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In this study, the facile synthesis and electroluminescent perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) of highly luminescent Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3 nanocomposite has been demonstrated. With the addition of...

The amorphous indium gallium oxide thin film transistor was fabricated using a cosputtering method. Two samples with different gate dielectric layers were used as follows: sample A with a SiO2 dielectric layer; and sample B with an Al2O3 dielectric layer. The influence of the gate dielectrics on the electric and photo performance has been investigated. Atomic layer deposition deposited the dense film with low interface trapping density and effectively increased drain current. Therefore, sample B exhibited optimal parameters, with an Ion/Ioff ratio of 7.39 × 107, the subthreshold swing of 0.096 V dec−1, and μFE of 5.36 cm2 V−1 s−1. For ultraviolet (UV) detection, the UV-to-visible rejection ratio of the device was 3 × 105, and the photoresponsivity was 0.38 A W−1 at the VGS of −5 V.

The magnesium oxide is one of the promising candidate's materials that can act as solar blind photodetectors. However, the intrinsically low thermal conductivity of MgO, which is restrict the application in electric device. The magnesium oxide exhibits the poor conductivity which could improved by doing method. This paper fabricated magnesium indium oxide (MgInO) solar-blind photodetectors by doping indium oxide with magnesium oxide through co-sputtering deposition method. The photodetector comprises a bottom glass substrate, an MgInO thin film, and an interdigitated gold electrode to complete the metal-semiconductor-metal structure of the solar-blind photodetector. The experimental results indicate that the photo-to-dark-current ratio is 1.4 × 104, and the responsivity is 1.47 A/W when a reverse bias voltage of 2 V is applied. Furthermore, the noise equivalent power and detectivity are 7.77×10-11 W and 1.75×1011 cm H0.5W-1 with a 2 V bias voltage, respectively.

In this study, we have successfully prepared gallium oxide resistive random access memory by RF magnetron sputtering. The various Ar/O2 gas flow was carefully controlled by different oxygen concentration to obtain proper Ga2O3 film. It was demonstrated that the performance of the devices was improved by optimizing oxygen vacancy through deposition condition. Consequently, the sample with 25% of oxygen concentration exhibited the outstanding electrical properties with maximum cycles of 220, an Ion/Ioff ratio of 5 × 104, retention time of 104 s, high resistance state /low resistance state ratio of 7 × 105 under 0.1V read voltage.

Zinc oxide is a low-cost and practical II–VI chemical material, which is utilized in the form of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods to absorb platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs). Using Pt NPs to decorate ZnO nanosheets (NSs) can improve the electrical characteristics of zinc oxide. A set of samples has been prepared for different prerequisite Pt precursors with 0- and 30-s sputter deposition times. The SEM results indicate that ZnO NSs and Pt ZnO NSs have an average diameter and length of ~30 nm and $\sim 1.08~\mu \text{m}$ and ~30 nm and $\sim 1.25~\mu \text{m}$ , respectively. The surface topography of ZnO NSs and Pt ZnO NSs showed no obvious difference. The results of ZnO NSs and Pt ZnO NSs indicate that the turn-ON field was 5.8 and 3.8 V/ $\mu \text{m}$ in the dark and that the turn-ON field was 3.9 and 2.9 V/ $\mu \text{m}$ under UV light, respectively.

Electronics based on natural materials have the advantages of simple preparation procedures, low cost, ecofriendliness, and biocompatibility. In this work, the Synthesis of silver doped citrus pectin by using the solution method at 2 mg ml−1 of citrus pectin, Its simple fabrication method ensures the uniform distribution of Ag in citrus pectin thin film. a RRAM device with the Al/Ag-doped citrus pectin/ITO/glass structure was fabricated through the spin-coating method. The results indicated that the best set and reset voltages of the Ag 10%-doped device were 1 and −1.2 V, respectively. The Ag 10%-doped device could switch 517 times with an on/off ratio of 2 × 103 and could be maintained for more than 104 s, indicating excellent stability and reliability. Furthermore, the characteristics of the multilevel storage of the Ag-doped citrus pectin device were investigated. By adjusting different compliance currents, four different resistive states could be formed in a single device with high stability and reliability. In other words, the device could store two bits in a single cell.

