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Thorough electrical and optical characterizations are carried out herein to investigate the phenomena of thermionic field emission, trap density, and exciton quenching, which justifies the superior performance of the proposed organic photo-coupler.

A phosphorescent OLED with an external quantum efficiency of 22.31% and an extremely low efficiency roll-off of 0.67% at 10 000 cd m−2 was achieved by reducing the carrier mobility of the donors in an exciplex co-host system.

A rapid and highly sensitive paper-based colorimetric device for the on-site detection of ammonia (NH3) gas is presented in this study. The detection principle of this device is based upon a change of color from red to yellow on a paper that has been immobilized with a pH indicator, i.e., methyl orange (pKa = 3.4), in the presence of NH3 gas. The color signal of the device can be measured through the hue channel of an HSL system via the application of a smartphone. This device can detect the amount of NH3 gas within 3 min. The linear relationship between the NH3 gas concentration and the hue signal was found to be in the range from 6.0 to 54.0 ppbv with R2 = 0.9971, and the limit of detection was found to be 2.0 ppbv. In addition, this device showed remarkably high selectivity to NH3 gas amongst the other common volatile organic compounds and general gases that are present in environmental air without the assistance of any membrane material. Furthermore, we demonstrated the applicability of this device for the detection of total NH3 gas at a chicken farm and in a laboratory, with relative standard deviations of 6.2% and 5.4%, respectively. The developed NH3 gas device in the study is easy to operate and cost-effective, with the reduction of a large consumption of chemical reagents; also, its signals can be measured simply and then recorded through a smartphone. It is suitable for the application of routine on-site detection of NH3 gas, especially concerning regions which have limited resources.

In this work, five phenylcarbazole-based molecules (PhCzs), i.e., PhCzp-Me, PhCzm-Me, PhCNCzp-Me, PhCNCzp-MeCzPh, and PhCNCzm-MeCzPh, were synthesized by linking two phenylcarbazole moieties with m-xylene or p-xylene as the π-linker. Density functional theory calculations showed that the dihedral angles of the molecules using p-xylene as the π-linker were in the range of 54.8°–55.7°, which are much smaller than those of the molecules using m-xylene as the π-linker (86.9°–91.4°). These molecules can form an exciplex with B3PyMPM, which is suitable for developing efficient OLEDs based on the co-host system. In this study, the OLED fabricated with the optimal exciplex host of PhCNCzm-MeCzPh/B3PyMPM doped with a phosphorescent emitter of Ir(ppy)2(acac) exhibited an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 31.5% with the main emission peak at 524 nm corresponding to the CIE coordinates of (0.316, 0.641). This high EQE could be attributed to the higher triplet energy of the exciplex caused by the increase in the intermolecular distance between the donor and the acceptor in the exciplex when sterically hindered m-xylene was applied as the π-linker of the PhCzs. Efficient charge transfer from the co-host to the dopant in the emitting layer was identified via the analysis of the photophysical and electrical properties of the OLED devices, which explains the high performance of the devices.

We prepared fine grid patterns on a glass substrate through photolithography of photoresists; we filled photoresist grids with liquid crystals (LCs) to construct LC-based sensors. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the photoresist grids were flat, smooth, and 3.0-8.0 μm thick. In contrast to conventional LC-based sensors, in which LCs are filled in metal grids placed on glass substrates, our results proved that LC-based sensors constructed using photoresist grids exhibited a larger signal contrast ratio, better signal stability in aqueous solutions and lower limit of detection for mercuric ions. All these characteristics enhanced the performance of the LC-based sensors.

The cervical and anterior thoracic regions of mammals generally exhibit similar vertebral numbers and identities along the anterior-posterior axis. The position of the forelimbs along the axial skeleton is also generally conserved. In contrast, the number of lumbar and sacral vertebrae and pelvic position exhibit more variation, correlating with posture and locomotion. The molecular mechanisms that lead to these conserved and variable axial skeletal patterns between species are not fully understood. Here we use a human HOXB1-9 transgene to complement a HoxB1-9 deficiency in the mouse. In TgHOXB1-9 mice, human HOXB1, B2, B3, and B4 (HOXB1-4) genes were expressed in mouse embryos in patterns similar to mouse Hoxb1-4 genes. Human transgene expression rescued the cervical and anterior thoracic vertebral patterning defects of HoxB1-9

