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By injecting the coronary arteries in common breed dogs of various ages, we have underlined certain modifications concerning the path, the caliber and the structure of the cardiac vessels. In this paper we will refer exclusively to the anatomical aspects of these vessels. In young subjects, both the cardiac arterial trunks and their branches present in general well traced paths, without changes in the arterial walls. Compared to this situation, in aged animals, we have both anatomical modifications of vascular paths and of their lumen's caliber, as well as the varicose aspect of their walls. These morphological aspects also imply alterations of the differentiated vascular perfusion of the myocardium, while facilitating clinical interpretation in canine cardiac pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardis) is a wild ruminant of African origins and the tallest land mammal, with an evolution and morphological features unique in the animal kingdom. Kept in Europe only in zoological parks and circuses, it is a species rarely studied in our country. We have chosen to compare this exotic species to the cow, because this is the reference ruminant for veterinary anatomy, well studied both in our country and on an international level. One giraffe body and two cow skeletons were used to determine the anatomical differences between the cervical segments of the vertebral column in these two species. The body was processed in the Comparative Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, using the usual techniques for obtaining osseous pieces, and the cow skeletons belong to the Comparative Anatomy Museum of the aforementioned institution. The cervical vertebral segment shows major differences between the two species, corresponding to their respective ways of life. The main differences, with biomechanical consequences, were registered in the first two cervical vertebrae - atlas and axis, and in the last two cervical vertebrae - C6 and CI. The cervical spine in its entirety is mmch more elongated in the giraffe, compared to that of the cow and presents finer, less rugged surface -elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Establishing a direct causal relationship between crossing area morphology and esophago-gastric competence in gastroesophageal reflux Material and methods: The material consisted of 35 human fetuses of both sexes, aged between 11 and 28 weeks. The observations were made following macro and mesoscopic anatomical dissection also the performed measurements. Results: Final adult provision, of the diaphragm, the diaphragm pillars, stomach and liver size is very different from that present in the fetus. Between those two and the competence in gastroesophageal reflux it's an inter-conditionality proven. Conclusion: For fetuses aged 14-16 weeks, the diaphragm pillars have large aperture with respect to distance vertex-cocige (sixth). At 28 weeks, the same ratio is 1/14. This decreasing mean fetal size increasement (doubled). Final positioning of the liver on the right will lead to pushing to the left of the esophageal hyatus. It is possible that this way may occur also the specific curve described by Allison's lasso, (concave to the left). Complete fetal esophageal hyatus form appears later as a result of: - lowering the diaphragm, after thoracic organ development and following the transition to standing up position - completion of form and gastric volume. - installation of pulmonary respiration, with the beginning of function of the diaphragm pillars. - completion of the rapports between abdominal visceral volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study initiated by us aims to describe, interpret and elucidate several aspects regarding the topography, the morphology and the drainage of the mammary lymphatic circulatory system.Because this paper is part of a more complex research project we chose to present a comparative study with results regarding the cranial abdominal mammary gland (A1) in pregnant cats and lactating cats. We have used the method of radiographic indirect lymphography with a contrast agent. The lymphographies were taken in the Radiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, using a TEMCO GRx-01 type fixed radiographic equipment. This study method has allowed us to underline the mammary lymphatic drainage and interglandular lymphatic connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify distinct morphological features in the skeleton of both the homing pigeon and the common pigeon. The research comprised in this study is intended to enrich the currently existing general data referring to pigeon anatomy and to underline the differences of the two pigeon varieties, the homing one and the common one, regarding bones and their features and the way in which they influence body size, but also their importance in the act of flying. Our findings support the notion of common origins of the domestic pigeon and the homing pigeon. Through this study we have underlined the way in which distinct environmental conditions have led to the evolution of two pigeon varieties with different adaptations. The homing pigeon has adapted in time to progressively longer flights, due to continuously improving food, hygiene and housing conditions. The common pigeon, on the other side, has adapted to a restrictive environment (scarce food of inferior quality, improvised housing and medical conditions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research brings new knowledge on the particularities concerning the compared anatomy of the cardiac particular parts. It involved a number of 12 dissected pig hearts where there were some anatomical aspects worth mentioning on the valve, muscular and papillary forms, and also on the tendinous cordages of the left ventricle. Compared to the classical descriptions, especially concerning the human hearts, in this case, the observations made on pig hearts revealed that there is a large variety from one individual to another regarding the distribution of the muscular forms found. They are singled or multi papillary, they have a variable origin and a different distribution of the tendinous cordages concerning their insertion on the atria-ventricular valves. These aspects are high lightened also by the original photo images included in this paper. The observations made on this forms reveals the fact that at swine there is no common feature to be established regarding the shape and ventricular-valves distribution of these forms. On the other hand, the papillary septal and marginal forms appear constantly, but they are variable from one individual to another regarding the origin and distribution. They are seen as having an important role in the myocardial distribution of their own cardiac excite-conductive system. The forms noticed in the left ventricle are much more developed compared to the right one. From a physiological and clinical aspect, we concluded that the anatomical particularities found and described are very difficult to correlate with the individual's specific cardiac activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study conducts on the basis of a topographical and anatomical systematization a characterization in terms of imaging of the superficial lymph nodes. Starting from the topographic anatomy of the superficial lymph nodes at carnivores, suitable for the tactile method of investigation, this study standardizes the imaging aspects of superficial lymph nodes, more specifically, their ultrasound anatomy. 