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A straightforward entry to 5-membered cyclic cyanamides from readily available allylic and propargylic cyanamides is reported. These starting materials are easily obtained by a multicomponent A3 coupling followed by a von Braun reaction and they were shown to be readily cyclized by a ring-closing enyne metathesis, upon simple reaction with Grubbs II catalyst, to the corresponding highly functionalized cyclic cyanamides., info:eu-repo/semantics/inPress

The chemical compositions of eleven wild species of aromatic and medicinal plants indigenous to Algeria, including Thymus, Mentha, Rosmarinus, Lavandula, and Eucalyptus, were analyzed. The identification of the chemical composition of each oil was conducted using GC-FID and GC-MS capillary gas chromatography. The study investigated the chemical variability of the essential oils based on several parameters. These included the impact of the vegetative cycle on oil composition, variations among subspecies of the same species, variations among species within the same genus, the influence of environmental factors on composition variations within a species, chemo typing, and the genetic factors (such as hybridization) contributing to chemical variability. The concepts of chemotaxonomy, chemotype, and chemical markers were examined to understand their limitations and emphasize the importance of regulating the use of essential oils derived from wild plants. The study advocates for an approach that involves the domestication of wild plants and screening their chemical compositions according to more specific standards for each commercially available oil. Lastly, the nutritional implications and the variability of nutritional impact based on the chemical composition of the essential oils will be discussed.

Le ROCCH produit les données chimiques nécessaires à l’évaluation de la qualité chimique des eaux marines, et notamment la qualité des zones conchylicoles françaises. En 2022, un total de 77 échantillons de mollusques collectés et analysés permet de dresser un bilan de la qualité des côtes métropolitaines pour l’année 2022. Plusieurs secteurs atteignent ou dépassent 50% de la concentration-seuil : la rade de Brest (plomb et cadmium), la rade de Toulon (HAP) et aux abords de Kersanton (plomb), aucun secteur exploité ne dépasse les concentrations limites autorisées.

Organic semiconductors with distinct molecular properties and large carrier mobilities are constantly developed in attempt to produce highly-efficient electronic materials. Recently, designer molecules with unique structural modifications have been expressly developed to suppress molecular motions in the solid state that arise from low-energy phonon modes, which uniquely limit carrier mobilities through electron–phonon coupling. However, such low-frequency vibrational dynamics often involve complex molecular dynamics, making comprehension of the underlying electronic origins of electron–phonon coupling difficult. In this study, first a mode-resolved picture of electron–phonon coupling in a series of materials that are specifically designed to suppress detrimental vibrational effects, is generated. From this foundation, a method is developed based on the crystalline orbital Hamiltonian population (COHP) analyses to resolve the origins—down to the single atomic-orbital scale—of surprisingly large electron–phonon coupling constants of particular vibrations, explicitly detailing the manner in which the intermolecular wavefunction overlap is perturbed. Overall, this approach provides a comprehensive explanation into the unexpected effects of less-commonly studied molecular vibrations, revealing new aspects of molecular design that should be considered for creating improved organic semiconducting materials., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A substance can crystallize in more than one crystal form. This phenomenon, known as polymorphism, occurs particularly often for organic compounds because of the comparable lattice energies of the different molecular conformations or packing arrangements. The reproducible obtaining of some specific polymorphs remains an open scientific question because polymorphism is dramatically sensitive to experimental conditions. 5-Methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl) amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile (ROY) is an ideal molecular system to study polymorphism since it crystallizes into at least 13 different forms. Directional crystallization under defined dissipative thermodynamic conditions was applied to control the selective growth of ROY polymorphs. It is demonstrated that one of the thirteen polymorphs (OP) can reproducibly be obtained. The reasons for this selectivity are discussed in the frame of nonequilibrium thermodynamics., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Organic semiconductors are a family of pi-conjugated compounds used in many applications, such as displays, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, their susceptibility to processing-induced contamination is not well understood. Here, it is shown that many organic electronic devices reported so far may have been unintentionally contaminated, thus affecting their performance, water uptake, and thin film properties. