for the growth of many microbes, in particular, fungi and yeasts that change the physical and chemical properties of milk and in the final dairy products. In the current study, the target was to apply natural components to control growth of Candida albicans in pasteurized milk. Chitosan (CS), chitosan nanoparticles (CSN), and Spirulina platensis (SP) and its extract (SPE) were used. The MIC (12.5 to 100 mg/ml) of the natural components against Candida albicans as a model for fungi family was determined their effect in broth and in pasteurized milk. CS and CSN were the most effective natural component inhibit the growth of C. albicans strain with concentration 25 mg/ml followed by SPE with inhibitory activity against C. albicans at concentration 100 mg/ml while, Spirulina platensis (SP) showed the least inhibitory activity with the same concentration. By application in pasteurized milk CSN showed the best candidacidal effect with inhibitory 1.2 log10cfu/ml after 15 days at refrigerated storage as adding CSN extended shelf life of pasteurized milk. In conclusion, we recommend adding chitosan nanoparticles in milk at concentration 25mg/ml to limit the fungal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nanoparticles as drug‐carrying systems in medicine has received much attention, and on the other hand, the use of plants with medicinal properties has advantages over synthetic drugs. This study aims to improve the antibacterial and anti‐biofilm properties of Euphorbia hebecarpa plant extract using chitosan nanoparticles. Extraction were performed using the modified maceration and methanol solvent. The agar disc diffusion method was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial effects and MIC at an optical density (OD) of 630 nm. The anti‐biofilm agent's influence was measured at OD 570 nm, and the metabolic activity of bacteria in the damaged biofilm was determined using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The nanoparticles were obtained by following the ionic gelation method and its characteristics were evaluated. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with plant extract were found to be spherical shape with hydrodynamic diameter of 142 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.184, a zeta potential of +28.6 mV. It was determined that the loading capacity (% LC) and encapsulation efficiency (% EE) percentages were 33% and 40%, respectively. The diameter of the inhibition zone in the agar disc diffusion test for both bacteria using nanoparticles loaded with the extract increased compared with control groups. Also, at a concentration of 4 mg/mL of loaded nanoparticles, 49.33% of Escherichia coli biofilm and 62.7% of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm were destroyed. The data obtained from the tests performed in this study show that the use of Euphorbia plant extract in the form of chitosan nanoparticles can have more antimicrobial and anti‐biofilm effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a natural elicitor, used for stimulating plant growth and inducing plant defense. However, due to difficulty in monitoring root growth and activity, the effects of chitosan treatment on plant root systems have been less studied as compared to plant shoot parts that include leaves, seeds, and fruits. This results in an indefinite outcome of the benefits of chitosan on plant roots. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the effects of chitosan treatment on root growth and defense responses based on current evidence. Interestingly, many studies have demonstrated that chitosan can induce plant root defense systems, yet conversely inhibiting root growth. The effects were most clearly observed from studies using liquid or solid media as substrates, while the results from the studies using soil were inconclusive and require additional investigation to observe the effects of environmental factors. In addition, root chitosan treatment showed variable effects on shoot growth, where low chitosan concentrations tend to promote shoot growth, but high chitosan concentrations may affect shoot development. Additionally, this review discusses the potential methods of chitosan application onto plant roots. Water insolubility of chitosan is likely a major issue for root treatment. Chitosan can be dissolved in acids, but this could induce acidity stress in plant roots. Modified versions of chitosan, such as chitosan nanoparticles, carboxylated chitosan, and graft chitosan copolymers have been developed to improve solubility and functionality. Chitosan nanoparticles can also be used to encapsulate other biocontrol agents to augment biological effects on plant defense. In conclusion, root chitosan treatment could help to promote plant defense and prevent root infections, abating the uses of chemical fungicides in agriculture. However, further research is required to monitor the impact of root chitosan treatment on long-term plant growth in order to gain multifaceted information to maximize the effectiveness of root chitosan application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before embarking on any experimental research endeavor, it is advisable to do a mathematical computation and thoroughly examine the methodology. Despite the use of polymeric nanocarriers, the regulation of bioavailability and drug release at the disease site remains insufficient. Several effective methods have been devised to address this issue, including the creation of polymeric nanocarriers that can react to stimuli such as redox potential, temperature, pH, and light. The present study has been utilized all-atom molecular dynamics (AA-MD) and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) methods and illustrated the drug release mechanism, which is influenced by pH, for Chitosan-Eudragit bioresponsive nanocarriers. The aim of current work is to study the molecular mechanism and atomistic interactions of PAX delivery using a Chitosan-Eudragit carrier. The ability of Eudragit polymers to dissolve in various organic solvents employed in the process of solvent evaporation is a crucial benefit in enhancing the solubility of pharmaceuticals. This study investigated the use of Chitosan-Eudragit nanocarriers for delivering an anti-tumor drug, namely Paclitaxel (PAX). Upon analyzing several significant factors affecting the stability of the drug and nanocarrier, it has been shown that the level of stability is more significant in the neutral state than the acidic state. Furthermore, the system exhibits higher stability in the neutral state. The used Chitosan-Eudragit nanocarriers exhibit a stable structure under alkaline conditions, but undergo deformation and release their payloads under acidic conditions. It was demonstrated that the in silico analysis of anti-tumor drugs and carriers' integration could be quantified and validated by experimental results (from previous works) at an acceptable level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging field of green synthesis within nanobiotechnology presents significant environmental and economic advantages compared to conventional methodologies. This study investigates the synthesis and application of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) using Cassia fistula (CF) leaf extract as a sustainable, and bio-based approach. Characterization of CF-ChNPs confirmed effective bioconversion and also demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity. Notably, CF-ChNPs demonstrated a remarkable antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a zone of inhibition of 17 ± 0.2 mm surpassing the impact on other organisms tested. The CF-ChNPs exhibited an initial burst release of 28 ± 0.28% after 2 h, gradually achieving a controlled release of 76.3 ± 0.43% within 24 h. In addition, CF-ChNPs exhibited an antioxidant activity of 43.1 ± 0.48% and showed excellent antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to other organisms. The cell viability assay results have confirmed that CF-ChNPs do not have any negative impact on the viability of L929 fibroblasts, further highlighting their potential as versatile nanomaterials for treating microbial infections and other therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the in vivo gelation, biodegradation, and drug release efficiency of a novel injectable sensitive drug delivery system for human growth hormone (HGh). This composite system comprises pH- and temperature-sensitive hydrogel, designated as oligomer serine-b-poly(lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide)-b-oligomer serine (OS-PLA-PEG-PLA-OS) pentablock copolymer, as matrix and electrosprayed HGh-loaded chitosan (HGh@CS) nanoparticles (NPs) as principal material. