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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has received increasing attention in recent decades. The concept of social responsibility is being applied in universities. Because universities have goals that differ significantly from corporations, the notion of university social responsibility (USR) has emerged in the academic field. The Ministry of Education in Taiwan has regularly implemented USR practice plans since 2018 (Executive Yuan, Taiwan, ROC, 2019). The core values of these plans are "local coalition" and "talent cultivation". Moreover, these plans encourage universities to use the power of professional knowledge and creation to minimize the gap between learning and application for students and to integrate local resources and hands-on strategies to better collaborate with universities around the world and expand participation in international academic activities. Sustainable development (SD) is a core objective of both CSR and USR. The United Nations has advocated for sustainable development since 1987 and formalized the five-component paradigm (people, partnership, peace, planet, and prosperity, 5Ps) in 2015. UN Agenda 2030 addresses 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs), 169 targets, and 3,155 actions, encouraging all national governments to establish national SD action plans (United Nations, 2015). Based on the review of the literature and conceptual frameworks related to USR and SD (Bokhari, 2017), we integrate practice experiences and propose three suggestions for universities: 1) diversities universities could create a campus-wide climate of and comprehensive practice for social responsibility using their professional knowledge; 2) the social, economy, and environment are included in universities SD. The curriculum development of universities links to social practice activities to achieve the goals of talent cultivation to meet social needs; 3) The university projects include specific actions and timeline. The impacts and achievements of USR and SD may be appraised by internal and external experts. Fooyin University is a school of science and technology related to "Big Health". Based on the above theoretical frameworks, the outcome evaluation model of the Center for USR, the Ministry of Education, and the UN's SDGs, we implemented the "Time Wheel Sustainable Model of Social Responsibility at Fooyin University" (Figure 1) and began cooperating with private and government organizations. The model is an intervention and evaluation guideline for the time-dynamic wheel, with the target goal of cultivating health promotion and sustainable development talent. The outcomes and impacts of the model comprise four domains and sixteen indicators. Stakeholders of this model are students/alumni, teaching faculties and administration staff, communities, and the public. USR curriculum designs involve the School of Nursing, School of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Environment and Life Sciences, and College of Humanities and Management. In 2020, 718 faculties and 2,012 students participated in USR projects. In 2021, the participation numbers were 679 faculties and 2,303 students. The Fooyin USR is now firmly rooted in thirty communities. Starting in 2022, The Fooyin USR has collaborated with local private companies (CSR) and local youths and communities (regional revitalization, RR) to launch the 3 R formula framework of the USR. The goal of the 3 R action plan is to use artificial intelligence technology to provide innovative, community-based care. The USR operations of university sustainable development around Taiwan are achieving wonderful results, with even better achievements expected. This special column presents case studies of innovative community care and sustainable development within the context of university social responsibility at four universities, including Fooyin University, Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, National Cheng Kung University, and Taipei Medical University. Since 2020, nations around the world have fought off COVID-19. The strategies of national prevention have evolved to better respond to disasters and to live with the virus. Therefore, in the post-pandemic period, universities around Taiwan have been implementing sustainable development practices. These universities are making strong efforts to develop innovative care for communities through academic exchange and publishing in order to accomplish social responsibility.後疫情時代之創新社區照護與大學社會責任的永續發展.過去數十年，企業社會責任（corporate social responsibility, CSR）日益受到重視，這樣的概念被應用至大學，然而大學與商業利益模式不同，因此被稱為大學社會責任（university social responsibility, USR）。教育部呼應世界潮流，自2018年起推動「大學社會責任實踐計畫」，核心價值為「在地連結」與「人才培育」，並且強調各大學發揮專業學術知識和創意的影響力，改善學生的學用差距，以鏈結整合區域資源的在地深耕策略，朝向與世界各大學合作，以及擴大國際社會參與（行政院，2019）。不論CSR或是USR都追求永續發展（sustainable development, SD），聯合國自1987年起提倡SD，2015年發展5P模式（人people；夥伴partnership；和平peace；地球planet；繁榮prosperity），並訂出2030年永續發展目標（sustainable development goals, SDGs），制定17項SDGs及169項細標和3,155項目，透過高峰會議，鼓勵各國規劃永續發展的具體方針（United Nations, 2015），並且Bokhari於2017年已經綜合USR和SD定義和模式架構的文獻回顧。因此，筆者參考上述文獻及實務經驗，提出幾項總結性的建議，包括：(1)各大學應該透過自身的專業學術知識，營造全校性和全面性之社會實踐的內部校園氣氛；(2)必須包含社會、經濟和環境三方面的目標和策略，而且要持續改進全校內部課程發展與外部社會實踐活動的串聯，以培育出可以滿足社會需求的人才培育為目標；(3)執行計畫過程，大學應該擘劃出彈性細節和具體可行的目標和時間表，以供校內及校外專家進行USR和SD的影響評價和成就評值。筆者所服務的大學，是以大健康為特色的技職科技大學，也依循上述理論架構，呼應聯合國SDGs，並且公私協力合作，融入教育部大學社會責任推動中心所公布的「中長期效益評估參考面向與重點指標」，提出「輔英科技大學社會責任實踐之滾動式轉輪永續運作模式」（圖一），這是一個動態轉輪的策略方針運作，此模式可以作為策略方針和效益評價，以永續健康促進人才培育為總體目標，進行四大面向及16項指標的成果和影響評價；效益評估利害關係人，包括學生和校友、教職員工、參與社區、社會大眾；USR課程設計橫跨護理學院、醫學與健康學院、環境與生命學院，以及人文與管理學院的四大學院師生參與，2020年718位教師和2,012位學生參與，2021年679位教師和2,303位學生參與，深耕30個社區。2022年與地方企業（CSR）的深度鏈結，並且和在地青年合作推動地方創生計畫（regional revitalization, RR），啟動三R共構的大學永續方程式（USR X CSR X RR），營造智慧科技的創新社區照護。各大學的USR和SD運作都有獨特性和精彩可期，本次專欄邀請輔英科技大學、高雄醫學大學小港醫院、國立成功大學和臺北醫學大學的USR夥伴團隊，撰述闡明永續發展架構下，四所大學社會責任實踐的社區創新與地方永續案例分享。自2020年起，全世界各國仍然在和新冠病毒疫情對抗中，疫情下的新生活模式，各國防疫策略以減災和共存為目標，因此在後疫情時代，臺灣各大學的永續發展時間轉輪不會停止，將透過夥伴學校交流學習及學術發表，為臺灣的創新社區照護而努力不懈，持續實踐大學的社會責任。.