7 female dogs of different breeds and ages, clinically healthy were assessed by ultrasound. Methods of investigation: two-dimensional ultrasound and in addition to this, color Doppler and power Doppler techniques. Ultrasound techniques were applied to 34 axillary, superficial inguinal and polipteus lymph nodes using an advanced ultrasound machine, equipped with "small parts mode". Two-dimensional ultrasound images were obtained to quantify data on topography, size, shape, capsule node, ecostructure and echogenicity. Doppler techniques have revealed the presence and the characteristics of lymph circulation. The results obtained show that lymph nodes are essential structures which have to be assessed at any ultrasonographic examination, among other parenchymal organs. The most useful parameters for characterization are: the transverse with the longitudinal axis ratio, with a value below 0.5 indicating oval shape of examined lymph nodes and the ordered model, the radial distribution of the capsule toward the hilum of the blood vascularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our researches focused on high lightening the possible particularities existent at different subjects taken into study, regarding the aortic ventricular foramen, the semilunar valves and the original aperture of the left coronary artery. Also the possible trajectory and distribution variability of the left coronary artery was analyzed, taking into consideration the variations of this artery in human. The left coronary artery were studied on fresh hearts, gathered from 11 subjects of different ages, sexes and sizes. The vascular and hollow lumen was washed repeatedly with water and then injected progressively with Palux substance colored for contrast with red pigment. The hearts injected were introduced for 48 hours in a formaldehyde 2% solution and afterwards the dissection under a magnifying glass was made. In a single case the lack of the left arterial trunk was noticed, the paraconal artery and the left cardiac artery presenting a common foramen in the left aortic sinus. Regarding the existence of the left coronary artery, this was in a direct continuance with the paraconal artery and forming a right angle with the left cardiac circumflex artery. Through their distribution, the collaterals of the paraconal artery involve the right ventricular myocardium, as well as the left one in different proportions. The atrium collaterals of the left circumflex artery involve also the atrium-ventricular nodule. The vascular foramen measurements and their trajectories are not related to the age and size of the subject. The sigmoid valves are reduced. In one case the lack of the left coronary arterial trunk was noticed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we tried to evidence the type of lymphatic vascularisation in the mammary gland at bitches, as well as the capture of some possible lymphatic connections between the border homo-lateral mammary glands, including the hetero-lateral ones. All of these things imply a good knowledge of the mammary lymphatic irrigation, the lymphatic's drainage way and the possibility of communication between the mammary glands through the lymphatic vessels, although, in this field of study there are few data on these kind of connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study was developed by using and observing six mammary glands coming from: two cows, two mares and two camels of the Camelus Bactrianus species. The procedure consisted of introducing a tube into the arterial vessels' lumen, through which we then injected a special material, consisting of the industrial product Palux and a red dye. The injected mammary glands were kept in a 2% formaldehyde for 24 hours and then dissected, a process that was done both by direct observance and by using a magnifying glass, to enable a more accurate study of our case. The arterial vascularization in large ruminants is carried out by the external pudendal artery, which branches at the terminal point - in most cases, developing the caudal mammary artery, A. mammaria caudalis, and the cranial mammary artery, A. mammaria cranialis. The caudal mammary arteries participate, after issuing the collaterals responsible for the vascularization of the limphonodes adjacent to the mammals, to the vascularization of the posterior quarters. The cranial mammary artery emits one or two collaterals which ensure the vascularization of the medial gland region, eventually branching into the lateral mammary artery and the medial mammary artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study has been done on seven fresh state hearts of adult healthy pigs that had been slaughtered by exsanguinations. Anatomical observations had been effectuated in the aim of describing the particularities of the cardiac orifices configuration and cardiac vascular system in swine. For this purpose we emphasize the peculiarities of the aortic opening and the right coronary artery origin, trajectory and branches in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to emphasize the popliteus lymphonode in dogs by using Evans Blue as intravital colouring dye, a nonionic organoiodic contrast substance called Ultravist 300, as well as monomeric resin. Upon injecting we were able to notice and pinpoint the topographic location of the popliteus lymphocenter, the number of lymphonodes it consists of, as well as the pattern of blood flow characteristic to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of 10 nutria (Myocastor coypus) cadavers from private farms of Cluj, sacrificed as a necessity, were studied. Besides the morphological observations were also performed some histochemical, and histoenzymological observations at duodenum, jejunum - ileum and colon level, in order to emphasize some indices concerning the cytoplasmatic basophily of enterocites, RNA presence, absorption process, and also secretion product of caliciform cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to modernization of growth technologies and the increasing of growth trout densities, were highlighted differences in terms of the final products obtained quality. Therefore, we aimed to identify the possible morphological and histological changes of the digestive system of rainbow trout, by adequate investigation on some specimens from two different farming systems, one classical and the other superintensive-recirculating. Respecting the working protocols, were slaughtered trout from each system, being prelevated samples and segments of the esophagus and stomach. The results did not reveal morphological and histological differences, except for some lipids deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a summary of a study on the peculiarities of oro-pharyngeal cavity of rainbow trout fish. It shows that the oro-pharyngeal cavity, which represents the first section of the digestive tract in fish, has some morpho-histological peculiarities in terms of shape and of couple anatomical segments. It also characterizes the morphological and histological attributes of the said segment of the fish's digestive system.