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the pH- and temperature-sensitive OS-PLA-PEG-PLA-OS pentablock copolymer hydrogel proved that this copolymer was successfully synthesized. The HGh was encapsulated in chitosan (CS) NPs by an electrospraying system in acetic acid with appropriate granulation parameters. The scanning electron microscopy images and size distribution showed that the HGh@CS NPs formed had an average diameter of 366.1 ± 214.5 nm with a discrete spherical shape and dispersed morphology. The sol–gel transition of complex gel based on HGh@CS NPs and OS-PLA-PEG-PLA-OS pentablock hydrogel was investigated at 15 °C and pH 7.8 in the sol state and gelled at 37 °C and pH 7.4, which is suitable for the physiological conditions of the human body. The HGh release experiment of the composite system was performed in an in vivo environment, which demonstrated the ability to release HGh, and underwent biodegradation within 32 days. The findings of the investigation revealed that the distribution of HGh@CS NPs into the hydrogel matrix not only improved the mechanical properties of the gel matrix but also controlled the drug release kinetics into the systematic bloodstream, which ultimately promotes the desired therapeutic body growth depending on the distinct concentration used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of nitric oxide (NO) donors with nanomaterials has emerged as a promising approach to reduce postharvest losses. The encapsulation of NO donors provides protection from rapid degradation and controlled release, enhancing the NO effectiveness in postharvest treatments. Moreover, the application method can also influence postharvest responses. In this study, two application methods were evaluated, spraying and immersion, using S -nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, a NO donor) in free and encapsulated forms on papaya fruit. Our hypothesis was that GSNO encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles would outperform the free form in delaying fruit senescence. In addition, this study marks the pioneering characterization of chitosan nanoparticles containing GSNO within the framework of a postharvest investigation. Overall, our findings indicate that applying encapsulated GSNO (GSNO-NP-S) through spraying preserves the quality of papaya fruit during storage. This method not only minimizes weight loss, ethylene production, and softening, but also stimulates antioxidant responses, thereby mitigating oxidative damage. Consequently, it stands out as the promising technique for delaying papaya fruit senescence. This innovative approach holds the potential to enhance postharvest practices and advance sustainable agriculture. • Encapsulation enables controlled NO release, optimizing postharvest efficacy. • Encapsulated GSNO supply through spraying emerges as a promising technique. • Spray of encapsulated GSNO reduces weight loss, ethylene production and softening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C ommon ocular bacterial infections are treated mainly by antibiotic formulations in the form of eye drops or eye ointments. Conventional therapy requires frequent re-administration due to decreased pre-corneal retention because of lacrimal drainage, conjunctival absorption, and tear dilution. The present study is aimed at developing thiolated nanoparticles of tobramycin loaded onto contact lenses for extended topical delivery of tobramycin to improve its therapeutic efficacy, precorneal retention, and corneal permeability. Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles were prepared and optimized and then tobramycin was loaded onto them. The optimized drug-loaded nanoparticles had a particle size of 82.19 nm with a PDI of 0.210, zeta potential of 8.26 mV, and 76.39% entrapment efficiency. The optimized drug-loaded nanoparticles were then loaded onto contact lenses. The results indicated that nanoparticle-loaded contact lenses were able to release tobramycin for around 21 h as compared to the marketed eye drops which released 89% of the drug in 8 h. They were also found to be well-tolerated by the eye, suggesting that they could potentially serve as an excellent alternative to conventional eye drops for treating prevalent bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged extra-oral period in dental avulsion is often associated with loss of viability of Periodontal fibroblasts (PDLF) and increased risk of ankylosis. Root surface treatment with bioactive agents to reduce the risk of ankylosis can be a potential strategy. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of an engineered chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP), photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB) functionalized CSNP (CSRB) and sustained dexamethasone (CSDEX) releasing CSNP for application in management of delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. The 3D PDLF-macrophage (Mϕ) collagen model was developed and exposed to LPS, MCSF, RANKL with and without CSDEX/CSNP. Immunofluorescence and cytokine analysis was done at 2 and 7 days to assess cellular interactions. Maxillary right incisors in male Wistar rats were extracted, exposed to extraoral dry or LPS for 1 h and treated with or without CSDEX/CSRB for 1 min before replantation. Rats were euthanized after 21 days for micro-CT, TRAP, and immunofluorescence analysis. CSDEX/CSNP treatment in 3D model significantly reduced CD80, NFATc1, STAT6 and increased CD206 and periostin expression (p

Abstract Background To compare the impacts of different remineralizing agents on demineralized enamel, we focused on chitosan nanoparticles (ChiNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods This study was conducted on 40 extracted human premolars with artificially induced demineralization using demineralizing solution. Prior to the beginning of the experimental procedures, the samples were preserved in artificial saliva solution. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and teeth were divided into four equal groups: Group A was utilized as a control group (no demineralization) and received no treatment. Group B was subjected to demineralization with no treatment. Group C was subjected to demineralization and then treated with ChiNPs. Group D was subjected to demineralization and then treated with AgNPs. The teeth were evaluated for microhardness. The enamel surfaces of all the samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological changes and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) for elemental analysis. Results The third and fourth groups had the highest mean microhardness and calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) contents. SEM of these two groups revealed relative restoration of homogenous remineralized enamel surface architecture with minimal micropores. Conclusion Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) and silver NPs help restore the enamel surface architecture and mineral content. Therefore, chitosan NPs and AgNPs would be beneficial for remineralizing enamel.