Oral cancer is among the top 10 causes of death due to cancer worldwide. The prognosis for oral cancer patients is not good, with a 5-year survival rate of only 50%. Earlier and more precise classification will help clinicians make a diagnosis and patients survive. With the advancement of technology, computer-aided detection methods are used to help clinicians form therapy strategies. Gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) feature extraction of images describing the spatial distribution of gray levels is widely used in medical imaging analysis. Scanned laser pico projector (SLPP) has advantages such as high intensity, directivity, coherence, and mono-color with low bandwidth. In this study, GLCM feature extraction and SLPP reflex images were combined to make a small, non-staining, noninvasive classification system. According to the various image characteristics in oral carcinogenesis, SLPP reflex images better define the borders and three-dimensional structures and provide effective GLCM features such as contrast, energy, and homogeneity to classify carcinogenesis in dysplastic oral keratinocyte (DOK) and normal oral keratinocyte (NOK) cells. Moreover, it also reliably classifies highly metastatic (HSC-3) and tongue cancer (CAL-27) cells. A promising computer-aided classification system for oral cancer was developed to build a reliable intraoral examination system for in situ computer-aided diagnosis in normal clinics.

Bioactive glass has high biocompatibility and bioactivity. With specific ion adding, it can show different advantages. Titanium ion can improve the mechanic strength, antibacterial ability of bioactive glass, and stability. In this study, bioactive glass with titanium ion doping by the sol-gel method via various reactive environments was fabricated successfully. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition was measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). By soaking in SBF, the bioactivity of samples had also been analyzed. The formula of bioglass has been optimized to make the better bioactivity.