The development of optical organic nanoparticles (NPs) is desirable and widely studied. However, most organic chromophores are water-insoluble, and therefore, the derivatization and modification of these chromophores are difficult. Herein, we demonstrated a simple platform for the fabrication of organic nanoemitters by loading ten different organic dyes (molar masses of 479.1-1081.7 g/mol) into water-soluble polymer nanosponges composed of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) (PSMA). This nanolization strategy enables the incorporation of small commercial dyes (3.7–50% loading) and newly synthesized large photosensitive molecules (> 85% loading) into PSMA NPs and prevents the spontaneous aggregation of these hydrophobic chromophores in aqueous solutions. These low-cytotoxicity organic nanoparticles exhibited tunable red to near-infrared fluorescence emission for cellular imaging and biological tracking in vivo. Moreover, PSMA NPs loaded with designed NIR-photosensitive molecules were fabricated, and photodynamic therapy with these dye-loaded PSMA NPs for the photolysis of cancer cells was achieved when coupled with 808 nm laser excitation. Indeed, our work demonstrates a facile approach for increasing the biocompatibility and stability of organic dyes by loading them into water-soluble polymer-based carriers, providing a new perspective of organic optoelectronic materials in biomedical theranostic applications.

A series of carbazole/benzimidazole-based molecules, namely, o-CbzBiz, m-CbzBiz, and p-CbzBiz, were readily synthesized in three steps by integrating carbazole with benzimidazole via the ortho-, meta-, and para-positions of phenyl linked to N-phenyl carbazole. These bipolar molecules exhibited a maximum UV absorption band ranging from 310 to 327 nm and a maximum emission band ranging from 380 to 400 nm. Density functional theory calculations showed that the twist angles between the donor and acceptor moieties of these molecules were from 54.9 to 67.1°. Such a twisted structure hampered the π-electron conjugation within the molecule and resulted in high-lying LUMO levels and triplet energies, which make them suitable to be applied as host materials in OLED devices. Our results showed that a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of OLED reached 21.8% when p-CbzBiz was applied as the host of a green phosphorescent emitter, i.e., Ir(ppy)2(acac). In addition, a maximum EQE of OLED reached 16.7% when o-CbzBiz with the host of a green TADF emitter, i.e., 4CzIPN. Moreover, these devices exhibited lower efficiency roll-off than the CBP-hosted device using the same emitters, which demonstrated the bipolar charge carrier property of carbazole/benzimidazole-based molecules.

A liquid-crystal (LC)-based sensor for detecting nitrite in aqueous solutions was developed using a diazotization reaction as the sensing mechanism. First, tetradecyl 4-aminobenzoate (14CBA) was synthesized and doped into a nematic LC, i.e., 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB). When the LC mixture was cast on a glass substrate and then immersed into an aqueous solution without nitrite, the orientation of LC was planar and the LC image was bright. In the presence of nitrite, it reacted with alkylanilines to give corresponding diazonium ions with a positive charge, which aligned at the LC/aqueous interface to cause homeotropic orientation of LC. As a result, a bright-to-dark transition of the LC image was observed. The limit of detection (LOD) of this system for nitrite is 25 μM with high selectivity. In addition, this system can work in environmental water samples such as tap water and pond water. Finally, we demonstrated that the optical signals of LC can be measured and recorded using a built-in digital camera of a smartphone, suggesting the portability of this system for on-site applications.

In this work, we report the development of liquid crystal (LC) droplets dispersed in agarose gel as a matrix, i.e., agarose dispersed liquid crystals (ADLCs), which are used as a soft sensing platform for detecting mercuric ions (Hg2+) in water. The LC droplets were prepared by a nematic LC, 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB), doped with a Hg2+-selective ligand, 5-(pyridine-4-yl)-2-(5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiazole (ZT). When the solution containing Hg2+ was dispensed on the ADLCs films, the formation of Hg2+/ZT complexes led to a distinct radial-to-irregular configurational transition of the LC droplets that can be simply differentiated by naked eye under ambient light. The detection of Hg2+ by using the ADLCs was real time (responses within 20 s), highly specific, reusable and insensitive to pH change, and its activity was able to maintain more than 3 months. In addition, we demonstrated that the ADLCs could be used to detect Hg2+ in tap water, pond water, river water and seawater. Because the free motion of LC droplets is restricted in ADLCs, it could be a precise and convenient approach for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the signals of LC droplets in a series of experiments, which enhanced the reliability of the LC droplets-based sensing platform.