Environmental-friendly three-dimensional (3D) multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown from the montmorillonite (MMT) and graphene oxide (GO) without adding metal catalysts are the first investigation for the supercapacitor electrode application, which dramatically reduces the noble and rare metal needs. Growth mechanisms of as-synthesized CNT-based MMTs (MCNTs) and CNT-based GOs- (GCNTs) via thermal chemical vapor deposition are suggested that the Ni ion nuclear seeds are self-arranged and intercalated spontaneously into the substrate surfaces and template layers. In addition, the maximum energy densities of MCNT and GCNT electrodes are 63.8 Wh/kg at 0.02 kW/kg and 147 Wh/kg at 0.09 kW/kg, respectively. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy spectrum exhibits the charge transfer resistance significantly decreases with fabricating 3D active composite materials, indicating the mass transfer limitation in the low-frequency area and the charge transfer of kinetic controlling in the high-frequency domain. The Bode-phase angle at 78.6° of the GCNT electrode indicates ideal capacitive behavior. Frequencies of MCNT and GCNT electrodes at a phase angle of 45° are 0.27 and 0.11 Hz, corresponding to the calculated time relaxation constants of 3.70 and 9.09, respectively. MCNT and GCNT composites are clear to enhance a more surface accessible region for electrolyte ions and electron conductivity with the increasing CNT content. After 2000 continuous cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge cyclic experiments, specific capacitance retentions with a 5% error bar of 3D MCNT and GCNT electrodes achieve 122.3 and 75.2%, 127.6 and 85.3%, respectively. As both electrodes, less metal usage is friendly to the environment, and in addition, layered fabrication is beneficial for production and further follow-up recycle separation of energy devices. Non-blending 3D MCNT and GCNT composites possess the potential to be the prospective materials for further energy storage application.

In this study, the electrically driven perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) were investigated by hybridizing the organic polyethylene oxide, 1,3,5-tris (N-phenylbenzimiazole-2-yl) benzene (TPBi), and bis(3,5-difluoro-2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl-(2-carboxypyridyl) iridium III (FIrpic) with CsPbBr3 in the emission layer and adopting the colloidal NiOx nanoparticle (NP) hole transport layer. The synthesized NiOx NPs, having an average size of ~5 nm, can be spin-coated to become a smooth and close-packed film on the indium&ndash, tin&ndash, oxide anode. The NiOx NP layer possesses an overall transmittance of ~80% at 520 nm, which is about the peak position of electroluminescence (EL) spectra of CsPbBr3 emission layer. The coating procedures of NiOx NP and CsPbBr3 layers were carried out in ambient air. The novel PeLED turned on at 2.4 V and emitted bright EL of 4456 cd/m2 at 7 V, indicating the remarkable nonradiative-related defect elimination by organic additive addition and significant charge balance achieved by the NiOx NP layer.

The amorphous indium gallium oxide thin film transistor was fabricated using a cosputtering method. Two samples with different gate dielectric layers were used as follows: sample A with a SiO

In this paper, amorphous indium–gallium–oxide solar–blind metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors were fabricated by using co-sputtering method. Three samples with different oxygen concentrations, namely, sample A without oxygen, sample B with 2% oxygen concentration, and sample C with 4% oxygen concentration, were investigated. The applied bias was 5 V during device characterization. The ultraviolet (UV)-to-visible rejection ratios were 39, $ {9.9}\times {10}{^{ {3}}}$ , and $ {1.1}\times {10}^{ {5}}$ for samples A, B, and C, respectively. The dynamic responses of the decay times were 5.79/52.12 s, 1.96/30.49 s, and 0.02/0.75 s for samples A, B, and C, respectively. In summary, the 4% oxygen concentration sample exhibited excellent UV-to-visible rejection ratio and superior decay time.

In this paper, Al-doped ZnO nanorods (AZO NRs) were successfully applied on glass substrates through hydrothermal synthesis growth with a fabrication field-emission (FE) device. The enhanced FE properties of AZO NRs were measured. The turn-on fields were reduced by 2.35 and 1.51 V/ $\mu \text{m}$ in the dark and under UV light, and the enhanced field enhancement factors ( $\beta $ ) were 5708 and 10137, respectively. Results show that the FE performances of AZO NRs were enhanced by the combined effect of increased carrier concentration and UV light illumination.