In Taiwan, The increase in life expectancy in Taiwan has increased the incidents of age-related problems among patients with mental illness. Therefore, the needs related to long-term care in mental health are significantly important. These needs include: (1) reducing stigmatization; (2) reducing the physical and economic burden of caregivers; (3) constructing a comprehensive, long-term care service system; and (4) developing assessment tools suitable to the long-term care of patients with mental illness. Moreover, six dilemmas in meeting long-term care needs were identified. These dilemmas include: (1) lack of a model of continuous care and of a platform for integrating hospital and community resources; (2) poor / inadequate service quality provided by certain community rehabilitation institutions; (3) the needs of patient/family centered care; (4) the persistence of stigma and misunderstanding; (5) the heavy burdens borne by family members providing long-term care; and (6) the disconnect between subsequent needs and the disability assessment system. Policy suggestions provided in this article include: (1) establish an inclusive platform for mental health long-term care information and resource integration; (2) construct long-term care centers for patients with mental health conditions; (3) train adequate manpower to provide long-term care services to these patients; and (4) promote community inclusiveness for these patients. In order to enter the era of long-term mental health care, government policy should target long-term care programs to meet the needs of patients with mental health conditions. These programs should include seamlessly integrating services into the long-term mental health care system and the care resources of community mental health, developing suitable assessment tools, establishing a multidisciplinary team of long-term care professionals to provide mental health care.精神病人長期照顧需求、困境與政策建議.國人平均餘命增加，精神病人也面臨老化，其所需要的長期照顧議題更顯重要。精神病人在長期照顧方面有幾點需求：（一）抗拒污名化；（二）降低照顧者身心與經濟負荷等需求；（三）建構完整長期照顧服務體制；（四）發展合適精神病人長期照顧評估工具。因此在滿足精神病人的需求時，其長期照顧困境有以下幾點：（一）缺乏醫院到社區的連續性照護模式及資源的整合平台；（二）社區復健機構不足及良莠不齊；（三）需以精神病人與其家庭的需求為中心；（四）污名化與誤解仍存在；（五）家屬仍承受長期照顧精神病人的責任重擔；（六）身心障礙評估銜接後續需求的制度尚未建立完整。對應提出幾點政策建議：（一）設置專屬精神長期照顧資訊平台並作資源整合；（二）設置精神病人為主的長期照顧中心部門；（三）培訓足夠的精神長期照顧服務人力；（四）增進精神病人社區融合。期望政府未來政策可以針對精神病人需求，提供長期照顧服務無縫接軌，整合精神社區長期照顧資源，提供合適長期照護評估工具與建置各類精神長期照顧專業人才，邁向精神長期照顧新紀元。.

This literature review provides an overview of the fabrication and application of biopolymer hybrid particles in dentistry. A total of 95 articles have been included in this review. In the review paper, the common inorganic particles and biopolymers used in dentistry are discussed in general, and detailed examples of inorganic particles (i.e., hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, and bioactive glass) and biopolymers such as collagen, gelatin, and chitosan have been drawn from the scientific literature and practical work. Among the included studies, calcium phosphate including hydroxyapatite is the most widely applied for inorganic particles used in dentistry, but bioactive glass is more applicable and multifunctional than hydroxyapatite and is currently used in clinical practice. Today, biopolymer hybrid particles are receiving more attention as novel materials for several applications in dentistry, such as drug delivery systems, bone repair, and periodontal regeneration surgery. The literature published on the biopolymer gel-assisted synthesis of inorganic particles for dentistry is somewhat limited, and therefore, this article focuses on reviewing and discussing the biopolymer hybrid particles used in dentistry.

This study examined factors associated with smoking behaviors among late adolescents in Taiwan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 377 adolescents from four high schools who answered self-report questionnaires. The results indicated that 10.8% (n = 41) of the participants were current smokers. Univariate analysis indicated that current smoking status was significantly associated with smoking social confidence, smoking social connection, friend smoking, and smoking policy in schools. Logistic regression showed smoking social confidence (adjusted odds ratio = 1.41, 95% CI [1.16, 1.72], p = .01) and friend smoking (adjusted odds ratio = 2.80, 95% CI [1.67, 4.70], p < .01) were significantly associated with being a current smoker. Health professionals should consider implementing school-based programs to reduce influence of friend smoking, through strategies for resisting peer pressure, to reduce smoking. Educating late adolescents on improving skills related to social confidence, such as increasing communication abilities, should also be a part of these programs.

Photonic crystals employ optical properties based on optical, physical, chemical, and material science. Nanosilica particles have a high specific surface area and are widely used in nanotechnology research and biomedical applications. In this study, nanosilica particles were fabricated by sol&ndash, gel methods, and the particle sizes of the silica nanoparticles were 280, 232, and 187 nm, based on dynamic light scattering. The silica nanoparticle suspension solution was heated to boiling for fast evaporation processing for self-assembly to fabricate three-dimensional photonic glass for structural color coatings. The sample had an adjustable structural color (red: 640 nm, green: 532 nm, and blue: 432 nm). The microstructures of various structure-colored samples were arranged, but there was a disordered solid arrangement of silica nanoparticles. These were not perfect opal-based photonic crystals. Compared to opal-based photonic crystals, the arrangement of silica nanoparticles was a glassy structure with a short-range order. Due to the accumulation of silica nanoparticle aggregates, samples displayed a stable colloidal film, independent of the viewing angle. In our study, the fast solvent evaporation in the self-assembly process led to the formation of a colloidal amorphous array, and it fitted the requirement for non-iridescence. Non-iridescent photonic glass with various colors was obtained. This type of color coating has wide potential applications, including reflective displays, colorimetric sensors, textiles, and buildings.