In this study, a series of 2,2′ and 3,3′ substituted thienoisoindigo (TII)-based small molecules (H3–H7) were synthesized by using 1,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) benzene, N-phenylcarbazole, triphenylamin...

Described herein is a liquid crystal (LC)-based aptasensor via employing the reorientation of LC triggered by the conformational changes of a P-shaped DNA structure. The structure consists of a short linker sequence as an immobilizer probe with ability to hybridize with the central part of the intact aptamer (Apt) sequence and an Apt terminal-locker (ATL) strand with complementary segments of the Apt terminal fragments. Bindings of two arm segments of the Apt sequence with the ATL strand enforces it to form a P-shaped configuration on the sensing platform. The selective interaction between the Apt strand and OTA leads to the disassembly of the Apt-ATL hybrid, collapse of the P-shaped structure, and consequently, transition of the optical appearance of the aptasensor texture. Determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in foods is an urgent demand in attempt to minimize food safety risks. To demonstrate the feasibility of our aptasensing design, the OTA specific aptamer was selected as a model. The developed LC aptasensor possesses a wide linear range from 0.01 aM to 100 pM, ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0078 aM, and quantitative recoveries of 91-103.51% for OTA in rice and grape juice samples. This study proposes a novel and universal LC-based platform for facile, ultra-sensitive, and precision sensing of hazardous analytes in real samples.

We have developed a liquid crystal (LC)-based immunoassay for melamine detection by using direct, sandwich and competitive formats. The detection mechanism was based on the specific immunobinding of melamine with the anti-melamine immobilized on the glass substrate, which disrupted the orientation of the LCs and resulted in changes in the optical images of the LCs under polarized light. In the direct immunoassay where the melamine was bound to the anti-melamine on the substrate, no change in the optical images of LC was observed. In contrast, in the sandwich immunoassay where the immunocomplex of melamine and secondary anti-melamine linked with streptavidin were bound to the primary anti-melamine on the substrate, a dark-to-bright transition of the LC images was observed when the concentration of melamine was 2.5 ng/mL or above. Moreover, in the competitive immunoassay where both melamine and melamine-streptavidin conjugate were bound to the anti-melamine on the substrate, a bright-to-dark transition of the LC images was observed when the concentration of melamine was 5 ng/mL or above. We found that the larger the molecules bound to the substrate, the more easily was the orientation of the LCs disrupted which resulted in the change in the optical images of the LCs. This result provides a good strategy for developing LC-based immunoassays for the detection of small molecules by using a large auxiliary molecule attached to the target molecules. To the best of our knowledge, our work demonstrates for the first time the detection of small molecules by using a LC-based immunoassay.

One of the important features of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) is that their performance is relatively unaffected by lighting conditions, e.g., lighting angles and lighting intensity, which makes them ideal for application in indoor light environments. While most of past research on DSCs has focused on their performance under one-sun conditions, the effect of the structure of the dye on device performance under indoor lights has not been studied before. For this study, we designed a series of organic dyes with donor-π-bridge-acceptor (D-π-A) structure that can be synthesized in three reaction steps from inexpensive raw materials. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes and the device characteristics of the DSCs employing these dyes under indoor light (LED and T5 lamp, 600 lux) were investigated. In our research, the best PCE value of DSCs under LED lamps was 12.21% when TKU-6 was used as the sensitizer (70.8% of N719). Under T5 lamps, it was 13.43% when TKU-4 was used as the sensitizer (68.5% of N719). Moreover, we proposed the structural design strategies for dyes for high performance DSCs under indoor lights based on the type of π-bridge, the number of alkyl chains and the absorption spectrum of the dye.

