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In this study, the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) induced by nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology was used for isopropanol (IPA) degradation. IPA, intermediate, final product, and ozone concentrations were analyzed using GC-MS, carbon dioxide detector, and ozone detector. The experimental flow rate and concentration were fixed to 1 L/min and 1200 ppm ± 10%, respectively. Different reaction procedures were proposed for self-made metal catalyst combined with a plasma system (plasma alone and γ-Al2O3 combined with plasma, Cu (5 wt%)/γ-Al2O3 combined with plasma, Mn (3 wt%)-Cu (5 wt%)/γ-Al2O3 combined with plasma). In addition, the effect of the carrier gas oxygen content (0%, 20%, and 100%) on IPA conversion and intermediate and carbon dioxide selectivity was also investigated. The results revealed that the Mn (F)-Cu/γ-Al2O3 combined with plasma exhibited more efficient IPA conversion. In the 100% oxygen environment, the IPA conversion rate increased from 79.32 to 99.99%, and carbon dioxide selectivity increased from 3.82 to 50.23%. IPA was completely converted after 60 min of plasma treatment with the acetone selectivity, carbon dioxide selectivity, and tail ozone concentration of 26.71% ± 1.27%, 50.23% ± 0.56%, and 1761 ± 11 ppm, respectively. This study proved that the current single planar DBD configuration is an effective advanced treatment technology for the decomposition of VOCs.

An innovative method for utilizing synthetic calcium fluoride (CaF2), recovered from fluoride-containing semiconductor wastewater, and waste sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to produce hydrofluoric acid (HF) was investigated. The research was set to study the low-temperature production of HF via reaction of synthetic CaF2 and waste H2SO4. The impact of four factors, including H2SO4 concentration, total volume (H2SO4 + H2O)/CaF2 ratio, drying temperature of synthetic CaF2, and reaction carried out under different temperature, on HF productivity was investigated in this study. HF yield increased with increasing H2SO4 concentration and total volume/CaF2 ratio under room temperature. Generally, reactions carried out under low-temperature (

In this study, the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) induced by nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology was used for isopropanol (IPA) degradation. IPA, intermediate, final product, and ozone concentrations were analyzed using GC-MS, carbon dioxide detector, and ozone detector. The experimental flow rate and concentration were fixed to 1 L/min and 1200 ppm ± 10%, respectively. Different reaction procedures were proposed for self-made metal catalyst combined with a plasma system (plasma alone and γ-Al

An innovative method for utilizing synthetic calcium fluoride (CaF

BACKGROUND: In recent years, therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been used to improve outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Despite these recommendations, many centers are still hesitant to implement such hypothermia protocols. In this study, we assessed the effects of TH for OHCA patients. METHODS: A total of 58 OHCA patients who had return of spontaneous circulation after OHCA presumed to be due to cardiac causes were enrolled. Twenty-three patients underwent TH, which was performed using a large volume of ice crystalloid fluid infusions in the emergency room and conventional cooling blankets in the ICU to maintain a body temperature of 32-34 °C for 24 hours using a tympanic thermometer. Patients in the control group received standard supportive care without TH. Hospital survival and neurologic outcomes were compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups in patient characteristics, underlying etiologies and disease severity. In the 23 patients who received TH, 17 were alive at hospital discharge. In the 35 patients who received supportive care, only 11 were alive at hospital discharge (73.91% vs. 31.43%, p = 0.0015). Approximately 52% of the patients in the TH group had good neurologic outcomes (12 of 23) compared with the 20% (7 of 35) of the patients in the supportive group (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: TH can improve the outcomes of OHCA patients. Further large-scale studies are needed to verify our results.