Oral cancer is among the top 10 causes of death due to cancer worldwide. The prognosis for oral cancer patients is not good, with a 5-year survival rate of only 50%. Earlier and more precise classification will help clinicians make a diagnosis and patients survive. With the advancement of technology, computer-aided detection methods are used to help clinicians form therapy strategies. Gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) feature extraction of images describing the spatial distribution of gray levels is widely used in medical imaging analysis. Scanned laser pico projector (SLPP) has advantages such as high intensity, directivity, coherence, and mono-color with low bandwidth. In this study, GLCM feature extraction and SLPP reflex images were combined to make a small, non-staining, noninvasive classification system. According to the various image characteristics in oral carcinogenesis, SLPP reflex images better define the borders and three-dimensional structures and provide effective GLCM features such as contrast, energy, and homogeneity to classify carcinogenesis in dysplastic oral keratinocyte (DOK) and normal oral keratinocyte (NOK) cells. Moreover, it also reliably classifies highly metastatic (HSC-3) and tongue cancer (CAL-27) cells. A promising computer-aided classification system for oral cancer was developed to build a reliable intraoral examination system for in situ computer-aided diagnosis in normal clinics.

Glass-ceramic materials exhibit versatile properties which may be utilized in various unique ways, especially in biomedical applications. The first bioactive glass manufactured, 45S5, was used to promote the repair and regeneration of damaged bones. However, the process of melt quench synthesis in the manufacture of 45S5 caused the chemical reactivity to weaken and reduced the porosity. In this study, nanoscale bioactive glass with added Ca and P ions and mesoporous structures was developed by the sol-gel method. It was established that the microstructures of the bioactive glasses proposed in this study had a particle size of about several hundred nm. The phase structures and chemical compositions were determined to demonstrate the feasibility for biomimetic mineral deposition after soaking in simulated body fluid solution. Lastly, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm patterns showed the hysteresis loop for confirming the mesoporous structures. This study presents the process of manufacture of nanoscale bioactive glass and examines its potential utility which would fuel subsequent research in this area.

Many liposomal drug carriers have shown great promise in the clinic. To ensure the efficient preclinical development of drug-loaded liposomes, the drug retention and circulation properties of these systems should be characterized. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used as T2 contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gold nanoclusters (GNCs) contain tens of atoms with subnanometer dimensions; they have very low cytotoxicity and possess superb red emitting fluorescent properties, which prevents in vivo background autofluorescence. The aim of this study was to develop dual imaging, nanocomposite, multifunctional liposome drug carriers (Fe3O4-GNCs) comprising MNPs of iron oxide and GNCs. First, MNPs of iron oxide were synthesized by co-precipitation. The MNP surfaces were modified with amine groups using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Second, GNCs were synthesized by reducing HAuCl4·3H2O with NaBH4 in the presence of lipoic acid (as a stabilizer and nanosynthetic template). The GNCs were grown by adsorption onto particles to control the size and stability of the resultant colloids. Subsequently, dual Fe3O4-GNCs imaging probes were fabricated by conjugating the iron oxide MNPs with the GNCs via amide bonds. Finally, liposome nanocarriers were used to enclose the Fe3O4-GNCs in an inner phase (liposome@Fe3O4-GNCs) by reverse phase evaporation. These nanocarriers were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometry, superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging and in vivo imaging systems (IVIS). These multifunctional liposomal drug delivery systems with dual probes are expected to prove useful in preclinical trials for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

Metastasis is responsible for 90% of all cancer-related deaths in humans, and the development of a rapid and promising solution for an early diagnosis of metastasis is required. The present study proposed a promising method combined with scanned laser pico-projection technique and typical texture feature (i.e., contrast, correlation, energy, entropy, and homogeneity) extraction of gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) image processing model to classify the low- and high-metastatic cancer cells using five common cancer adenocarcinoma cell line pairs (i.e., HeLa/HeLa-S3, CL1-0/CL1-5, OVTW59-P0/OVTW59-P4, and CE81T-FNlow/CE81T-FNhigh cell lines). Highly metastatic cancer cells essentially have the highest levels of disorder. Both contrast and entropy refer to the degree of disorder, and energy and homogeneity refer to the degree of uniformity. These four texture features can be effective evaluation indexes for disorder in cancer cells responding to metastatic ability. Texture feature extraction forms reflection images, which are recorded with scanned laser pico-projection system; they effectively bridge the gap in information derived from transmission images. The low- and high-metastatic cancer cells are statistically and effectively classified from the texture feature of GLCM through transmission and reflection images taken with scanned laser pico-projection system. In particular, it only requires several seconds after producing a confluent monolayer of cells and achieves the rapid method with a more reliable diagnostic performance for metastatic ability of cancer cells in vitro or ex vivo.