Purpose To investigate the fixation behavior in macular dystrophy using microperimetry. Methods This retrospective study included patients with macular dystrophy and unilateral macular pucker. Macular dystrophic eyes were compared based on fixation within or outside of the atrophic region. The normal fellow eyes in patients with unilateral macular pucker formed the control group. Clinical and demographic characteristics of age, sex, best-corrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent, and fixation behavior (which included foveal mean sensitivity (MS), fixation MS, MS improvement, stability, centrality, and eccentric distance of fixation) were analyzed. A total of 58 patients were recruited, comprising 29 eyes of 29 patients in the macular dystrophy group and 29 eyes of 29 patients in the control group. Results Compared to the control group, patients with macular dystrophy had significantly poorer visual acuity, foveal MS, fixation MS, stability, and centrality, and more eccentric preferred retinal locations (PRLs). In macular dystrophy, the PRLs were most common on the superior side (48.3%). Compared to fixation in the atrophic region, PRLs out of the atrophic lesion gained more MS (7.41 vs. 0.89 dB, p = 0.001), although with less stable fixation (10.0 vs. 47.4%, p = 0.044). By multivariate linear regression, eccentric distance was found to be significantly associated with MS improvement (p = 0.023). Conclusions The commonest location of PRLs in macular dystrophy is anatomically superior to the lesion. The dystrophic eye can gain better sensitivity by using PRLs outside the atrophic area.

In this work, we report a liquid crystal (LC)-based sensor to determine pH level of aqueous solutions. This sensor was fabricated by filling the LCs doped with a pH-sensitive molecule into a cupper grid on a glass substrate. Theoretically, the dopants are neutral and disperse freely in the LCs. When the sensor was immersed in the aqueous solution, the increases of pH can lead to the dissociation of the dopants, allowing them to align at the LC/aqueous interface. This phenomenon causes the reorientation of the LC molecules and therefore a bright-to-dark transition of the LC image was observed simply through naked-eye. In our research, we found that the critical pH value for the optical transition of LC sensors can be adjusted from 6.8 to 8.2 through the selection of dopants, while it can be adjusted from 6.2 to 7.0 through the selection of dopant concentrations. By arranging four individual sensors in a device with inlet and out channels, we demonstrated that the pH level of an aqueous flow system can be determined by the number of bright LC sensors shown in the device. Based on this strategy, we developed a device to monitor the pH safety level for drinking water ranging from pH 6.5 to 8.5. This device demonstrated fast response (~1 s), good stability, reversibility and its capability to measure the pH change in tap water and pond water, which make it suitable for real-time and continuous monitoring the pH change in various flow aqueous systems.

A series of thienoisoindigo (TII)-based dyes (TII 1–4) using different electron-donating moieties (D) and π-linkers were synthesized. The experimental results show that the maximum absorption band of TII 1–4 was located at 611–749 nm. Moreover, their absorption onset was extended to 741–901 nm that covers the near infrared (NIR) region. The bulk-heterojunction solar cell device fabricated by using TII 3/PC61BM as the active layer exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.82%, showing the potential of TII-based dyes for NIR organic photovoltaics (OPVs). In order to study the structural effect of dyes on the PCE of solar cells, we further designed four TII-based dyes (TII 5–8) and the photophysical and photovoltaic properties for TII 1–8 were investigated through theoretical calculations. Calculated results demonstrate that carbazole group, whose has strong electron-donating ability than D moieties in this study, leads to generate long lifetime of the first excited state and whose generate large short-circuit current (Jsc). Thiophene group, whose has weak resonance energy than other π-linkers, can improve the π delocalization effect throughout whole molecule and generate large open-circuit voltage (Voc). According to these results, TII 3 and TII 8 with the carbazole as D moiety and thiophene as π-linker should be useful in development of a new SM-OPV device.

Purpose Basketball is a popular sport involving significant body contact, which may frequently result in ocular trauma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and visual outcomes of retinal detachment associated with basketball-related injury. Design Retrospective, interventional case series. Methods We reviewed the course of patients who sustained traumatic retinal detachment from basketball-related ocular trauma between 2003 and 2015. Results Thirteen patients were evaluated for basketball-related traumatic retinal detachment. Twelve (92%) were male and 1 (8%) female, with an average age of 18.2 years. The majority (9 of 13, 70%) of patients had moderate-to-high myopia, and none were using protective eyewear when they sustained the eye trauma. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was observed in all eyes. The preoperative mean visual acuity was 20/625 (range, hand motions to 20/20). Initial surgery using scleral buckling alone was performed in most (8 of 13, 62%) of the patients. Retinal reattachment was achieved in 10 (76%) eyes after the first operation and in 12 (92%) at the end of the intervention. The mean follow-up was 3.9 years (range, 4 months to 12 years). The visual acuity during last follow-up was 20/231 (range, light perception to 20/20). In the multivariable analysis, initial visual acuity was an independent factor affecting the final visual outcome ( P = .006). Conclusion Retinal detachment associated with basketball-related injury may cause severe visual loss. In the current study, all retinal detachments were of rhegmatogenous type and commonly occurred in young individuals with myopia. Initial visual acuity was associated with the prognosis. Risk awareness for early detection and intervention are important in these traumas.