Abstract Before embarking on any experimental research endeavor, it is advisable to do a mathematical computation and thoroughly examine the methodology. Despite the use of polymeric nanocarriers, the regulation of bioavailability and drug release at the disease site remains insufficient. Several effective methods have been devised to address this issue, including the creation of polymeric nanocarriers that can react to stimuli such as redox potential, temperature, pH, and light. The present study has been utilized all-atom molecular dynamics (AA-MD) and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) methods and illustrated the drug release mechanism, which is influenced by pH, for Chitosan-Eudragit bioresponsive nanocarriers. The aim of current work is to study the molecular mechanism and atomistic interactions of PAX delivery using a Chitosan-Eudragit carrier. The ability of Eudragit polymers to dissolve in various organic solvents employed in the process of solvent evaporation is a crucial benefit in enhancing the solubility of pharmaceuticals. This study investigated the use of Chitosan-Eudragit nanocarriers for delivering an anti-tumor drug, namely Paclitaxel (PAX). Upon analyzing several significant factors affecting the stability of the drug and nanocarrier, it has been shown that the level of stability is more significant in the neutral state than the acidic state. Furthermore, the system exhibits higher stability in the neutral state. The used Chitosan-Eudragit nanocarriers exhibit a stable structure under alkaline conditions, but undergo deformation and release their payloads under acidic conditions. It was demonstrated that the in silico analysis of anti-tumor drugs and carriers’ integration could be quantified and validated by experimental results (from previous works) at an acceptable level. Graphical abstract

Heavy metals including cadmium (Cd) are one of the major persistent and non-biodegradable wastewater pollutants. However, Cd reaches the aquatic ecosystem via industrial and agricultural waste discharges and causes serious deterioration in the welfare status of aquatic animals. The use of feed supplements with immune-stimulants to mitigate the toxic influences of heavy metals including Cd is a much more intriguing point. Thus, the current experiment used the bio-synthetized chitosan nanoparticles derived from Bacillus subtilis (Bs-CNPs) as a feed supplement and evaluated its ameliorative impacts on the growth and welfare status of Cd-intoxicated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Bifactorial design (3 Bs-CNPs levels × 3 Cd levels) was used in the current study where Nile tilapia fingerlings (58–63 g) were fed on 0.0, 2, and 4 g Bs-CNPs/kg feed alongside with exposing to 0.0, 0.392, and 0.784 mg Cd/L for 60 days to represent nine treatments as follows: T1: control group (no Cd exposure; no Bs-CNPs supplement); T2 and T3: fish were intoxicated with 0.784 and 0.392 mg Cd/L, respectively; T4 and T5: fish fed on 2 and 4 g Bs-CNPs/kg feed, respectively; T6 and T7: fish were fed on 2 g Bs-CNPs/kg feed along with exposure to 0.784 and 0.392 mg Cd/L, respectively; and T8 and T9: fish were fed on 4 g Bs-CNPs/kg feed along with exposure to 0.784 and 0.392 mg Cd/L, respectively. It is noted that the Cd-intoxicated fish exhibited significant retardation in growth performance and digestive enzyme activities with a decline in their survival rate compared to the control group (T1). The results also revealed that exposing fish to Cd toxicity alone with no feed supplement (T2 and T3) experienced abnormal clinical signs and behavioral changes. Compared with the control group (no Cd with no Bs-CNPs), highest values of cortisol, glucose, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, and acetylcholine esterase activity were found in fish fed on the control diet along with exposure to 0.784 mg Cd/L. Higher Cd restudies in liver, intestine, gills, kidney, and muscles tissues were detected in fish exposed to 0.784 mg Cd/L alone and the sequence order of Cd levels in different fish organs is intestine > gills > liver > kidney > muscles. Remarkable pathological alterations in hepatic and intestinal tissues were also observed. On the other hand, feeding Nile tilapia on Bs-CNPs-enriched diets alone with no Cd exposure enhanced their growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and hematological parameters with no Cd residues in fish organs. Interestingly, feeding the Cd-intoxicated fish on diets with Bs-CNPs (4 g/kg feed) returned their growth, digestive enzymes, hematological, and biochemical parameters to approximate those of the control group. Furthermore, these treatments showed histopathological alteration recovery in the intestine and liver tissues is similar to those in the control group (no Cd with no Bs-CNPs). Fish fed on Bs-CNPs levels with no Cd exposure showed no Cd residues in different fish organs. The Cd levels in different organs of fish exposed to 0.392 mg Cd/L along with feeding on Bs-CNPs (4 g/kg feed) were lower than those in Cd-exposed fish treatments. Consequently, the current study evoked that feeding Nile tilapia fingerlings on Bs-CNPs (4 g/kg feed) could enhance their growth performance and protect the fish from the Cd toxicity that may occur in the aquatic ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jafar RMH Al-Shadidi,1 Shahad Al-Shammari,1 Danah Al-Mutairi,1 Dalal Alkhudhair,1 Hnin Ei Thu,2 Zahid Hussain1,3 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; 2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor Branch, Selangor, Malaysia; 3Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Zahid Hussain, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates, Email zhussain@sharjah.ac.aeAbstract: Despite all major advancements in drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry, cancer is still one of the most arduous challenges for the scientific community. The implications of nanotechnology have certainly resolved major issues related to conventional anticancer modalities; however, the undesired recognition of nanoparticles (NPs) by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), their poor stability in biological fluids, premature release of payload, and low biocompatibility have restricted their clinical translation. In recent decades, chitosan (CS)-based nanodelivery systems (eg, polymeric NPs, micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, conjugates, solid lipid nanoparticles, etc.) have attained promising recognition from researchers for improving the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chemotherapeutics. However, the specialty of this review is to mainly focus on and critically discuss the targeting potential of various CS-based NPs for treatment of different types of cancer. Based on their delivery mechanisms, we classified CS-based NPs into stimuli-responsive, passive, or active targeting nanosystems. Moreover, various functionalization strategies (eg, grafting with polyethylene glycol (PEG), hydrophobic substitution, tethering of stimuli-responsive linkers, and conjugation of targeting ligands) adapted to the architecture of CS-NPs for target-specific delivery of chemotherapeutics have also been considered. Nevertheless, CS-NPs based therapeutics hold great promise for improving therapeutic outcomes while mitigating the off-target effects of chemotherapeutics, a long-term safety profile and clinical testing in humans are warranted for their successful clinical translation.Keywords: chitosan nanoparticles, targeted cancer therapy, tumor microenvironment, stimuli-responsive targeting, passive targeting, active targeting

Abstract Background It is crucial to improve cancer patients' quality of life by developing medications that can treat cancer with minimum adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) and camel milk exosomes (CMEs) alone or in combination with Sorafenib (SOR) on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice and to assess whether EAC-associated liver injury would be ameliorated due to this combination. Liver function and oxidant/antioxidant status were determined spectrophotometrically, while the levels of inflammatory cytokines were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results The tumor burden in EAC-bearing mice was reduced after treatment with CNPs ± CMEs ± SOR as indicated by (1) reduced ascetic fluid volume and tumor-cell viability; (2) induction of apoptosis [high p53, BCL2 associated X (Bax), caspase 3, low B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl2)]; (3) increased intracellular reactive oxygen species; (4) decreased migration [high matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and low TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1)]; (5) declined angiogenesis [low vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These treatments also reduced liver injury induced by EAC as noticed by (1) restored liver function indices [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and albumin]; (2) restored redox balance [low malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and high superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities]; (3) increased antioxidant gene expression [high nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)]; (4) declined inflammation [low interleukin-1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels), and (5) enhanced structure of liver. SOR + CNPs-treated mice showed the most improvement, followed by SOR + CMEs-treated animals. Conclusions Based on these findings, we determined that CNPs and CMEs enhanced SOR's anticancer efficacy and had an ameliorative role against EAC-induced liver injuries. Graphic abstract