Chitosan and gelatin are potential wound dressing materials. However, chitosan takes too much time to degrade and gelatin degrades too fast. As a result, chitosan and gelatin are blended to adjust their degradation rate. The degree of degradation test by means of weight loss and thermogravimetric analyzer after being incubated with lysozyme, which is a common enzyme in body fluid. Optical microscopy was used to observe the materials morphology after immersed in water. Finally, fibroblast cells were cultured with various material extracts to examine cell adhesion In Vitro. Cell adhesion tests showed there are no negative effect on cells. Therefore, there is no cell toxicity of chitosan on cells. Chitosan and gelatin can be promising wound dressing raw materials in future.

Bioactive glass (BG) is characteristic of its great biocompatibility as well as osteoconductivity. Application of BG after surgery (e.g., tumor resection) aids rehabilitation of previously traumatized area, promotes bone regeneration, and prevents aggravation of wounds. In this in vitro study, bioglass nanoparticles (BGN) were successfully produced via sol-gel method. We observed the morphology of BGN through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Particle size was measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): 182.9 nm ± 37.7 nm in diameter, which corresponds to images obtained by SEM and TEM. We then synthesized BGs containing different proportions of Ca and P ions. Under different pH values, gels with various morphologies were formed.

Chitosan, β-glycerophosphate, and glycerol are all biocompatible materials for biomedical application. This work successfully developed a thermosensitive hydrogel composed of CS, β-GP and glycerol. The CS/β-GP/glycerol hydrogel can be made as a transparent solution at room temperature and becomes an opaque and turbid hydrogel after heating. The transmission of visible light at different temperature can be measured by a visible micro spectrophotometer combined with a precise temperature control of the demountable liquid cell. A tunable transmission of visible light hydrogel was developed. Moreover, the composition of such hydrogel is safely used and it is potential for biomedical applications.

Background/aim Drynaria fortunei (Gusuibu; GSB) is a popular traditional Chinese medicine used for bone repair. An increasing number of studies have reported that GSB induces osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). These results provide insight into the application of GSB for bone tissue engineering techniques used to repair large bone defects. However, few studies have described the molecular mechanisms of GSB. Materials and methods In the present study, the effects of GSB and naringin, a marker compound, on the binding of BMP-2 to BMPR and BMP-2-derived signal transduction were investigated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and coculturing with BMPR- expressed cell line, C2C12, respectively. Furthermore, naringin was also used to prepare naringin contained scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The physical and chemical properties of these scaffolds were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These scaffolds were cocultured with rabbit BMSCs in vitro and implanted into rabbit calvarial defects for bone repair assessment. Results The results showed that GSB and naringin affect the binding of BMP and BMPR in SPR experiments. GSB is a subtle BMP modulator that simultaneously inhibits the binding of BMP-2 to BMPR-1A and enhances its binding to BMPR-1B. In contrast, naringin inhibited BMP-2 binding to BMPR-1A. In vitro studies involving the phosphorylation of signals downstream of BMPR and Smad showed that GSB and naringin affected stem cell differentiation by inhibiting BMPR-1A signalling. When using GSB for bone tissue engineering, naringin exhibited a higher capacity for slow and gradual release from the scaffold, which promotes bone formation via osteoinduction. Moreover, control and naringin scaffolds were implanted into rabbit calvarial defects for 4 weeks, and naringin enhanced bone regeneration in vivo significantly. Conclusions GSB and its marker compound (naringin) could inhibit the binding of BMP-2 and BMPR-1A to control cell differentiation by blocked BMPR-1A signalling and enhanced BMPR-1B signalling. GSB and naringin could be good natural BMP regulators for bone tissue engineering.

Oral cancer is one of the most widespread tumors of the head and neck region. An earlier diagnosis can help dentist getting a better therapy plan, giving patients a better treatment and the reliable techniques for detecting oral cancer cells are urgently required. This study proposes an optic and automation method using reflection images obtained with scanned laser pico-projection system, and Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix for sampling. Moreover, the artificial intelligence technology, Support Vector Machine, was used to classify samples. Normal Oral Keratinocyte and dysplastic oral keratinocyte were simulating the evolvement of cancer to be classified. The accuracy in distinguishing two cells has reached 85.22%. Compared to existing diagnosis methods, the proposed method possesses many advantages, including a lower cost, a larger sample size, an instant, a non-invasive, and a more reliable diagnostic performance. As a result, it provides a highly promising solution for the early diagnosis of oral squamous carcinoma.