Purpose: We report a case of rapid cataract progression after Nd:YAG vitreolysis for vitreous floaters. Case Report: A 55-year-old man presented with acute onset of blurred vision following Nd:YAG vitreolysis for symptomatic floaters in the left eye. His initial best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/1,000 in the left eye. Ocular examinations showed frost-like opacities of the lens and a suspected break of the posterior capsule in the left eye. There were no detectable retinal lesions. Cataract surgery was then arranged. Posterior capsular rupture and vitreous loss occurred during surgery, which required a subsequent pars plana vitrectomy. After the surgery, BCVA in the left eye gradually improved to 20/20 and was maintained during a 1-year follow-up period. Conclusion: Crystalline lens injuries and rapid cataract progression may occur following Nd:YAG vitreolysis. While dealing with this type of complicated cataract, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of posterior lens capsule rupture during surgery and the need for combined vitrectomy.

In past studies, liquid crystal (LC)-based immunoassays were accomplished by fabricating an LC cell with two pieces of glass slides after immunobinding, which makes the determination of the immunoassay not in real-time and requires trained personnel. Herein, we developed the LC-based immunoassay by using rectangular capillaries as the substrate for immunobinding. The inner surface of rectangular capillaries was decorated with a long alkyl saline, dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (DMOAP), followed by immobilization of human serum albumin (HSA) as the probe. In this situation, the orientation of LC was homeotropic and dark LC image was observed under polarized light. When the solution containing anti-human serum albumin (anti-HSA) were dispensed into the capillary through capillary action, the specific immunobinding between HSA and anti-HSA formed an immunocomplex on the inner surface of capillary, which disrupted the original orientation of LC and led to a dark-to-bright transition of the LC images. The quantification of anti-HSA can be achieved by measuring the length of the bright LC image in the rectangular capillary. By using this immunoassay, the limit of detection (LOD) for anti-HSA is 1 μg/mL, and it did not respond to HSA and anti-human immunoglobulin G (anti-h-IgG). On the other hand, the diversity of the LC-based immunoassay can be extended for HSA detection when we immobilized anti-HSA in the capillary. Because the post-fabrication of LC cell was waived by using rectangular capillaries to develop the LC-based immunoassay, it is more convenient for users to handle and collect more reliable data. Moreover, the results of the immunoassay were visualized through naked-eye and could be recorded by a smartphone; it is more suitable for portable and point-of-care applications.

We successfully report on the first demonstration of a highly sensitive distance-based liquid crystalline visualization for paper-based analytical devices. The construction of this paper sensor was achieved by immobilizing 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) as liquid crystalline molecules (LCs) onto a paper strip substrate. The sensing mechanism is based on the ultrasound-assisted decomposition of 5CB by the hydroxyl radical (•OH) which is generated from the oxidase enzymatic reaction of the analyte, this then results in the change of texture and color of paper. The utility of our devices was then demonstrated with the determination of bilirubin (BR) in biological samples using a bilirubin oxidase enzymatic reaction. The quantification of BR can be achieved by dipping the tip of the paper strips into the analyte solutions and then by measuring the length of color which has been changed on the paper, by the naked eye. Under optimized conditions, this paper sensor offered the linear range of BR detection from 2.0 to 30.0 pmol/L (R2 = 0.9945) with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.80 pmol/L. In addition, the results of this sensor were highly reproducible, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 3.50%. The recoveries of spiked BR in human urine and serum samples were in the range of 99.09–107.89%, which demonstrates the high accuracy of this paper sensor. Overall, this work presents a simple method to determine the concentration of H2O2 and BR at pmol levels with an instrument-free length-measuring readout, so it could be suitable for quantitative analysis of other biomarkers based on oxidase enzymatic reaction, which can provide important information about early disease diagnosis and patient prognosis.