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to detect and quantify contaminants originating from the glovebox atmosphere and common laboratory consumables used during device fabrication. Importantly, this in-depth understanding of the sources of contamination allows the establishment of clean fabrication protocols, and the fabrication of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with improved performance and stability. This study highlights the role of unintentional contaminants in organic electronic devices, and demonstrates that certain stringent processing conditions need to be met to avoid scientific misinterpretation, ensure device reproducibility, and facilitate performance stability. The experimental procedures and conditions used herein are typical of those used by many groups in the field of solution-processed organic semiconductors. Therefore, the insights gained into the effects of contamination are likely to be broadly applicable to studies, not just of OFETs, but also of other devices based on these materials., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Our ability to synthetize organic molecules efficiently often revolves around selective reactions. The most commonly studied selectivities are the chemo-, stereo-, and regioselectivities (Figure 1). These selectivities are, however, not sufficient to describe all selective chemical transformations. For instance, when a substrate can undergo the same reaction repeatedly (Figure 2), a new kind of selectivity is needed to obtain one product preferentially. In this context, we conceptualized the “iteroselectivity” that governs the number of repeating chemical transformations that occur on substrates that can undergo at least twice the same reaction.1 Such an iterative process applies to polyfunctional substrates bearing the same type of functional group (e.g. ethylene glycol, sugars, oligomeric macrocycles), and to reactions where the reactive functional group is regenerated (e.g. polymerizations). The different products after each iteration are named iteromers. To achieve high iteroselectivity, it may be necessary to tune the reactivity of the functional groups in a controllable manner. Supramolecular chemistry is a toolbox offering numerous options to modify the reactivity of functional groups by changing their local environment without direct modification of the functional groups in contrast to classical covalent protecting groups. In this communication, we explore examples of iteroselective reactions based on supramolecular protection, supramolecular activation, and templating effects., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This study aims to investigate the chemistry of the Ni-O-Pb-Bi system through a combined microscopic andelectrochemical analysis of the Ni-NiO-NiBi3 equilibrium in molten lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). Through SEMEDXmetallographic characterization, we examined to the precipitates formed on the solid nickel substrate inmolten LBE, confirming the formation of the NiBi3 within the temperature range of 469–748 K. Subsequently, weinduced the Ni(LBE)-NiO(s)-NiBi3(s) ternary equilibrium in LBE and measured the equilibrium oxygen concentrationsat different temperatures. The equilibrium nickel activity was derived using the measured equilibriumoxygen concentration in the temperature range of 518–595 K. Finally, the Ni-Bi IMCs floating on LBE at the endof the measurements were collected and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the presence of theNiBi3 phase., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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Pourquoi l'eau est-elle nécessaire à la vie sur Terre? Quelles sont les propriétés qui font d'elle un solvant unique, propre à la vie?, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has become a major public health concern, necessitating the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds. Given that the skin microbiome plays a critical role in the host defense against pathogens, the development of therapies that target the interactions between commensal bacteria and pathogens in the skin microbiome offers a promising approach. Here, we report the discovery of two bacteriocins, cerein 7B and cerein B4080, that selectively inhibit S. aureus without affecting Staphylococcus epidermidis, a commensal bacterium on the skin.In this study, structural and mutational characterization of cerein 7B allowed us to propose a hypothesis of the mechanism of action for this bacteriocin, where it is believed to accumulate at the cell membrane, inducing the formation of pores. Furthermore, the study revealed that exposure of S. aureus to both discovered bacteriocins resulted in mutations in the walK/R two-component system, leading to a thickening of the cell wall visible by transmission electron microscopy and subsequent decreased sensitivity to vancomycin. Following RNA sequencing results indicate an upregulation of genes known