The United Nation's 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an urgent call to all countries for action to combat climate change and its impacts (United Nations, 2015). In response, Taiwan's highest national body, the Executive Yuan, has designated health as one of eight primary areas of threats and challenges in the policy document "Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change in Taiwan". Further, the Ministry of Education has been promoting climate-change adaptation education since 2012 and, in 2016, the Teaching Alliance was established to promote the integration of climate change issues into public education curricula as well as resource sharing and multidisciplinary collaboration (Ministry of Education, 2019). The focus of nursing on primary healthcare and community care makes nursing professionals critical to successfully attaining UN SDGs (Shmian, 2016). In addition, the environmental health component of nursing education addresses core global health and public health competences directly (Clark, Raffray, Hendricks,Gagnon, 2016). The American Nurses Association (2013) includes environmental health as one of the eleven standards of professional performance for public health nursing. This column invites Teaching Alliance educators to share their experiences in multidisciplinary professional, teaching, and practice environments in articles that hopefully enhance readers' knowledge of adaptation strategies and of the sustainable development of public health under climate change.環境健康與氣候變遷調適策略.聯合國永續發展目標中，第13項國家政府應採取緊急行動應對氣候變化及其影響（United Nations, 2015），因此行政院擬定健康是「國家氣候變遷調適政策綱領」八大工作面向之一，教育部也為了提升國人面對氣候變遷的危機意識與因應能力，2012年始推動氣候變遷調適教育，並於2016年成立專業領域之教學聯盟，提昇跨領域間的資源共享與合作（教育部，2019）。健康專業人員中，護理對於健康系統永續性是非常重要的，因為護理重視基層健康照護及社區照護（Shamian, 2016），而且護理教育中的環境健康是全球健康及公共衛生核心能力之一（Clark, Raffray, Hendricks,Gagnon, 2016），美國護理學會擬定環境健康是美國公共衛生護理11項專業能力標準之一（American Nurses Association, 2013）。本專欄邀請教學聯盟教師分享其專業學識與實務經驗，期許能促進讀者對於氣候變遷衝擊之健康調適策略與永續發展的相關知能。.

This work develops a dual-function thermosensitive hydrogel to prevent overheating, a side effect of focused ultrasound therapy. The proposed hydrogel has the components of chitosan, β-glycerophosphate, and glycerol. Its thermosensitive sol-to-gel transition gives an instant signal of overheating without the need of any awkward sensing device. Impacts of varying component concentrations on the sol-to-gel temperature, rate, and degree of transparency are also investigated. Chemical structures and ultrasonic coefficients after heating are obtained with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultrasonic measurement, respectively. Optimized formula of the proposed hydrogel is 0.5% chitosan, 5% β-glycerophosphate, and 25% glycerol. This hydrogel has a high acoustic impedance (Z=1.8 Mrayl) close to that of human skin, high ultrasonic transmission (T=99%, which is normalized to water) from 25 to 55°C, and low attenuation coefficient (α=4.0Np/m). These properties assure the success of dual functions of the hydrogel developed in this work.

Background: Symptoms of smoking withdrawal are a central feature of nicotine dependence. A valid and reliable measure of these symptoms is important to better understand nicotine dependence and to develop effective interventions. Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the CigaretteWithdrawal Scale (CWS-C). Methods: This study conducted cross-sectional surveys in two phases. In the first phase, exploratory factor analysis was used to test the underlying factor structure, the criterion validity, and the reliability of the CWS-C. A reliability test was conducted to assess the internal consistency and stability of the instrument. In the second phase, confirmatory factor analysis validated the factor model that had been proposed in earlier empirical research. The total sample size used in analysis was 497. Results: The CWS-C achieved a level of efficacy that was similar to the English version. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the six factors of the instrument accounted for 80.3% of the variance. The full scale and all of the subscale items, with the exception of the appetiteYweight gain subscale (r = .12, p = .09), were significantly associated with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (r = .25-.50, p ＜ .05). The Cronbach’s alpha of the full scalewas .93, with retest coefficient of .84. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the CWS-C had six correlated factors. Field testing showed that the CWS-C is a reliable and valid Chinese-language instrument for assessing the symptoms of cigarette withdrawal. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: TheCWS-C performed well in terms of reliability and validity in several tests conducted on male Taiwanese smokers. Accurate measurement is expected to help health professionals better understand smoker quitting patterns and the severity ofwithdrawal symptoms and to develop improved withdrawal-symptom treatment interventions.