We report a new mechanism for liquid crystal (LC)-based sensor system for trypsin detection. In this system, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was immobilized on gold grids as the enzymatic substrate. When the BSA-modified grid was filled with LC and immersed in the solution containing trypsin, the peptide bonds of BSA were hydrolyzed and peptide fragments were desorbed from the surface of gold grid, which disrupted the orientation of LC at the vicinity and resulted in a dark-to-bright transition of optical image of LCs. By using this mechanism, the limit of detection (LOD) of trypsin is 10 ng/mL, and it does not respond to thrombin and pepsin. Besides, the cleavage behavior on gold surfaces was directly visualized by the scanning photoelectron microscopy (SPEM), in particular for the chemical composition identification and element-resolved image. The loss of BSA fragments and the enhancement of Au photoelectron signal after trypsin cleavage were corresponding to the proposed mechanism of the LC-based sensor system. Because the signals reported by LC can be simply interpreted through the human naked-eye, it provides a simple method for fast-screening trypsin activity in aqueous solution.

A facile synthesis of isocyano arylboronate esters is reported. Although tri-coordinate boron functional groups are commonly recognized as vulnerable to nucleophilic attack, the newly reported tri-coordinate isocyano arylboronate esters were found to be stable, albeit owing to the presence of an isocyano group. Theoretical calculations, using the DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method, revealed that the electron delocalization between the aryl group and the boron atom might contribute to this stability. UV-vis spectroscopic investigations on 2-(4-isocyanophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (2a) were in agreement with the theoretical studies, showing a red-shifted absorption compared with that of phenylisonitrile. The reported strategy allows boronate ester substrates to survive throughout two-step operations. Two of the compounds synthesized were successfully exploited in Ugi and Passerini multicomponent reactions to afford corresponding products. In addition, two boron-containing tetrazoles were also prepared under environmentally benign conditions. These results demonstrated that functionalized isocyanides are stable and can be used as strategically as synthetic building blocks.

We developed a liquid crystal (LC)-based sensor system for detecting formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. In this system, nematic LCs were doped with 4′-pentyl-4-biphenylamine (PBA), which acts as the amphiphilic molecule to align at LC/aqueous interface. Such alignment induced the homeotropic orientation of LCs and a dark signal was observed under polarized light. Formaldehyde in the aqueous solutions would react with the amine group of PBA to form corresponding imine, which reduced the amount the PBA at LC/aqueous interface. As a result, the orientation of LCs was disrupted and a dark-to-bright transition of the LC images was observed. By using this mechanism, 0.5 mM of formaldehyde can be detected in 10 min with good selectivity. Moreover, we demonstrated that this system can be applied to detect formaldehyde in commercial facial toners with the limit of detection (LOD) of 30 mM, which is below the safety level of cosmetic products regulated by USA and the European Union. Because the LC-based sensor system is cost-effective and easy to use, while its signals can be simply differentiated through the naked-eye under ambient light, it shows great potential for the applications of formaldehyde detection in the daily necessities for general family.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) develop as outpouchings of the arterial wall that is weakened by arteriosclerosis. The traditional treatment of RAMs comprises observation, focal laser photocoagulation, or surgery. Recently, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs has been announced as an effective therapy for fovea-threatening RAMs and quickly improve visual acuity and central retinal thickness (CRT). In the retrospective series, medical charts and ocular images of 24 patients diagnosed as having RAM between May 2011 and November 2018 in our facility were reviewed to delineate clinical manifestations and visual prognosis in RAM patients receiving different treatment modalities. Twenty-four patients (25 eyes; 11 men and 13 women) were enrolled, and one eye with comorbidity of branch retinal vein occlusion was excluded. The mean age of the patients was 69.00 ± 13.45 years. Fourteen patients (58.33%) had a history of hypertension, and 17 patients (70.83%) were aged > 60 years. Furthermore, patients with fovea-threatening RAMs presented with either hypertension or were aged > 60 years. Eyes with fovea involvement (n = 18) were analyzed and separated into two groups according to their treatment modalities: those receiving anti-VEGF intravitreal injections (n = 13) and observation only (n = 5). The baseline visual acuity revealed no significant difference in the two groups. In patients receiving anti-VEGF intravitreal injections, a significantly better visual acuity was detected after anti-VEGF intravitreal injections than the baseline visual acuity (logMAR, 0.78 ± 0.51 vs 1.52 ± 0.48, P