to enhance the abundance of positively charged components at the cell membrane, thereby resulting in reduced sensitivity to other cationic bacteriocins.Our findings prompt a nuanced discussion of the potential of those bacteriocins for selective targeting of S. aureus on the skin, given the emergence of resistance and co-resistance with vancomycin. The idea put forward implies that by preserving commensal bacteria, selective compounds could limit the emergence of resistance in pathogenic cells by promoting competition with remaining commensal bacteria, ultimately reducing chronic infections and limiting the spread of antibiotic resistance., Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Visualizing chemical structures in 3D is an important aspect both in chemical education and research. Some chemists may struggle with 3D visualization from mere 2D images, especially for some intricate structures. ChemARise is a free app available on Android (Play store) and iOS (App store) that displays a set of chemical structures in 3D, either from a free structure selection or in augmented reality (AR) when detecting the corresponding 2D images (Figure 1). It is currently used to help students in organic chemistry and supramolecular chemistry courses, and for scientific communication with structures displayed in journal articles and posters., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Our ability to synthetize organic molecules efficiently often revolves around selective reactions. The most commonly studied selectivities are the chemo-, stereo-, and regioselectivities (Figure 1). These selectivities are, however, not sufficient to describe all selective chemical transformations. For instance, when a substrate can undergo the same reaction repeatedly (Figure 2), a new kind of selectivity is needed to obtain one product preferentially. In this context, we conceptualized the “iteroselectivity” that governs the number of repeating chemical transformations that occur on substrates that can undergo at least twice the same reaction.1 Such an iterative process applies to polyfunctional substrates bearing the same type of functional group (e.g. ethylene glycol, sugars, oligomeric macrocycles), and to reactions where the reactive functional group is regenerated (e.g. polymerizations). The different products after each iteration are named iteromers. To achieve high iteroselectivity, it may be necessary to tune the reactivity of the functional groups in a controllable manner. Supramolecular chemistry is a toolbox offering numerous options to modify the reactivity of functional groups by changing their local environment without direct modification of the functional groups in contrast to classical covalent protecting groups. In this communication, we explore examples of iteroselective reactions based on supramolecular protection, supramolecular activation, and templating effects., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

An efficient and unprecedented cross-coupling between acylzirconocenes, readily available starting materials conveniently prepared by hydrozirconation of alkenes and a subsequent carbonylation with carbon monoxide, and diaryliodonium tetrafluoroborates is reported. This procedure enables the synthesis of a broad variety of alkyl-aryl-ketones upon simple catalysis with copper cyanide without the need of additional ligands and only requires a low pressure of carbon monoxide generated in situ, in a two-chamber reactor, from N-formylsaccharin., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The kinetics of ligand exchange at a Zn II center confined in a biomimetic environment is studied., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The use of a supramolecular protecting molecular container, whose host-guest properties are under acid–base control, enables the functionalization with high chemo-, regio- and iteroselectivities of polyamines in a one-pot cyclic process., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

We have found that the polarization dependence of Raman scattering in organic crystals at finite temperatures can only be described by a fourth-rank tensor formalism. This generalization of the second-rank Raman tensor ℛ stems from the effect of off-diagonal components in the crystal self-energy on the light scattering mechanism. We thus establish a novel manifestation of phonon–phonon interaction in inelastic light scattering, markedly separate from the better-known phonon lifetime., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A conceptual challenge toward more versatile direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) is the design of a single material electrocatalyst with high activity and durability for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). This requires to conciliate methanol tolerance not to hinder ORR at the cathode with a good MOR activity at the anode. This is especially incompatible with Pt materials. We tackled this challenge by deriving a supramolecular concept where surface‐grafted molecular ligands regulate the Pt‐catalyst reactivity. ORR and MOR activities of newly reported Pt‐calix[4]arenes