An innovative method for utilizing synthetic calcium fluoride (CaF2), recovered from fluoride-containing semiconductor wastewater, and waste sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to produce hydrofluoric acid (HF) was investigated. The research was set to study the low-temperature production of HF via the reaction of synthetic CaF2 and waste H2SO4. The impact of H2SO4 concentration and total volume (H2SO4 + H2O)/CaF2 ratio, drying temperature of synthetic CaF2 on HF productivity were investigated in this study. HF yield increased with increasing H2SO4 concentration and total volume/CaF2 ratio under room temperature. In addition, the HF produced in the reactions involving the 105 °C-dried synthetic CaF2 were higher than the 600 °C-dried synthetic CaF2 ones. The study will not only find uses for this semiconductor wastes but also provide a greener alternative to the current commercial production of HF.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized as a progressive and sustained increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, which may induce right ventricular failure. In 2014, the Working Group on Pulmonary Hypertension of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC) conducted a review of data and developed a guideline for the management of PAH.4 In recent years, several advancements in diagnosis and treatment of PAH has occurred. Therefore, the Working Group on Pulmonary Hypertension of TSOC decided to come up with a focused update that addresses clinically important advances in PAH diagnosis and treatment. This 2018 focused update deals with: (1) the role of echocardiography in PAH; (2) new diagnostic algorithm for the evaluation of PAH; (3) comprehensive prognostic evaluation and risk assessment; (4) treatment goals and follow-up strategy; (5) updated PAH targeted therapy; (6) combination therapy and goal-orientated therapy; (7) updated treatment for PAH associated with congenital heart disease; (8) updated treatment for PAH associated with connective tissue disease; and (9) updated treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Keywords: Guideline, Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Pulmonary hypertension

We could think of sidebar ticker as the same function of sidewalk, where people post messages, share information, or upload photos is just like they talk, photograph, or jog on the street. People don’t feel being seen is offended when they are active down the street, but on social networks they feel different, mostly because they would expect Facebook as a virtual personal space. Unfortunately, it is public based on opinions of the court. Another concept to clarify is that public is not equivalent to “open to the public.” Facebook might create a public space, and users should realize that the surveillance to them is the same fact on social networks as in society. However, users still have the right to decide their own conducts and exclude others from arbitrary interference, access, collection, and data usage.

This chapter points out that judges and legislators didn’t consider privacy risks on social networking sites and user’s thinking mode in this legal privacy protection mechanism. Social networking sites have considerable privacy risks: improper personal information flow, such as information to be leaked to the third-party software, to be tagged unwillingly on photos, or involuntarily to be shared one’s own living news, even self-monitoring by individual recognizes while using social networking sites, or social control. And a user is accustomed to assess privacy risks and set privacy preferences based on his/her experiences and social relationships in the real world. This thinking mode is different form the legal privacy protection mode (on/off), and could not be sufficiently protected by the current regulations. This chapter thought that Helen Nissenbaum’s “privacy in context” theory may be the solution. This theory not only considered the approach that users assess privacy risks, but also provided “appropriateness” and “transmission” principles to solve the current issues. In fact, privacy as context theory did not create a totally new theory deviating from the reasonable expectation of privacy. It is better to say that this theory, as the supplementary, gave a new approach to explain the reasonableness standard, and a new normative sense of the past legal concept. It might find a more reasonable boundary to protect the gradually eroded privacy on social networking sites.

The nonuniform local temperature and voltage in the chemical reaction process of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) stack can affect the reaction of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and the performance and life of fuel cell stack. The effectiveness and internal information of fuel cell stack can be discussed by using external measurement, invasive, theoretical modeling, and single temperature, or voltage measurement. But there are some problems, such as mm scale sensor, inaccurate measurement, influencing the fuel cell stack performance, and failing to know internal actual reactive state instantly. This study uses micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology to develop a new generation flexible micro temperature and voltage sensors applicable to high-temperature electrochemical environment. Micro sensors have embedded in the cathode channel plate of HT-PEMFC stack. At the operating temperature of 170 °C and constant current (2, 10, 20 A), the curvilinear trends of local temperature and voltage inside the fuel cell stack measured by flexible micro sensors are consistent, proving the reliability of micro sensors. The test result also shows that the heat distribution in the fuel cell stack is nonuniform.