Sifeng Shi, Weiran Shi, Bing Zhou, Shang Qiu Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Sifeng Shi, Email shisifeng20071@163.com; Shang Qiu, Email shangqiu20132@163.comAbstract: Orthopedic infection is one of the most intractable orthopedic problems. Bacteria resistant to antibiotics also develop gradually. Chitosan is widely used in the Biomedical field because of its high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial activity. Chitosan-based drug delivery systems are frequently utilized to produce controlled medication release. When combined with antibiotics, synergistic antibacterial effects can be achieved. Chitosan-based nanoparticles are one of the most widely used applications in drug delivery systems. The focus of this review is to provide information on new methods being developed for chitosan-based nanoparticles in the field of bone infection treatment, including chitosan nanoparticles for antibacterial purposes, Ch-loaded with antibiotics, Ch-loaded with metal, and used as immune adjuvants. It may Provide ideas for the fundamental research and the prospects of future clinical applications of orthopedic infections.Keywords: chitosan nanoparticles, orthopedic infection, chitosan-based nanoparticles, staphylococcus aureus

Background: Cancer continues to be one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine and is second only to cardiovascular disease as the main cause of death. Breast cancer in particular is responsible for 15% of deaths in women. In this study, Lactobacillus bulgaricus was microencapsulated using a chitosan/alginate mixture. Parameters such as chitosan, alginate, and L. bulgaricus populations were optimized using Design Expert software. The responses were loading efficiency, particle size, release, and ζ-potential. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of the optimized ratio of chitosan/alginate nanoparticles was investigated on MCF-7 cancer cells. Results: The research revealed that optimal conditions for the mentioned variables were a chitosan concentration of 1% w/w, an alginate concentration of 1% w/w, and a L. bulgaricus count of 8.15 CFU/ml. Following numerical optimization, the loading efficacy = 91.15%, the release = 71.55%, the polydispersity index = 0.11, and the ζ-potential = 61.94 based on numerical optimization. Findings revealed that miracle drinks with L. bulgaricus-loaded chitosan/alginate microcapsule ratios exhibited toxic and potential apoptotic effects on MCF-7 cancer cells. This study showed that a miracle drink prepared with the optimal ratio of probiotic nanoparticles stops cells in the S and G2/M phases. Conclusions: The results show that Miracle drink supplemented with L. bulgaricus loaded-chitosan/alginate nanoparticles has a toxic and lethal effect on MCF-7 cancer cells. This compound can be suggested and used as an alternative candidate or complementary cancer therapy.How to cite: Jovaini K, Mortazavian Farsani SAM, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, et al. Miracle drink supplemented with L.bulgaricus loaded-chitosan/alginate nanoparticles as a medicinal food for control of MCF7 cancer cells. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2024.04.002.

Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusions This meta‐analysis aimed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan/chitosan nanoparticles (Ch/Ch‐NPs) versus sodium hypochlorite/chlorhexidine (NaOCl/CHX).A search was performed in four electronic databases until December 08, 2023. Studies with missing, unclear, and insufficient data sets were excluded. The included studies were assessed by two independent reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi‐Experimental Studies. The meta‐analysis of standardized mean difference was performed using a random effects model. Additionally, funnel plots as well as Egger's regression intercept test were used to evaluate potential publication bias.A total of 426 samples were used in nine included studies. There was no difference in antibacterial efficacy between Ch/Ch‐NPs‐NaOCl (SMD: 0.005; 95% CI: −0.844–0.854; p = 0.990). However, the antibacterial efficacy of NaOCl was statistically more effective than Ch/Ch‐NPs (SMD: 0.807; 95% CI: 0.015–1.599; p = 0.046) using the bacterial culture method, and Ch/Ch‐NPs was statistically higher than NaOCl (SMD: −1.827; 95% CI: −2.720, −0.934; p < 0.000) using confocal laser scanning microscopy.Ch/Ch‐NPs may be an alternative to NaOCl against Enterococcus faecalis. The methods used in the in vitro studies evaluating the antibacterial efficacy of irrigation solutions against E. faecalis may have had an impact on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the potential of hesperetin‐loaded chitosan nanoparticles (HSPCNPs) in alleviating hyperglycemia by modulating key enzymes in diabetic rats. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with hesperetin were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterized with Electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential, particle size analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Encapsulation efficiency and Loading efficiency. To induce diabetes, rats were fed a high‐fat beef tallow diet for 28 days, then given a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg b.w in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.0). Rats were treated with HSPCNPs at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg b.w. The analyzed parameters included body weight, food and water intake, plasma glucose and insulin, liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels, and carbohydrate metabolism. SEM imaging revealed dimensions between 124.2 and 251.6 nm and a mean particle size of 145.0 nm. FT‐IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the chitosan nanoparticles, and the zeta potential was 35.5 mV. HSPCNP 40 mg/kg b.w significantly (p < 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin, improving body weight, food intake, and reducing water intake. In diabetic rats, enzymes for carbohydrate metabolism like fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose 6‐phosphatase are evaluated in the liver, while glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase activity were significantly lower. Additionally, plasma insulin levels increased, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity. The results show that HSPCNPs at 40 mg/kg b.w. ameliorate hyperglycemia to provide robust protection against diabetic complications and significantly improve metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is crucial to improve cancer patients' quality of life by developing medications that can treat cancer with minimum adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) and camel milk exosomes (CMEs) alone or in combination with Sorafenib (SOR) on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice and to assess whether EAC-associated liver injury would be ameliorated due to this combination. Liver function and oxidant/antioxidant status were determined spectrophotometrically, while the levels of inflammatory cytokines were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The tumor burden in EAC-bearing mice was reduced after treatment with CNPs ± CMEs ± SOR as indicated by (1) reduced ascetic fluid volume and tumor-cell viability; (2) induction of apoptosis [high p53, BCL2 associated X (Bax), caspase 3, low B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl2)]; (3) increased intracellular reactive oxygen species; (4) decreased migration [high matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and low TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1)]; (5) declined angiogenesis [low vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These treatments also reduced liver injury induced by EAC as noticed by (1) restored liver function indices [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and albumin]; (2) restored redox balance [low malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and high superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities]; (3) increased antioxidant gene expression [high nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)]; (4) declined inflammation [low interleukin-1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels), and (5) enhanced structure of liver. SOR + CNPs-treated mice showed the most improvement, followed by SOR + CMEs-treated animals. Conclusions: Based on