nanocatalysts (Pt NPs/C) are compared to commercial benchmark PtNPs/C. Pt NPs/C exhibit a remarkable methanol tolerance without losing the MOR reactivity along with outstanding durability and chemical stability. Beyond designing single‐catalyst material, operable in DMFC cathodic and anodic compartments, the results highlight a promising strategy for tuning interfacial properties., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit repose sur l’étude et le développement de nouvelles méthodes de synthèse de nanodiamants dans des conditions contrôlées et modérées de pression et de température. Le but de ces études est de pouvoir exercer un contrôle accru sur les propriétés des nanodiamants formés en modérant les conditions drastiques de synthèse. Ainsi, il serait possible d’obtenir des NDs de manière contrôlée du point de vue de leurs propriétés et de franchir leurs barrières actuelles de production. Contrairement aux méthodes usuelles de synthèse qui reposent généralement sur la conversion de dérivés carbonés simples (e.g. méthane, graphite, carbone amorphe), l’approche réalisée dans le cadre de ce manuscrit consiste en l’utilisation de dérivés fonctionnalisés de l’adamantane comme précurseurs moléculaires plus élaborés de nanodiamants. L’hypothèse sous-jacente de cette approche repose sur le principe qu’un précurseur structurellement similaire au diamant (tel que l’adamantane) permettrait d’abaisser les barrières synthétiques. Le présent manuscrit est réparti en chapitres qui exposeront dans un premier temps des notions introductives sur l’adamantane (Chapitre I), les nanodiamants (Chapitre II) et la chimie à haute pression (Chapitre III). Après avoir présenté les objectifs (Chapitre IV) et la stratégie mise en place (Chapitre V), les chapitres suivants seront dédiés à la présentation et la discussion des résultats obtenus. Dans un premier temps, la synthèse des précurseurs dérivés de l’adamantane et de diamantoïdes sera présentée (Chapitre VI). Le chapitre suivant présentera et discutera la conversion des précurseurs en nanodiamants (Chapitre VII). Finalement, des conclusions générales et perspectives (Chapitre VIII), la section expérimentale (Chapitre IX), et les références bibliographiques (Chapitre X) concluront ce manuscrit. En ce qui concerne les résultats présentés dans le Chapitre VI, les synthèses sont divisées en plusieurs sous-chapitres dédiés à, Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le ROCCH produit les données chimiques nécessaires à l’évaluation de la qualité chimique des eaux marines, et notamment la qualité des zones conchylicoles françaises. En 2022, un total de 77 échantillons de mollusques collectés et analysés permet de dresser un bilan de la qualité des côtes métropolitaines pour l’année 2022. Plusieurs secteurs atteignent ou dépassent 50% de la concentration-seuil : la rade de Brest (plomb et cadmium), la rade de Toulon (HAP) et aux abords de Kersanton (plomb), aucun secteur exploité ne dépasse les concentrations limites autorisées.

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Confinement of discrete coordination cages within nanoporous lattices is an intriguing strategy to gain unusual properties and functions. We demonstrate here that the confinement of coordination cages within metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) allows the spin state of the cages to be regulated through multilevel host–guest interactions. In particular, the confined in situ self-assembly of an anionic FeII4L6 nanocage within the mesoporous cationic framework of MIL-101 leads to the ionic MOF with an unusual hierarchical host–guest structure. While the nanocage in solution and in the solid state has been known to be invariantly diamagnetic with low-spin FeII, FeII4L6@MIL-101 exhibits spin-crossover (SCO) behavior in response to temperature and release/uptake of water guest within the MOF. The distinct color change concomitant with water-induced SCO enables the use of the material for highly selective colorimetric sensing of humidity. Moreover, the spin state and the SCO behavior can be modulated also by inclusion of a guest into the hydrophobic cavity of the confined cage. This is an essential demonstration of the phenomenon that the confinement within porous solids enables an SCO-inactive cage to show modulable SCO behaviors, opening perspectives for developing functional supramolecular materials through hierarchical host–guest structures., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Due to their significant role in industry and biological systems, the interest in selectively recognizing and detecting small dicarboxylates has grown in recent years. In this study, we report on the binding properties of a family of tubular-shaped heterotritopic receptors based on bis-calix[6]arenes, which contain three (thio)urea bridges (C3U and C3TU) or six urea bridges (C6U), toward dicarboxylates. While poor binding properties were observed by NMR for the newly synthesized C6U, receptors C3U and C3TU exhibited a unique ability to cooperatively complex a dicarboxylate anion sandwiched between two ammonium ions. The three ions are complexed in contact and aligned