Bone implants with surface modifications that promote the physiological activities of osteoblasts are the first step for osseointegration in bone repair. Hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component in mammal bones and teeth, and nanoscaled hydroxyapatite promotes the adhesion of osteoblastic cells. In this study, we created a nano/micro hierarchical structure using micro-arc oxidation coatings and hydrothermal treatments at 150 &deg, C, 175 &deg, C, and 200 &deg, C for 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. After undergoing hydrothermal treatment for 24 h, CaTiO3 began forming regular-shaped crystals at the surface at 175 &deg, C. In order to decrease the CaTiO3 formations and increase the apatite fabrication, a shorter time of hydrothermal treatment was required at 175 &deg, C. There was still surface damage on samples treated for 6 h at 175 &deg, C, however, the nano/micro hierarchical structures were formed in 2 h at 175 &deg, C. The normalized alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of the MC3T3-E1 cells with micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings and nano/micro hierarchical bioceramics coatings were 4.51 &plusmn, 0.26 and 7.36 &plusmn, 0.51 &mu, mol p-NP/mg protein (*** P value of &lt, 0.001), respectively. The MC3T3-E1 cells with coatings showed highly statistically significant results in terms of the ALP activity. This proposed nano/micro hierarchical structure promoted cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. This study realized a promising nano system for osseointegration via bone implant surface treatments, which can promote the physiological activities of osteoblasts.

Background/purpose: The surface properties, such as hydrophilicity and functional OH groups, play an important role in bone fixation in vivo. In our previous study, the plasma treatments of large grit and acid etching (SLA) method produce functional OH groups on the rough surface. There is no report in discussing the integration between basic TiOH groups and bone-to-implant contact (BIC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the functional OH groups on the rough surface both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods: Functional hydroxyl groups were produced on a SLA-treated surface. The surface topography, roughness, wettability, and chemical composition were examined using various techniques. Twenty-four implants were inserted into the proximal tibia of four New Zealand white rabbits. The biological responses were measured in terms of histomorphometric analysis 4 and 8 weeks post-implantation. Results: The surface morphology and roughness were similar among all groups. However, the concentration of OH groups and hydrophilicity were found increased in the plasma treatment. The cell morphology in RF-plasma treated groups had more polygonal type and higher expression of actin and vinculin. The bone-to-implant contact (BIC) ratios of RF-200W were significantly higher than other groups (P

Although the effect of gene–gene interaction on nicotine–dopamine metabolism for smoking behavior has been reported, polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor ( DRD2) and monoamine oxidase A ( MAOA) have not been simultaneously examined among smokers. In this study, 481 young Taiwanese men completed a self-report questionnaire on smoking status, and data were obtained on polymorphisms of DRD2 rs1800497, DRD2 rs1079597, MAOA rs309850, and MAOA rs1137070, urinary nicotine, and urinary cotinine. In a comparison of 261 current smokers and 220 never smokers, odds ratios ( ORs) for the development of smoking in all genotypes were not statistically significant. Among smokers with DRD2 rs1079597 GG// MAOA rs309850 3-repeat, the OR of heavier smoking was 2.67 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.08, 6.59], p = .031) and the score on the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence was higher (4.26 vs. 2.83) than in those with DRD2 rs1079597 AA// MAOA rs309850 3-repeat. Adjusted urinary cotinine concentration was significantly different between those two groups (median value: 95.83 ng/μl vs. 133.24 ng/μl, respectively, p = .045). These findings suggest that the interaction of DRD2 rs1079597 and MAOA rs309850 3-repeat affects smoking intensity in young Taiwanese men.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a stage-matched intervention performed at outpatient clinics. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) or usual care group (UCG). The trial was targeted on smoking patients with coronary heart disease or diabetes. After completing the 3-month intervention, both groups received a telephone follow-up at 6 months. This analysis showed that the outcomes of the IG for the 7-day point prevalence (PP) of abstinence (odds ratio [OR] = 2.00; p = .001) and 30-day PP (OR = 2.27; p = .004) at 6 months were significantly better than the UCG. Stage of change (OR = 4.06; p < .001) and decreased daily cigarette consumption by 50% at 6 months (OR = 2.26; p = .019) outcomes also improved significantly. The preliminary results showed that a nurse-led cessation intervention in clinics may be an effective approach to help outpatients quit smoking.