The heat produced from the electrochemical reaction in a fuel cell is worth studying, the heat recycled make the fuel cell more efficiency, especially in a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HTPEMFC). In low temperature PEMFC system, the heat is removed by cooling system avoid the membrane degradation exceed 100 °C. But in HTPEMFC system, the membrane can afford higher temperature (Tg 420 °C), means the cooling system could be removing and through changing the inside flow field to uniform the unit cell temperature in stack. In this study, a 50–100 W HTPEMFC stack is demonstrated and a micro sensor was integrated with the HTPEMFC stack for in situ measurements during the experiments. The results show that when the stack is operated at low and high current loads, the heat generation from the fuel cell causes noticeable changes in the cell temperature, especially in the middle of the stack. In the middle cell of the stack, the temperature exceeds the operating temperature (160 °C) by 10–30 °C when the current increases. Moreover, changing the flow field to counter-flow or co-flow with U- or Z-type flow fields causes changes to the thermal balance in the stack. The performance, however, remains almost the same for each type of flow field when there is no water affecting the HTPEMFC, even though the change in thermal balance in the stack still occurs. The results of the micro sensor in situ monitoring for each type of flow field displayed higher temperatures on the middle cells. If the waste heat is appropriately used, the high-temperature fuel cell will then be more efficient than the low-temperature fuel cell. The results also show that, in the HTPEMFC stack, the heat generated from the fuel cell can be reused in other ways.

In Taiwan, 3% ethanol (E3) blending fuel was introduced to the market to lessen the pressure of energy deficit and carbon reduction from global warming. This study is aimed at discovering the environmental impacts of exhaust emissions imposed by ethanol blending fuels. The tested fuels are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of ethanol blending, and engine testing set rotation speeds at 1500, 2500 and 3500 rpm to simulate slow, normal and fast speeds of vehicle driving. Gaseous emissions from engine exhaust were collected to determine the concentrations of CO, NOx, HC, BTEX, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Ethanol blending fuels were found able to reduce the emission of regulated air pollutants (CO, NOx and HC) and containing toxic compounds (BTEX) more or less. However, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions were greatly enhanced due to ethanol combustion in the engine. With the use of ethanol blending fuels, the environmental impact on the release of formaldehyde should be aware and carefully controlled.

The operating conditions (relative humidity) of a fuel cell are not ideal, and directly influence performance. A high relative humidity of fuel facilitates flooding with water downstream in the fuel cell, worsening its performance. In this study, a flexible micro humidity sensor is fabricated on a stainless steel foil using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). It has the advantages of high temperature resistance, small size, high sensitivity, and precision of measurement position. Flexible micro humidity sensors are embedded in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Experimental results obtained at a high current density and relative humidities of 100% and 75% demonstrate that the relative humidity midstream and downstream saturated, because of serious flooding by water.

Internal local temperature and voltage not only affect reactions that occur in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA); they can also cause dehydration of the MEA in the electrochemical process that occurs in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack, affecting its performance. In this work, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are utilized to develop novel integrated micro sensors for use in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, and integrated micro temperature and voltage sensors on stainless steel foil as a flexible substrate. These micro sensors can measure temperature and voltage data simultaneously and have the following advantages over other sensors: (1) they are small, (2) they are highly sensitive, (3) they can be batch-produced, (4) they can be placed anywhere to make measurements in situ. In this work, six micro sensors are embedded in the flow field of a high-temperature fuel cell stack and used to monitor local temperature and voltage in situ given various operating parameters. The results demonstrate that embedding micro sensors do not affect on cell performance and that the temperature and voltage distribution are non-uniform in a high-temperature fuel cell stack.

4-Hydoxy-1,5-naphthyridines (HNt) are derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinolines, yet possess a wider HOMO and LUMO band gap than the latter. The cyclometalated complex of platinum(II) with Nt exists in a square planner geometry, and has a high tendency to aggregate in condensed media. Such a phenomenon was verified by examining its photo-luminescence spectra in different concentrations. In a dilute solution, it exhibits a yellow phosphorescence centered at 530∼555 nm, yet red-shifted to ∼660 nm in a concentrated solution or in the solid state. This series of compounds can be used as emitting dyes in light-emitting diodes (LED). The LED devices with a configuration ITO/NPB/dye (6%) in CBP/BCP/AlQ3 or TPBI/LiF/Al displayed a yellow to red color, where NPB, CBP, BCP, AlQ3 and TPBI denote 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl),N-phenylamino]biphenyl, 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, tris(8-hydoxyquinolinato)aluminium, and 2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-benzenetriyl)tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole), respectively. The maximal light intensity exceeds 2.6 × 104 cd/m2 with an external quantum efficiency up to 5.8%.