within the tubular shape of the receptor, forming cascade complexes that are stable even in a competitive environment. The different binding properties between the receptors were rationalized in terms of size, flexibility, H-bond donor ability, and intramolecular H-bonding within the anion binding pocket between the calixarene cavities. With C3U, a rare selectivity for oxalate over other small dicarboxylates and various bicharged anions was observed. Molecular modeling of the cascade complex indicated that the oxalate anion is stabilized by an array of hydrogen bonds with the urea bridges of the receptor and both propylammonium cations nested within the calixarene cavities., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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Electroreduction of furfural, a platform chemical that can be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass and agriculturalwaste, was studied by coupling in-situ FTIR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry on gold and copperelectrodes in Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) unconventional medium. Choline-glycerol DES medium was selectedby investigating with the help of NMR spectroscopy the stability of furfural in the two commonly used DES:choline chloride/urea 1:2 and glycerol 1:2. Instability of furfural in choline chloride/urea 1:2 and the presenceof a specific reaction between urea and furfural was evidenced with the same technique. After that, the electrochemicalstability of the glycerol DES itself was monitored by FTIR measurements in the absence and presenceof furfural. The product of furfural reduction, furfuryl alcohol, was evidenced. The influence of theelectrode morphology on the stability of the DES and the furfural behavior was investigated by synthesizingAu/C and Cu/C nanoparticles., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Terahertz electromodulation spectroscopy provides insight into the physics of charge carrier transport in molecular semiconductors. The work focuses on thin-film devices of dibenzothiopheno[6,5-b:6′,5′-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. Frequency-resolved data show a Drude-like response of the hole gas in the accumulation region. The temperature dependence of the mobilities follows a T1/2 power law. This indicates that the thermal mean free path of the charge carriers is restricted by disorder. Only a fraction of approximately 5% of the injected carriers fulfills the Ioffe–Regel criterion and participates in band transport., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Synthetic anion receptors are increasingly being explored for the transport of anions across lipid membranes because of their potential therapeutic applications. A considerable amount of research focuses on the transport of chloride, whereas the transmembrane transport of inorganic phosphate has not been reported to date, despite the biological relevance of this anion. Here we present a calix[4]pyrrole with a bisurea strap that functions as a receptor and transporter for H2PO4–, relying on the formation of eight hydrogen bonds and efficient encapsulation of the anion. Using a phosphate-sensitive lanthanide probe and 31P NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate that this receptor can transport phosphate into vesicles by H2PO4–/Cl– antiport, H2PO4– uniport, and Cs+/H2PO4– symport mechanisms. This first example of inorganic phosphate transport by a neutral receptor opens perspectives for the future development of transporters for various biological phosphates., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Synthetic anion transporters are developed to transport anions across lipid membranes with the long-term perspective of biological applications. The lucigenin assay is a popular tool to study their transport of chloride and other anions in liposomes. It relies on the quenching of the fluorescence of encapsulated lucigenin by anions, which can be monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. This article provides a tutorial introduction to the practical use and understanding of the lucigenin assay. It describes in detail how to use this assay to monitor chloride/nitrate antiport in liposomes, process and interpret the data, and solve common issues. Variations of the assay enabling the investigation of the transport of other anions and transport mechanisms are discussed. Furthermore, a zwitterionic analogue of lucigenin is demonstrated to have advantages for use in experiments over longer time scales, as it does not leak out of the liposomes, or when studying chloride uniport, as it avoids interference from antiport with nitrate that is present in commercial lucigenin., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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Chiral recognition underpins many biological processes, including signaling and enzymatic transformations. Mimicry of the natural systems that include these processes can provide an understanding of their fundamental mechanisms and enable the design of synthetic systems capable of achieving similar functions. However, reported synthetic