In this paper, we developed a simple hydrothermal method to synthesize vertically aligned ZnO:Al nanorods (NRs) to fabricate a UV photodetector (PD) on a seed layer/glass substrate. The photo-to-dark current ratio of the ZnO:Al NR PD was approximately $1.4 \times 10^{3}$ under 1-V bias and UV light irradiation (380 nm). The calculated responsivity of the fabricated PD was 181 $\text {A}\cdot \text {W}^{-1}$ , and the UV-to-visible rejection ratio of the PD at 1-V applied bias was $1.51 \times 10^{3}$ . In addition, flicker noise dominated the noise of the ZnO:Al NR PD. The noise-equivalent power and normalized detectivity of the ZnO:Al NR PD were $1.17 \times 10^{-11}$ W and $4.03 \times 10^{12}~\text {cm}\cdot \text {Hz}^{0.5}\text {W}^{-1}$ , respectively.

A novel and simple hydrothermal method was performed to synthesize vertically aligned Ag nanoparticle (NP)-decorated ZnO nanorods (NRs) on a seed layer/glass substrate. At an applied bias of 0.2 V and incident light wavelength of 380 nm, the measured fabricated photodetector (PD) responsivity value was $\sim 12.4$ A/W, whereas the corresponding UV to visible rejection ratio was $\sim 4478$ . In addition, the noise equivalent power and corresponding detectivities of the fabricated Ag NP-decorated ZnO NR metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) PD were $4.85 \times 10^{\mathrm {-11}}$ W and $2.72 \times 10^{11}~{\mathrm{ cm}}\cdot {\mathrm{ Hz}}^{0.5}\cdot {\mathrm{ W}}^{\mathrm {-1}}$ , respectively.

A magnesium-doped indium oxide (In2O3:Mg) ultraviolet (UV) thin film phototransistor was fabricated via cosputtering of MgO and In2O3. Three samples with different sputtering power values of In2O3 ranging from 40 to 60 W, namely, sample A with 40 W, sample B with 50 W, and sample C with 60 W, were used in this study. Results confirmed that oxygen vacancy concentration evidently indicates indium content. The experimental results showed that responsivities of samples, defined as the ratio of photocurrent under illumination per input power, increase from 0.0086 to 2.6 A/W. Rejection ratios were 1.2 &times, 104, 4.3 &times, 105, and 4.8 &times, 105 for samples A, B, and C, respectively. Based on our results, sample C is the best among the three MgInO UV phototransistors investigated in this study.

In this paper, we proposed a novel hybrid quantum dot emitting layer (QD EML) for the efficient quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). This proposed hybrid emitting layer consisted of a composite polymer with poly (9-vinlycarbazole) (PVK) and 1,3-bis[(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4oxadiazolyl]phenylene (OXD-7) in the weight ratio of 7:3 and high quantum yield CdSe@ZnS/ZnS quantum dots. By using PVK as hole transport and OXD-7 as electron transport polymer, both hole and electron was supported to inject into QD efficiently. Consequently, the maximum current efficiencies of 7.9 cd/A was achieved in QLEDs with the hybrid EML, which was $\sim 250$ % improvement over the bared EML-device. Moreover, high color purity and wavelength stable green QLEDs with peak wavelength of 536 nm was also obtained.

In this paper, pure ZnO and Ag nanoparticle (NP)-decorated ZnO nanorods (NRs) were successfully synthesized via a low-temperature hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffractometry. The enhanced field emission (FE) behavior of the Ag NP-decorated ZnO NRs along the [0002] crystal $c$ -axis and their single-crystalline hexagonal structures were characterized with surface-protruding Ag NPs. The resulting FE in the dark and under ultraviolet illumination had low turn-ON electric fields of 3.93 and 2.04 $ \rm V\,\cdot \mu m^{-2}$ , whereas the enhanced field enhancement factors were 1593 and 57 872, respectively.

In this work, we theoretically investigate the tunable photonic band structure (PBS) for an extrinsic plasma photonic crystal (PPC). The extrinsic PPC is made of a bulk cold plasma layer which is influenced by an externally periodic static magnetic field. The PBS can be tuned by the variation of the magnitude of externally applied magnetic field. In addition, we also show that the PBS can be changed as a function of the electron density as well as the thickness variation.

As new materials have been reported and more knowledge on detailed mechanism of glucose oxidation has been unveiled, the non-enzymatic glucose sensor keeps coming closer to practical applications. Nanostructures with higher surface specific area has great potential applications in sensing devices ZnO nanoords were synthesized in a hydrothermal method using simply available laboratory chemicals. Results showed that as-synthesized Gold Nanoparticle-decorated ZnO Nanorods possessing higher specific surface area, significantly increased the non-enzyme efficiency which in turn improved the sensing performances. The electrode also demonstrated excellent performance in sensing glucose concentration with remarkable sensitivity (46.6 μA/mM-cm 2 ) and good repeatability. This work is expected to open a new avenue to fabricate non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors of glucose involving co-mediating.

