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A novel 2D to 3D effect image conversion architecture integrated image segmentation system and depth estimation is presented. Its objective is to describe the technique used to generate stereo pair images starting from a single image source (a view-point) and its related depth map. The conjunction between segmented image and depth map allows reconstructing artificially the binocular view producing a 3D effect depending on screen dimension and image resolution. The system consists of an online ICA mixture model that performs image segmentation and depth estimation method to obtain the depth information of image. The proposed system is capable of performing automatic multilevel segmentation of images, based on depth information obtained by the image depth estimation method. The system does not reconstruct the real 3D coordinates of any object inside the scene, but simply assigns the most comfortable shift to the source points to give a 3D-entertainment to the viewer. A simple smoothing filtering technique adaptively resolves the occlusions generated by shifting of the source points without introducing visible and/or annoying artifacts.

When amido-bonded ruthenium(III) complexes of both nicotinamide and isonicotinamide are reduced, the resulting ruthenium(II) complexes, Ru[sup II](NH[sub 3])[sub 5](NHC(O)-3-Py)[sup +] and Ru[sup II](NH[sub 3])[sub 5](NHC(O)-4-Py)[sup +], undergo rapid protonation, followed by intramolecular isomerization (k[sub 4-Py] = 9.6 s[sup [minus]1] at 25[degree]C) to the pyridyl-bonded forms. The authors believe these rearrangements proceed via [eta][sup 2]- arene-bonded intermediates in a walk of the aromatic ring as has been found for related osmium(II) complexes.

The quenching of the charge-transfer excited states of Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ and Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ by O/sub 2/, Fe/sup 3 +/, Co(phen)/sub 3//sup 3 +/, Ry(NH/sub 3/)/sub 6//sup 3 +/, Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 3 +/, and Fe(CN)/sub 6//sup 3 +/ has been studied by a spectrofluorometric method. The lifetime of the emitting state of the osmium (II) complex and the rate of its reaction with Ru(NH/sub 3/)/sub 6//sup 3 +/ were measured by a single-photon counting technique. A value of -0.96 V was estimated for the reduction potential of the Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 3 +/ parallel *Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ couple. Emission intensity measurements were used to determine the steady-state concentrations of the Fe/sup 2 +/ and Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 3 +/ formed in the reaction of Fe/sup 3 +/ with the emitting state of Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/. The steady-state concentrations of the electron-transfer products increase in the order HCl < H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ < HClO/sub 4/ approx. CF/sub 3/SO/sub 3/H and in 0.5 M HClO/sub 4/ amount to about 25 percent of the initial Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ concentration under the conditions used. The Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/-Fe/sup 3 +/ system exhibits a large photogalvanic effect. The mechanisms ofmore » the reactions are discussed and general equations describing the steady-state characteristics of these systems are derived. (auth)« less

The rate constants for the formation and dissociation of the one-to-one complex of magnesium with oxalate ion have been determined by a pressure jump technique. The rate constants were determined at different temperatures and the activation parameters calculated. The results are discussed in terms of a three step mechanism in which the rate-determining step is the loss of a water molecule from the inner coordination sphere of the metal ion.

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science. Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Manuscript received 3 January 1979, revised 19 February 1980, accepted 4 July 1980 The stoicbiometicstability constants for MgSO4association in aqueous solution have been determined spectrophotometrically and potentiometrically in the ionic strength range of 0.3 to 1.0M, and 0.10 to 0.82M, respectively. Terpyridine is used as a metal ion indicator to monitor the free magnesium ion concentrations and divalent cationselective electrode is employed to measure the free magnesium ion activities in pure MgSO4 solutions. The results obtained at 25° by the two methods show that they are in good agreement.

The quenching of the charge-transfer excited states of Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ and Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ by O/sub 2/, Fe/sup 3 +/, Co(phen)/sub 3//sup 3 +/, Ry(NH/sub 3/)/sub 6//sup 3 +/, Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 3 +/, and Fe(CN)/sub 6//sup 3 +/ has been studied by a spectrofluorometric method. The lifetime of the emitting state of the osmium (II) complex and the rate of its reaction with Ru(NH/sub 3/)/sub 6//sup 3 +/ were measured by a single-photon counting technique. A value of -0.96 V was estimated for the reduction potential of the Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 3 +/ parallel *Os(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ couple. Emission intensity measurements were used to determine the steady-state concentrations of the Fe/sup 2 +/ and Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 3 +/ formed in the reaction of Fe/sup 3 +/ with the emitting state of Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/. The steady-state concentrations of the electron-transfer products increase in the order HCl < H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ < HClO/sub 4/ approx. CF/sub 3/SO/sub 3/H and in 0.5 M HClO/sub 4/ amount to about 25 percent of the initial Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/ concentration under the conditions used. The Ru(bpy)/sub 3//sup 2 +/-Fe/sup 3 +/ system exhibits a large photogalvanic effect. The mechanisms ofmore » the reactions are discussed and general equations describing the steady-state characteristics of these systems are derived. (auth)« less