these findings, we determined that CNPs and CMEs enhanced SOR's anticancer efficacy and had an ameliorative role against EAC-induced liver injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus with current universal importance represents a main carrier of emerging antimicrobial resistance determinatives of global health concerns that have developed drug resistance mechanisms to the various available antibiotics. On the other hand, due to the antimicrobial potential of Nigella Sativa oil (NSO), it was hypothesized that incorporation of nano-carriers (NS-SLN and NS-chitosan (CH) nanoparticles) can enhance its antibacterial effects. This study evaluated the physico-chemical and antibacterial characteristics of NS-SLN and NS-CH. TEM images revealed a round shape with clear edges for both nanoparticles, and the average sizes were reported to be 196.4 and 446.6 nm for NS-SLN and NS-CH, respectively. The zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency were −28.9 and 59.4 mV and 73.22% and 88% for NS-SLN and NS-CH, respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for NSO, NS-SLN, and NS-CH against S. aureus were 480, 200, and 80 µg/mL, respectively. The results confirm significantly stronger antibacterial influences of NSO when loaded into chitosan nanoparticles as a potential candidate for nano-delivery of antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lead exposure inflicts severe damage to various body organs. The present study sought to assess the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) on the prevention of hepatic and renal damage in rats with chronic lead poisoning. The indicators were the levels of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines expression. Methods: We used Rattus norvegicus as the animal model. They were assigned to three groups: negative control, positive control, and treatment (n=8 each). The negative control and treatment groups were the models for chronic lead poisoning, and the serum lead levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The treatment group was orally administered chitosan NPs at 64 mg/kg for 30 days. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate flow cytometry. The hepatic and renal TNF-α and IL-6 gene expressions were also analyzed. Results: The mean serum lead level was 0.52 mg/L, validating the rats as the lead poisoning model. The results indicated that the liver and kidneys in the treatment group had the lowest ROS and TNF-α levels compared to those in other groups. The treatment rats had a lower hepatic IL-6 level compared to those in positive controls, although this was higher than that in the negative controls. The renal IL-6 level in the treatment group was the highest among all groups. Conclusion: As evidenced by the results of this study, chitosan NPs had a protective effect on the liver and kidneys of rats during chronic lead poisoning by reducing the ROS and TNF-α levels; nonetheless, it did not suppress the renal IL-6 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe striata Haw. (AS) is one of the beneficial Aloe species that is still underutilized. In this sense, phytochemical characterization, and biological investigation of AS gel protective efficacy against paracetamol (APAP) induced hepatic injury were evaluated in a mice model, with and without loading on chitosan nanoparticles (AS gel and CS-AS NPs, respectively). Spectrophotometric determination of AS gel showed high total soluble carbohydrate content representing 3.41±0.07 μg glucose equivalent (G eq)/mg and its protein content was 0.176±0.03 g/100 g. Twenty-two metabolites [sugars (90.23 %) and organic acids (5.80 %)] were determined by GC–MS, while 7 sugars were identified and quantified by HPLC where mannose (5679.73±4.28 μg) was the predominant. Chitosan gel nanoparticles were prepared and analyzed by dynamic light scattering, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction methods. The CS-AS NPs were the most potent antioxidant of all tested samples with respect to quercetin in several in vitro antioxidant assays. Oxidative status, architectural or immuno-histochemical and histological signs in the context of the presence of caspase-3, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK-1) genes were evaluated in liver AS gel could significantly restore liver biochemical, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and liver architecture. Moreover, caspase-3 contents, and ERK-1 and JNK genes expression were significantly downregulated compared to the APAP group. CS-AS NPs showed superior hepatoprotective activity than AS. CS-AS NPs hepatoprotective mechanisms could be attributed to its activation of antioxidant enzymes, and downregulation of malondialdehyde pro-inflammatory markers along with apoptosis and anti-inflammatory related genes (BAX, JNK, and ERK-1 genes). To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study reporting the hepatoprotective efficiency of AS gel and its CS-AS NPs. [Display omitted] • Quality control for multi-components in A. striata gel by GC–MS and HPLC was done. • Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of A. striata gel were evaluated. • The gel could preserve the normal functional status of the liver in APAP toxicity. • Hepatoprotective action was enhanced by loading the gel on chitosan nanoparticles. • Aloe striata gel and chitosan nanoparticles inhibited ERK and JNK gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene therapy involves the introduction of exogenous genetic material into host tissues to modify gene expression or cellular properties for therapeutic purposes. Initially developed to address genetic disorders, gene therapy has expanded to encompass a wide range of conditions, notably cancer. Effective delivery of nucleic acids into target cells relies on carriers, with non-viral systems gaining prominence due to their enhanced safety profile compared to viral vectors. Chitosan, a biopolymer, is frequently utilized to fabricate nanoparticles for various biomedical applications, particularly nucleic acid delivery, with recent emphasis on targeting cancer cells. Chitosan's positively charged amino groups enable the formation of stable nanocomplexes with nucleic acids and facilitate interaction with cell membranes, thereby promoting cellular uptake. Despite these advantages, chitosan-based nanoparticles face challenges such as poor solubility at physiological pH, non-specificity for cancer cells, and inefficient endosomal escape, limiting their transfection efficiency. To address these limitations, researchers have focused on enhancing the functionality of chitosan nanoparticles. Strategies include improving stability, enhancing targeting specificity, increasing cellular uptake efficiency, and promoting endosomal escape. This review critically evaluates recent formulation approaches within these categories, aiming to provide insights into advancing chitosan-based gene delivery systems for improved efficacy, particularly in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer continues to be one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine and is second only to cardiovascular disease as the main cause of death. Breast cancer in particular is responsible for 15% of deaths in women. In this study, Lactobacillus bulgaricus was microencapsulated using a chitosan/alginate mixture. Parameters such as chitosan, alginate, and L. bulgaricus populations were optimized using Design Expert software. The responses were loading efficiency, particle size, release, and f-potential. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of the optimized ratio of chitosan/alginate nanoparticles was investigated on MCF-7 cancer cells. Results: The research revealed that optimal conditions for the mentioned variables were a chitosan concentration of 1% w/w, an alginate concentration of 1% w/w, and a L. bulgaricus count of 8.15 CFU/ml. Following numerical optimization, the loading efficacy = 91.15%, the release = 71.55%, the polydispersity index = 0.11, and the f-potential = 61.94 based on numerical optimization. Findings revealed that miracle drinks with L. bulgaricus-loaded chitosan/alginate microcapsule ratios exhibited toxic and potential apoptotic effects on MCF-7 cancer cells. This study showed that a miracle drink prepared with the optimal ratio of probiotic nanoparticles stops cells in the S and G2/M phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease, primarily affecting the joints and with stromal tissue dysregulation causing chronic inflammation and joint destruction. Rutin is a natural flavonoid with potential therapeutic properties in chronic destructive conditions including rheumatoid diseases. In this study, the protective effects of rutin nanoformulation in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis caused by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) were investigated. Sixty male rats were randomly divided into ten groups including normal, negative control, prednisolone 10 mg/kg (positive control), 3 doses of rutin (15, 30, 45mg/kg), rutin nanoparticles (15, 30, 