The metal distribution in the emissions of a laboratory waste incinerator (LWI) was investigated. The input materials and output materials (fly ash, bottom ash, and flue gas) were analyzed to examine the transportation and transmission behavior of heavy metals. Toxic (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb), anthropogenic (Ag, Ba, Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn) and crust (Na) elements were adopted to characterize the distribution properties of the LWI under investigation. The results indicated that Ba, Cr and Hg (80.0, 13.0 and 12.9 mg/L, respectively) were the major metals in the organic liquid waste input, and Na, and Zn (7497 and 349 mg/kg, respectively) were the major ones for medical solid waste. The Na content in the fly ash could be as high as 911574 mg/kg, and this was found to be the major Na emission source according to the emission factors. The mass of Na may be supplied using a NaOH solution injection to neutralize the acidic combustion gas, and it was found that high contents of Na in the flue gas were from the sprinkled NaOH solution. For the output materials, NaCl was found to be the major crystalline form of Na in the ash, based on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The crust (Na) element was the major element in the bottom and fly ash. The toxic (As, Cr, Ni, and Pb) and anthropogenic (Se) elements were mainly distributed in the second cooling tower ash and baghouse ash in a range of 64.5%–91.9%. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Hg concentrations in the flue gas were all under Taiwan’s EPA regulation standards. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) data showed that the leachability of As, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Se exceeded the EPA’s regulations. It is thus suggested that the ash should be treated by further elutriation or vitrification processes to reduce the TCLP levels in the final products.

Summary Background: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) significantly reduces mortality and morbidity, particularly when door-to-balloon (D2B) time is

A retained fractured segment of an intravascular ultrasound catheter in the coronary artery during percutaneous coronary intervention is a rare occurrence. We describe our experience with successful retrieval of a fractured IVUS catheter fragment in a previously stented left anterior descending artery using a distal embolic protection device.

A thermal plasma process for the recovery and reduction of nickel oxide in the spent nickel-based catalyst (NiO/SiO2) was developed. The spent catalyst was sintered at >1,500 °C under plasma condition and the nickel oxide therein was reduced to nickel, which was proven by XRD and EDX. By application of SEM and GC technique, the organic tar on the surface of the spent catalyst was found to decomposed and converted to syngas (CO, CO2, and H2), which might be the reducing agents in the process. A gasification mechanism for the generation of syngas and the reduction of nickel oxide under plasma conditions was proposed.

The relation between peripheral monocyte count and coronary vasospasm was examined in 180 patients with chest pain. It is suggested that coronary vasospasm should be investigated in patients with angina, hemodynamically insignificant coronary artery disease, and increased monocyte count (> or =547/mm(3)).

Aneurysms of the left main coronary artery are extremely rare. The cause of such aneurysms is uncertain. Although the treatment of distal left main aneurysms is very complicated, definitive treatment is necessary because the aneurysm may grow further and cause embolism or rupture. Herein, we report a case of acute myocardial infarction caused by aneurysm of the distal left main coronary artery, which was successfully treated by performing coronary artery bypass surgery, followed by implantation of a polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent.