hosts can only recognize small, simple chiral guests. Here, we report the self-assembly of a triazatruxene trialdehyde subcomponent into enantiopure FeII4L4 cages. Their chirotopic properties and well-enclosed cavities enable these cages to recognize complex steroids through non-covalent interactions, as elucidated by X-ray crystallography. These recognition events occur enantioselectively and diastereoselectively, spanning moderate to exclusive differentiation. Notably, one cage enantiomer binds one equivalent of canrenone, whereas the other enantiomer binds two equivalents. Microcalorimetry experiments clarify the interplay of enthalpy and entropy during enantioselective binding., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Our ability to synthetize organic molecules efficiently often revolves around selective reactions. The most commonly studied selectivities are the chemo-, stereo-, and regioselectivities. These selectivities are, however, not sufficient to describe all selective chemical transformations. For instance, when a substrate can undergo the same reaction repeatedly (Figure 1), a new kind of selectivity is needed to obtain one product preferentially. In this context, we conceptualized the “iteroselectivity” that governs the number of repeating chemical transformations that occur on substrates that can undergo at least twice the same reaction.1 Such an iterative process applies to polyfunctional substrates bearing the same type of functional group (e.g. ethylene glycol, sugars, oligomeric macrocycles), and to reactions where the reactive functional group is regenerated (e.g. polymerizations). The different products after each iteration are named iteromers. To achieve high iteroselectivity, it may be necessary to tune the reactivity of the functional groups in a controllable manner. Supramolecular chemistry is a toolbox offering numerous options to modify the reactivity of functional groups by changing their local environment without direct modification of the functional groups in contrast to classical covalent protecting groups. In this communication, we explore examples from the literature of iteroselective reactions based on supramolecular protection, supramolecular activation, and templating effects., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Cyanamides possess both nucleophilic and electrophilic centers and their arylation reactions are known to proceed at N(sp3) and C(sp)-sites, leading to N-aryl- cyanamides or amidines. N(sp)-Selectivity has also been reported only in the presence of amines, thus leading to guanidines. Herein, we report a general copper-catalyzed ligand-controlled Chan-Lam-Evans arylation of cyanamides proceeding regioselectively at the N(sp3) or N(sp) atoms and leading to either to N-aryl- cyanamides or dissymmetric carbodiimides. The nature of the ligand, either a bipyridine or a diamine, controls the product distribution and thus offers a divergent entry to useful building blocks from readily available cyanamides., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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To optimize the workflow of civil engineering construction in a harbour, this paper developed a framework of the contaminant leaching assessment carried out on the stabilized/solidified dredged soil material. The specimens included the sampled sediments collected from the in situ fieldwork in Arendal and Kongshavn. The background levels of the concentration of pollutants were evaluated to assess the cumulative surface leaching of substances from samples over two months. The contamination of soil was assessed using a structured workflow scheme on the following toxic substances, heavy metals—As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Zn; organic compounds—PAH-16 and PCB; and organotin compounds—TBT. The numerical computation and data analysis were applied to the results of geochemical testing creating computerised solutions to soil quality evaluation in civil engineering. Data modelling enabled the estimation of leaching of the contaminants in one year. The estimated leaching of As is 0.9153 mg/m2, for Ni—2.8178 mg/m2, for total PAH-16 as 0.0507 mg/m2, and for TBT—0.00061 mg/m2 per year. The performance of the sediments was examined with regard to permeability through a series of the controlled experiments. The environmental engineering tests were implemented in the Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) in a triplicate mode over 64 days. The results were compared for several sites and showed that the amount of As is slightly higher in Kongshavn than for Arendal, while the content of Cd, Cr, and Ni is lower. For TBT, the levels are significantly lower than for those at Arendal. The algorithm of permeability tests evaluated the safety of foundation soil for construction of embankments and structures. The optimized assessment methods were applied for monitoring coastal areas through the evaluated permeability of soil and estimated leaching rates of heavy metals, PHB, PACs, and TBT in selected test sites in harbours of southern Norway., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published