45 mg/kg), and nanoparticle without rutin, for 28 days. Different behavioral parameters including the open field test, acetone drop test, hot plate test, Von Frey test, and inclined plane test were evaluated. Serum levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase, and nitric oxide as well as histopathological analyses were measured in different groups. Also, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity were appraised by gelatin zymography. The injection of FCA prolonged the rats' immobility duration in comparison to the control group. Rheumatoid arthritis induction also increased nitric oxide and decreased GSH and catalase levels, while these effects were reversed in the groups that received nanoparticles containing rutin and prednisolone. Rutin nanoparticles suppressed MMP-9 and activated MMP-2. Also, this rutin drug delivery system plays a significant role in the improvement of histopathological symptoms. Considering the improvement of behavioral and tissue symptoms and the modulation of the level of inflammatory cytokines, nanoparticles containing rutin can be proposed as a suitable approach in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess and evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) with calcium hydroxide in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: Using the broth microdilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of calcium hydroxide and CSNPs were measured. The antibiofilm effect of calcium hydroxide and CSNPs against E. faecalis biofilm was qualitatively analyzed using a crystal violet assay. A 7-day-old biofilms of E. faecalis grown on dentine discs were assigned to the following three groups (n = 11 dentine discs), normal saline (group I), calcium hydroxide (group II), and CSNPs (group III). Quantification of live and dead cells using confocal microscopy was done to evaluate the antibiofilm efficacy of the medicaments included in the study. Results: MIC of calcium hydroxide and CSNPs against E. faecalis was observed at 2.5 mg/mL and 0.31 mg/mL, respectively. MBC of calcium hydroxide and CSNPs was observed at 2.5 mg/mL and 0.31 mg/mL, respectively. Using Crystal Violet (CV) assay, calcium hydroxide and CSNPs showed biofilm inhibition at concentrations of 2.5 mg/mL and 0.625 mg/mL, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis found that both calcium hydroxide and CSNPs showed a significant decrease in viable cells at their MBC values compared to the control group's normal saline. CSNPs showed a significantly lower percentage of live cells than calcium hydroxide (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study results reveal that the antimicrobial efficacy of CSNPs is better than calcium hydroxide and normal saline against E. faecalis biofilm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient removal of Cr(VI) from the contaminated wastewater is an essential issue before discharge in a watercourse. Adsorption is viewed as the most promising technology for the removal of Cr(VI) because of its distinct advantages, including low operating cost, ease of operation, design simplicity, low maintenance, and high efficiency. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer with amine (-NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups in its structure. The non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, hydrophilic, and anti-bacterial nature of chitosan nanoparticles makes it an ideal bio-sorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from contaminated wastewater. Weak mechanical strength, separation difficulties of chitosan nanoparticles from the aqueous phase, recyclability, and reusability are the potential limitations of utilizing the chitosan particles as a potential adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater. There is increasing attention in fabricating magnetic chitosan nanoparticles (M-Ch-NPs) with surface modification of chitosan nanoparticles using magnetite to enhance the mechanical strength, reusablity and minimize the separation difficulties of chitosan nanoparticles from the aqueous phase. The present study reviews the various fabrication methods of chitosan nanoparticles and its utilization, environmental impacts, and challenges of utilizing M-Ch-NPs as an adsorbent for the Cr(VI) from contaminated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (ChNs) were used as an adsorbent for single and simultaneous uptake of cationic (methylene blue (MB)) and anionic (methyl orange (MO)) dyes. ChNs were prepared based on the ionic gelation method using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and characterized by zetasizer, FTIR, BET, SEM, XRD, and pHPZC. The studied parameters that affect removal efficiency included pH, time, and dyes' concentration. The results showed that in single-adsorption mode, the removal of MB is better in alkaline pH, contrary to MO uptake which presents higher removal efficiency in acidic media. The simultaneous removal of MB and MO from the mixture solution by ChNs could be achieved under neutral conditions. The adsorption kinetic results showed that adsorption of MB and MO for both single-adsorption and binary adsorption systems comply with the pseudo-second-order model. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson isotherms were used for the mathematical description of single-adsorption equilibrium, while non-modified Langmuir and extended Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the co-adsorption equilibrium results. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB and MO in a single dye adsorption system were 315.01 and 257.05 mg/g for MB and MO, respectively. On the other hand, and for binary adsorption system, the adsorption capacities were 49.05 and 137.03 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption capacity of MB decreases in solution containing MO and vice versa, suggesting an antagonistic behavior of MB and MO on ChNs. Overall, ChNs could be a candidate for single and binary removal of MB and MO in dye-containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present investigation was to evidence the skin retardation phenomenon of lidocaine by gluconic acid as an inactive ingredient involved in citrate-crosslinking chitosan nanoparticles. Lidocaine hydrochloride was loaded in nanoparticles based on chitosan, fabricated by using a water-in-oil microemulsion as a template and citric acid as an ionic cross-linker. Gluconic acid (pentahydroxy hexanoic acid) was added during the fabrication and compared with caproic acid, a non-hydroxy hexanoic acid. The chitosan nanoparticulate systems were characterized for mean particle size, particle size distribution, and zeta potential. The pentahydroxy hexanoic acid decreased the zeta potential to a significantly lower value than those obtained from both plain citrate and citrate–hexanoic acid formulations. The relatively lower value implies that gluconate ions are partly attached to the nanoparticle's surface and mask its positively charged groups. It was also noted that the in vitro percutaneous permeation flux of lidocaine significantly decreased when gluconate-containing chitosan nanoparticles were applied, i.e., 6.1 ± 1.5 μg‧cm−2‧h−1 without gluconic acid to 3.4 ± 2.3 μg‧cm−2‧h−1 with gluconic acid. According to this result, it is suggested that gluconate ions played a role in retarding drug permeation through the skin, probably by calcium chelation in the stratum granulosum, which in turn stimulated lamellar body secretion, lipid synthesis, and intracellular release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript explores the use of nanostructured chitosan for intranasal drug delivery, targeting improved therapeutic outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric care, pain management, vaccination, and diabetes treatment. Chitosan nanoparticles are shown to enhance brain delivery, improve bioavailability, and minimize systemic side effects by facilitating drug transport across the blood–brain barrier. Despite substantial advancements in targeted delivery and vaccine efficacy, challenges remain in scalability, regulatory approval, and transitioning from preclinical studies to clinical applications. The future of chitosan-based nanomedicines hinges on advancing clinical trials, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovating in nanoparticle design to overcome these hurdles and realize their therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the preference for small molecules has increasingly overshadowed growth factors. In this study, an osteogenic factor, DIPQUO, and an angiogenic factor, a VEGF inducer, GS4012, were encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) to provide vascularized bone regeneration. The encapsulation efficiencies of DIPQUO and GS4012 were 79% and 75%, respectively. The release profiles were 69% and 41% within the first 3 h, followed by 13 days to complete the release of all materials. The synthesis of NPs was validated via FT‐IR analysis, while their thermal properties were assessed via Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For