Hypertension, blood pressure variation, and resistant hypertension have close relations to sleep apnea, which lead to target organ damage, including the kidney. The complex relationships between sleep apnea and blood pressure cause their interactions with chronic kidney disease ambiguous. The aim of the study was to elucidate the separate and joint effects of sleep apnea, hypertension, and resistant hypertension on chronic kidney disease. A cross-sectional study was done to see the associations of sleep apnea, hypertension, and resistant hypertension with chronic kidney disease in 998 subjects underwent overnight polysomnography without device-therapy or surgery for their sleep-disordered breathing. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the severity of SA, hypertension stage, resistant hypertension, and their joint effects on CKD. The multivariable relative odds (95% CI) of chronic kidney disease for the aged (age ≥65 years), severe sleep apnea, stage III hypertension, and resistant hypertension were 3.96 (2.57–6.09) (P

Purposes Reciprocal changes are frequent in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, their prognostic significance is not clear in patients undergoing immediate invasive intervention. Basic Procedure We retrospectively examined 165 consecutive patients with STEMI receiving immediate invasive intervention. The first electrocardiography taken in the emergency department was analyzed. Patients were assigned to 2 groups: with a reciprocal change (group I, n = 100) and without a reciprocal change (group II, n = 65). Main Findings Electrocardiographs revealed that more anterolateral and inferior STEMI occurred in group I and more anterior STEMI occurred in group II. In the emergency department, group I had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures, higher ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation rates, and higher cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates than did group II. Upon admission, peak troponin I levels were significantly higher in group I, and more group I patients required intra-aortic balloon pumping support. This unstable hemodynamic condition in group I patients was reflected by their higher in-hospital mortality rate. Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.103; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.022-1.190; P = .012), Killip class (OR, 2.785; 95% CI, 1.049-7.400; P = .040), and reciprocal change (OR, 9.553; 95% CI, 1.146-79.608; P = .037) remained as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Actuarial freedom from all-cause mortality was worse in group I ( P = .046). Principal Conclusions The data suggest that patients with STEMI with reciprocal electrocardiographic changes have unstable hemodynamic status and poorer outcomes. Further prospective studies using a larger patient population are needed.

In this investigation, micro voltage, temperature and humidity sensors were fabricated and integrated for the first time on a stainless steel foil using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). These flexible multi-functional micro sensors have the advantages of high temperature resistance, flexibility, smallness, high sensitivity and precision of location. They were embedded in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and used to simultaneously measure variations in the inner voltage, temperature and humidity. The accuracy and reproducibility of the calibrated results obtained using the proposed micro sensors is excellent. The experimental results indicate that, at high current density and 100%RH or 75%RH, the relative humidity midstream and downstream saturates due to severe flooding. The performance of the PEM fuel cell can be stabilized using home-made flexible multi-functional micro sensors by the in-situ monitoring of local voltage, temperature and humidity distributions within it.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether false lumen size predicts in-hospital complications for acute type B aortic dissection.BackgroundThe incidence of complications developing in patients with acute type B aortic dissection has been high. However, methods for recognizing high-risk patients have not been well-studied. We used quantitative analysis by computed tomography (CT) to predict the occurrence of in-hospital complications.MethodsFifty-five consecutive patients with acute type B aortic dissection documented by CT imaging were analyzed. They were divided into groups, with and without in-hospital complications, and compared regarding maximal aortic diameter (MAD), maximal false lumen area (MFLA), minimal true lumen area (MTLA), branch-vessel involvement (BVI), and longitudinal length (LL) of aortic dissection.ResultsThere were 31 patients with a stable course (group 1) and 24 patients who developed complications (group 2). The MFLA of group 2 was significantly larger than that of group 1 (group 1 vs. group 2 = 577.7 ± 273.2 mm2 vs. 1,899.3 ± 1,642.4 mm2, p < 0.001). The BVI number was also higher in group 2 (group 1 vs. group 2 = 1.0 ± 1.1 vs. 3.3 ± 2.0, p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, only MFLA and BVI number were independent predictors of in-hospital complications. Patients with initial MFLA ≥922 mm2 or BVI number ≥2 showed a significantly higher incidence of in-hospital complications than the other patients (p < 0.001).ConclusionsA large MFLA and a higher BVI number are powerful predictors of in-hospital complications after acute type B aortic dissection.

The attack detection and information security for computer network become popular topics for many researchers in recent years. In this paper, the PCAICA method for attack and intrusion detection is proposed. According to the experimental result, the proposed method performs higher correct ratio on recognition than the PCA.