Objective Although some effects of genetic polymorphisms related to nicotine-dopamine metabolism on smoking status have been identified, no variants of the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (CHRN) gene associated with smoking have been reported for the Taiwanese population. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the CHRNA3 rs6495309 and CHRNB3 rs6474412 polymorphisms on smoking behavior in young Taiwanese men. Methods Five hundred young Taiwanese men aged 20-25 years completed a self-report questionnaire, including the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the Physiological Cigarette Dependence Scale (PCDS) and the Cigarette Withdrawal Scale (CWS-21), and data on the CHRNA3 rs6495309 and CHRNB3 rs6474412 polymorphisms were collected. We evaluated the effect of different genotypes on smoking status, smoking intensity, FTND, PCDS and CWS-21 in the study cohort comprised of young men. Results In a comparison of 243 never smokers and 230 current smokers, the odds ratios for the development of both smoking and heavier smoking were not statistically significant in all genotypes. The FTND score was significantly different between subjects carrying CHRNB3 rs6474412 CC and those possessing CHRNB3 rs6474412 TT [mean (SD): 6.20 (2.17) versus 3.57 (2.17), P=0.022], while the CWS-21 score of subjects with CHRNB3 rs6474412 TC was significantly different from that for CHRNB3 rs6474412 TT [57.01 (14.95) versus 49.70 (18.26), P=0.030]. The trend of an increased percentage of FTND scores âÂÂA‚‰§ 6 among the CHRNB3 rs6474412 TT subgroup, TC subgroup and CC subgroup was statistically significant (P

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which social smoking expectations mediate the relationship between adolescent smoking behaviour and the smoking behaviour of family and peers. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional survey. Setting: Taiwan, Republic of China. Method: The participants were 921 senior high school students who completed a questionnaire to measure smoking status, family and peer smoking and social smoking expectations. The survey was conducted from November to December in 2009. Structural equation modelling was performed to test a mediation model. Analysis was performed using PRELIS 2 and LISREL 8.7 software. Results: After adjusting for students’ gender, age and school type, it is clear that social expectations mediate the relationship between sibling smoking, peer smoking and adolescent smoking. The path coefficients of sibling and peer smoking on social expectations in the mediator model were moderate, β = .15–.41, p Conclusion: Determining the mechanisms that influence adolescent smoking is of scientific interest because knowledge of these mechanisms is a prerequisite for the development of recommendations aimed at prevention. With this knowledge, health professionals can develop smoking-prevention policies and education programmes based on reducing the mediating effect of social smoking expectations on the relationship of family smoking and peer smoking with adolescent smoking.

A new type of energy-saving glass, Ag inlaid with SiO 2 nano-structures (Inlay SiO 2 ), is numerically developed here to offer modern buildings a passive but promising way of saving power under sunlight. The profile of glass is identified after optimizing optical responses using the genetic algorithm and a fitness function. Wavelength-selective reflectance ( R ) and transmittance ( T ) are demonstrated with validated programs based on the rigorous coupled-wave analysis algorithm. The high T and low R in the visible range not only saves energy for lighting but diminishes reflected and stray light. The low T and high R in the near-infrared reduce the cost for air-conditioning. Besides the cost can be further reduced, the superiority of this glass over current commercially available products includes the material commonness, light weight, and freedom from adhesion as well as oxidation. The fabrication tolerance of each dimension is further investigated to determine the key one. Other structure configurations are also approached to explore possibilities of alternates.

Background Smoking tobacco is a global health problem, and this study highlights adolescent smoking in Taiwan. Smoking was completely banned on campuses under the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act and School Health Regulations. Few have investigated the association between personnel smoking/school smoking policies and adolescent smoking in Taiwan. The smoking rate has gradually increased for senior high school students in Taiwan from 10.7% in 1994 to 14.7% in 2011. Aim This study examined the influence of family and friends' smoking on the association between the presence of teachers smoking and each stage of adolescents' smoking behaviour. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in nine high schools (n = 921). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between smoking stage, father smoking, mother smoking, sibling smoking, friends smoking and the presence of smoking teachers. Results After adjusting for gender, school type and grade, fathers', siblings' and friends' smoking were significantly associated with adolescents' ever and current smoking behaviours, but mothers' smoking was only associated with adolescents' current smoking behaviours. Friends' smoking was strongly associated with being a smoker. While there was an interaction between friends' smoking and the presence of smoking teachers on current smoking behaviours indicating the effect of the presence of smoking teachers was increased when friends did not smoke. Discussion The results suggest that teachers smoking on school may increase the likelihood of being a current smoker as their friends do not smoke. Family and friends smoking are associated with adolescent smoking. Conclusion The Taiwanese government has regulated a comprehensive smoking ban in schools to prohibit both student and staff smoking on all school premises. To achieve this, schools should make tobacco control communication efforts. Nurses could address the combined influence of family and friends as well as the effect of school smoking restrictions to help prevent adolescents from smoking.