in vitro osteogenesis, mesenchymal stem cells isolated from rat bone marrow were investigated by MTS, ALP, and various histological stains (H&E, alizarin red, and von Kossa). In the context of angiogenesis, endothelial cells derived from the peripheral blood of rats were isolated, characterized, and their capabilities to migrate and form vessels assessed. This study demonstrated that two different small molecules act synergistically to enable bone differentiation and may contribute to vascularized bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic foot ulcer pose a significant challenge in healthcare, often leading to prolonged healing processes and complications requiring sophisticated and advanced therapeutic interventions. This study focuses on the formulation and development of Doxycycline hyclate loaded chitosan nanoparticles in cross-linked topical hydrogel patches for targeted management of DFU healing. Various characterization techniques, such as FT-IR, Zeta potential, DSC, XRD, and SEM, were employed to confirm and gain insights into the structural and morphological features of the crosslinked topical hydrogel patches. The evaluation parameters encompassed analyzing sol-gel behavior, swelling dynamics, and in vitro drug release studies at pH values of 5.5, 6.5, and 7.4. Drug permeation and deposition was performed utilizing the Franz diffusion cell method. The topical hydrogel patches showed pH-sensitive behavior, with enhanced drug release, swelling, and permeation observed at pH 7.4. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a spherical morphology, varying particle sizes ranging from 92.83 nm to 206.2 nm, and a zeta potential measuring -22.4 mV. The patches were produced by incorporating CNPs as carriers for DCH into a polymeric matrix, which required the optimization of free radical polymerization. The ion gelation method was utilized to prepare the CNPs. The solvent evaporation technique was used for grafting the topical hydrogel patches. Among the seven formulations, topical hydrogel patch F6 exhibited the most favorable characteristics, as evidenced by a substantial drug content of 97.21 ± 0.524%. The F6 formulation excelled over other formulations over 72 hours at pH 7.4. Stability testing of the selected F6 formulation over 6 months under accelerated conditions confirmed its viability. Therefore, this polymeric network represents an innovative technology for accelerating the healing process of diabetic foot ulcers through the use of doxycycline hyclate loaded chitosan nanoparticles cross-linked in topical hydrogel patches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality from parasitic diseases. Mass treatment has proven to be insufficient because of repeated infection after treatment and the appearance of strains resistant to drug therapy. Hence, immunization is a new approach to control the disease and limit the pathological consequences of schistosomiasis. To evaluate the prophylactic effect of Cercarial antigen (CAP) loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) as a potential vaccine against Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. 130 mice divided into 2 groups were used: Group I: Control groups (50 mice) subdivided into subgroup Ia (10 mice): Non-infected mice (normal control), subgroup Ib (20 mice): Schistosoma infected mice (infected control) and subgroup Ic (20 mice): Non-infected mice receiving NPs only. Group II: Vaccinated group (80 mice) subdivided equally into subgroup IIa (CAP): Received cercarial antigen and subgroup IIb (CAP + CSNP): Received cercarial antigen loaded on chitosan NPs then both vaccinated groups were infected with S. mansoni 3 weeks following the initial vaccination dose. CAP + CSNP and CAP groups showed significant reduction in adult worms count, hepatic egg count, hepatic granulomas number and size in comparison to the infected control group. Elevation of serum IgG and IgM levels, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies, IL-4, IL-10 and INF-γ levels was more significant in CAP + CSNP group than CAP group. CAP + CSNP is a promising new preparation of Schistosomal antigens that gave better results than immunization with CAP alone. CSNPs enhanced the immune and protective effect of CAP as validated by parasitological, histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragalus spp. has been used in herbal medicine to improve kidney endurance, as a heart tonic, a hepatoprotectant, a diabetic treatment, and a remedy for viral infections. Our research seeks to investigate the possible growth-stimulating properties of chitosan nanoparticles in comparison to iso-pentenyl adenosine (IPA), isopentenyladenine (2ip), 1-Naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA), and in-dole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in Astragalus spp. Plant tissue culture is a technique for reproducing whole plants, organs, tissues, or cells in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Phytohormones (natural or synthetic growth regulators) at appropriate phases of development or maturity can then be used to impact plant development. Callus induction methods, as well as shoot and root micropropagation protocols, were established on Astragalus spp. seeds. Ionic gelatination was used to create chitosan nanoparticles in this study. Molecular docking proved that chitosan showed an energy binding of -7.86 kcal/ mol against ERF-1 target site. Chitosan formed seven hydrogen bonds with Glu5, Gln282, Asn9, Lys16, Glu324 and Glu390. The bond lengths were 2.05, 1.95, 2.05, 2.02, 2.01, 1.90, and 1.84 Å. Among the various ratios and mixes of four growth regulators, a mixture of iso-pentenyl adenosine (IPA) and isopentenyladenine (2ip) with concentrations of 0.5 mg/L from each produced the highest Mean number of shoots (MNS) (17.5%) and Mean shoots length (MSL) (12.5 cm) (1.28%). The best mixture was 0.5 IPA plus 0.5 mg/L 2ip, which was tested on five plant samples; MNS achieved a maximum value of 22.5% in two subcultures, second and third, followed by 18.8% in the first subculture, 15.8% in the fourth subculture, and 13.8% in the fifth subculture. Also, MLS improved in all five subcultures, although the highest value was 15 cm with the second subculture and 13.8 cm with the fourth subculture. Auxins such as 1-Naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) and In-dole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were applied to plant samples, with the maximum rooting reaching 100% and the root length improving to 14.4 cm in comparison to the control, where rooting and root length were 74% and 12.6 cm, respectively. Chitosan nanoparticles had an average particle size of roughly 60 ± 10 nm and a qua-si-spherical shape. Furthermore, the colloidal stability and surface characteristics of the as-prepared nanoparticles were studied using FT-IR and dynamic light scattering techniques. Chitosan NPs were utilized in various concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/L), The best concentration was 0.5 mg/L stimulating rooting with 83.3%, 4.7 root/shoot number, and root length 6.4 cm.Key message: Our research seeks to investigate the possible growth-stimulating properties of chitosan nanoparticles in comparison to iso-pentenyl adenosine (IPA), isopentenyladenine (2ip), 1-Naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA), and in-dole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in Astragalus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of novel therapeutic agents using nanomedicine is critical in the fight against diabetes mellitus (DM). Cholic acid (CA) has shown potential in diabetes management, but its effectiveness is limited by poor solubility and stability. To overcome these challenges, CA was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CACNPs). The CACNPs had a negative zeta potential (ZP) of −13.6 ± 5.81 mV, which is an indication of good stability and potential for enhanced uptake by diseased cells. The average particle size (PS) measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 169.8 ± 84.3 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.220, indicating uniform particle size distribution. The drug loading capacity (DL%) of the CACNPs was 60.96 ± 0.9 %, whereas, the entrapment efficiency (EE%) was 69.19 ± 1.02 %. The MTT assay on 3 T3-L1 cells revealed a concentration-dependent effect on cell viability, with an IC50 value of 766.0 ± 0.09 µg/ml. Furthermore, CACNPs demonstrated dose-dependent enhancement of glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes, while at 500 µg/ml, they inhibited adipocyte differentiation, suggesting a potential role in adipogenesis inhibition. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated positive modulation of glucose metabolism-related genes (PI3K, GLUT4, PPARg) upon treatment with CACNPs. These findings suggest that CACNPs could serve as a novel inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation and may influence key pathways in glucose metabolism, making them promising candidates for the management of DM.