A 51-year-old male presented with sudden onset lower abdominal pain followed by weakness of both legs. Examination revealed blood pressure of 220/130 mmHg, with a grade 2/6 systolic murmur audible at the apex of the heart, and absence of both femoral arterial pulses. Two-dimensional and transesophageal echocardiography showed no evidence of intracardiac tumor or dissection of the ascending and thoracic aorta. Moreover, an aortogram demonstrated total occlusion of the abdominal aorta just below the renal arteries. A myxomatous-like material occupying the abdominal aorta just above the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries was discovered during surgery. Histologic examination of the embolic material confirmed the diagnosis of myxomatous embolus. One year after the embolic episode, the patient was well and two-dimensional and transesophageal echocardiography revealed no evidence of residual intracardiac tumor.

The electromagnetic (EM) scattering and shielding properties of structures above a lossy half space have been studied by many investigators. Baertlein (1988) introduced a moment method (MM) solution with a surface formulation and the spectral domain Green's function for two-dimensional (2-D) perfect electric conductor (PEC) structures over a lossy half space to study the shielding effectiveness of the PEC plates above the ground. This article presents an MM solution to evaluate the EM shielding properties of three-dimensional (3-D) objects over a lossy half space. The MM with the volume formulation and 3-D Green's functions in the spectral domain is developed, where the 3-D objects can be composed of metallic, dielectric, or magnetic materials.

Many policymakers and financial market participants use the Federal Reserve's industrial capacity utilization rate as an indicator of future changes in inflation. During the past few years, however, the usefulness of the utilization rate as an inflation indicator has come under scrutiny. ; In this article, Kenneth Emery and Chih-Ping Chang examine capacity utilization's power to predict changes in inflation, with a focus on whether the relationship is stable over time. They find that while there was a positive forecasting relationship between capacity utilization and changes in consumer price inflation before 1983, this relationship has substantially weakened since the end of 1982. In fact, after 1982 there is no evidence that high capacity utilization rates predict increases in consumer price inflation. Although the results are similar for changes in producer price inflation, the deterioration in the relationship is not as severe. So there is still some evidence that, after 1982, capacity utilization helps to predict changes in producer price inflation.

In the financial press, productivity-related wages are often cited as an inflation indicator. For example, recently slow rates of wage growth have been noted as a factor that will keep inflation rates low in the future. While inflation and wage growth do appear to be highly correlated over longer time periods, it is not clear whether movements in wage growth precede movements in inflation, thereby providing predictive content for future inflation. In this article, Kenneth Emery and Chih-Ping Chang examine the usefulness of wage growth as a predictor of inflation, as well as carry out a stability analysis of the relationship underlying inflation and wages. The results caution against using wage growth as a signal of future inflation in that wage growth has no information content for future inflation. Furthermore, the bivariate relationship between inflation and wage growth is shown to be unstable.

Purpose of Introduction/Background: Clopidogrel 300mg loading dose has been shown to benefit patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention. However, these trials were limited in heterogeneous procedures, including stenting and balloon angioplasty, and not the real world. This study aimed to compare the outcome benefits among all regimens in stent-implanted patients who had stable coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndrome. Methods: 606 consecutive eligible patients who underwent coronary stenting with dual aspirin and clopidogrel therapy during 2002-2006 were recruited and divided into two groups (pretreatment and post-treatment, respectively) in this study. All data were retrospectively collected by chart review. Composite endpoints included cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, stroke, and unstable angina, were compared by Cox proportional hazard regression model during one year follow up. Results: The cardiovascular event rates during 1-year follow up tended to be higher in post-treatment group, especially in the ST elevation myocardial infarction population (HR 2.91, 95% CI 0.59-14.41, p=0.191) despite no statistical significance. The only independent predictor for composite endpoints in 30 days was clopidogrel duration after stenting (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82–0.97, p=0.0006) either in bare metal stenting or drug eluting stenting patients. During 1-year follow up, the clinical determinant that was independently associated with any cardiovascular events included Killip IV in myocardial infarction patients (HR 17.83, 95% CI 5.05-62.86, p