Nowadays, finding effective approaches for cancer therapy is one of the significant issues related to human health all over the world. Hence, in this research, we designed and synthesized a novel targeted DDS based on surface-modified chitosan (CS) for the effective delivery of noscapine (NO). As the surface of CS nanoparticles was firstly modified with carboxyl groups and followed by covalent conjugation of DNA-aptamer (Ap) as targeting and receptor blocker agent. Secondly, NO, as a chemotherapeutic agent, was loaded into prepared nano-complex and synthetics were effectively characterized via various analytical devices, including FT-IR, 1H NMR, DLS, Zeta potential analyzer, TGA, TEM, and SEM to verify quality and quantity of synthetics. Drug loading was obtained about 25 % and sustained drug release was observed for nano-complex at different pHs. Then, the cell viability assay was performed on MCF-7 (as breast cancer cell) and HFF-1 (as normal cell) cell lines to investigate cancer cell inhibition potency of nano-complex. Cell viability of cancer cells was 19.84 ± 1.87 % (for C-CS-Ap-NO) and 75.43 ± 2.64 % (for C-CS-Ap) after 72 h of treatment with 400 nM concentration. These results have been confirming the excellent potency of synthesized novel nano-complex as practical DDS in cancer therapy.

Aim: Impact of final root canal disinfectants diode laser (DL), Rose Bengal photosensitizer (RBP), Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNPs), and CNPs modified RBP on Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis) survival rate, smear layer (SL) removal efficacy and push out bond strength (PBS) of resin sealer to the radicular dentin. Material and method: Single rooted seventy-five human mandibular premolar teeth were sectioned at a level of cementoenamel (CEJ) and root canal treatment was performed using a ProTaper rotary instrument. To assess the antibacterial efficiency E.faecalis inoculation was performed using a pour plate method. The samples were arbitrarily allocated into five groups based on the final disinfectant received (n = 15) Group-1 (NaOCl+17 % EDTA), Group-2 (NaOCl+DL), Group-3 (NaOCl+CNPs), Group-4 (NaOCl+RBP activated by DL) and Group-5 (NaOCl+CNPs-RBP activated by DL). SEM analysis for SL removal was performed on five specimens from each group. Root canal obturation and sectioning were performed at cervical, middle, and apical levels. PBS and failure mode were analyzed using a universal testing machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope respectively. The data was subjected to analysis using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test. Result: Group 1 (NaOCl+17 % EDTA) (0.36 ± 0.01 CFU/mL) unveiled the maximum survival rate of tested bacteria. However, Group 5 (NaOCl+CNPs-RBP activated by DL) (0.11 ± 0.01 CFU/mL) displayed minimum survival of E.faecalis. The highest SL removal (1.44 ± 0.11) and bond integrity scores (12.23 ± 0.24 MPa) were recorded in the coronal section of Group 5 (NaOCl+ CNPs-RBP activated by DL) treated roots. However, the lowest removal of SL (3.15 ± 1.09) and PBS (7.24 ± 0.09 MPa) were recorded in Group 4 (NaOCl+RBP activated by DL) treated canals. CONCLUSION: CNPs-RBP activated by DL as the final irrigant provided satisfactory antibacterial activity, SL removal, and bond strength outcomes compared to other tested groups.

Introduction: Chitosan nanoparticles (CSN) are widely used for endodontic disinfection; however, their combination with other intracanal medicaments is least studied; therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of various intracanal medicaments incorporated with 0.2% CSN on root dentin microhardness and fracture resistance. Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted human single-rooted premolars were cleaned, decoronated, and standardized to 13 mm root length. After access opening and working length determination, specimens were instrumented with ProTaper rotary files till apical size F3 and alternatively irrigated with 5 ml of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and normal saline (NS). Final irrigation was done with 5 ml of 1% phytic acid. The specimens were allocated randomly into five groups (n = 10), followed by placement of intracanal medicament for 1 week as follows. Group 1 – 0.2% CSN, Group 2 – Calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH] 2) + 0.2% CSN, Group 3 – Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) + 0.2% CSN, Group 4 – Propolis + 0.2% CSN, and Group 5 – Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) + 0.2% CSN. The specimens were then rinsed with NS and 3 mm coronal portion of each specimen was horizontally sectioned to create dentin blocks that were further split vertically and tested for Vickers microhardness (n = 10). The remaining root segment of each specimen was then vertically embedded in an acrylic block and evaluated for fracture resistance (n = 10) under a universal testing machine. The data acquired were statistically assessed using one-way ANOVA and posthoc Tukey tests (P < 0.05). Results: Propolis incorporated with 0.2% CSN showed the highest microhardness and fracture resistance values followed by CHX + 0.2% CSN, TAP + 0.2% CSN, Ca(OH)2 + 0.2% CSN, and least in 0.2% CSN alone. Conclusion: Intracanal medicaments incorporated with 0.2% CSN exhibited a synergetic effect on microhardness and fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth; however, propolis with 0.2% CSN exhibited higher microhardness and fracture resistance of root dentin.

Abstract Chitosan is a natural non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and mucoadhesive polymer. It also has a broad spectrum of applications such as agriculture, medical fields, cosmetics and food industries. In this investigation, chitosan nanoparticles were produced by an aqueous extract of Cympopogon citratus leaves as a reducing agent. According to the SEM and TEM micrographs, CNPs had a spherical shape, and size ranging from 8.08 to 12.01 nm. CNPs have a positively charged surface with a Zeta potential of + 26 mV. The crystalline feature of CNPs is determined by X-ray diffraction. There are many functional groups, including C꞊C, CH2-OH, C–O, C-S, N–H, CN, CH and OH were detected by FTIR analysis. As shown by the thermogravimetric study, CNPs have a high thermal stability. For the optimization of the green synthesis of CNPs, a Face centered central composite design (FCCCD) with 30 trials was used. The maximum yield of CNPs (13.99 mg CNPs/mL) was produced with chitosan concentration 1.5%, pH 4.5 at 40 °C, and incubation period of 30 min. The antifungal activity of CNPs was evaluated against phytopathogenic fungus; Fusarium culmorum. A 100% rate of mycelial growth inhibition was gained by the application of 20 mg CNPs/mL. The antitumor activity of the green synthesized CNPs was examined using 6 different cell lines, the viability of the cells reduced when the concentration of green synthesized CNPs increased, the IC50 dose of the green synthesized CNPs on the examined cell lines HePG-2, MCF-7, HCT-116, PC-3, Hela and WI-38 was 36.25 ± 2.3, 31.21 ± 2.2, 67.45 ± 3.5, 56.30 ± 3.3, 44.62 ± 2.6 and 74.90 ± 3.8; respectively.