In this work gallium (Ga)-Doped ZnO nanorods (GZO NRs) successfully applied for the development of enzyme free glucose. GZO NRs synthesized by using the hydrothermal on ZnO seed layer was subsequently deposited onto the glass substrate. The GZO NRs electrode has peak currents increasing from 620 to 941μA with glucose concentration (6, 8 and 10 mM) in cyclic voltammograms. GZO NRs electrode sensitivity of the sensor to glucose oxidation was 33.4 (μA/mM-cm2). The GZO NRs modified electrode showed a greatly enhanced electrocatalytic property toward glucose oxidation, as well as an excellent anti-interference and a good stability.

Vertically aligned Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) nanosheets were grown on a glass substrate using a low-temperature (90 °C) hydrothermal method. The average length and diameter of the nanosheets were \(\sim 720\) and 26 nm, respectively. The GZO nanosheets exhibited wurtzite and monoclinic structures. A metal-semiconductor–metal ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD) was also fabricated for the GZO nanosheets. Results revealed that the photoresponses of the GZO UV PD were flat at short wavelengths. Meanwhile, a sharp cutoff was observed at 340 nm. The UV-to-visible rejection ratio of the fabricated PD was \(\sim 89\) at 1 V bias voltage.

In this study, pH sensors were successfully fabricated on a fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate and grown via hydrothermal methods for 8 h for pH sensing characteristics. The morphology was obtained by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and showed randomly oriented flower-like nanostructures. The TiO2 nanoflower pH sensors were measured over a pH range of 2&ndash, 12. Results showed a high sensitivity of the TiO2 nano-flowers pH sensor, 2.7 (&mu, A)1/2/pH, and a linear relationship between IDS and pH (regression of 0.9991). The relationship between voltage reference and pH displayed a sensitivity of a 46 mV/pH and a linear regression of 0.9989. The experimental result indicated that a flower-like TiO2 nanostructure extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) pH sensor effectively detected the pH value.

This study investigated latent coherence and discrepancy between listening and reading comprehensions. A total of 460 Taiwanese children in the first or second grade participated in this study. Each child was assessed by test materials that contained both spoken and written Chinese tests. Specifically, multiple categorical latent variables (MCLV) models were proposed to assess latent coherence and discrepancy between Mandarin listening and Chinese reading comprehensions. Although notable coherent relations between the two abilities were found, results of this study also indicated that the discrepancy between them should not be ignored. It was concluded that coherence and discrepancy between Mandarin listening skills and Chinese reading performance were quantitatively assessable by the proposed methods. In addition, the discrepancy between the two abilities could be used to assess reading disabilities. Empirical demonstration showed the assessment of Chinese reading disabilities was practically fe...

The bipolar resistive switching characteristics of the Pt/ZnO/Pt resistive random access memory (RRAM) had been investigated. This work introduced UV-Ozone treatment to improve the interface quality between ZnO thin film and Pt electrode. We found that UV-Oznoe can help to clean the surface of Pt electrode and provide superior surface morphology for the subsequent sputtering ZnO thin film deposition. According the experiment result, the Pt/ZnO/Pt RRAM demonstrated better on-off current ratio and the excellent retention time after UV-Ozone treatment.

In this paper, we investigated the effects of dopants on the electrical and optical characteristics of dichromatic and white organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) with a double emitting layer (DEML). Such a DEML consisted of two host materials with bipolar transport characteristics doped with two distinct types of phosphorescent emitters. The host for EML1 (adjacent to the anode side) was N,N-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP), with a hole mobility higher than the electron mobility, whereas the host for EML2 (adjacent to the cathode side) was 2,2′-bis[5-phenyl-2-(1,3,4)oxadazolyl]biphenyl (OXD), with a higher electron mobility than the hole mobility. Phosphorescent blue emitters, 9% iridium(III)bis[4,6-di-fluorophenyl-pyridinato-N,C2]picolinate (FIrpic), and phosphorescent green emitters, 9% fac-tris(phenylpyridine) iridium [Ir(ppy)3], were doped into EML1 and EML2, respectively for dichromatic emission. In the dichromatic blue/green OLEDs, both the blue and green dopants helped to reduce the driving voltage. The dopants essentially played the role of carrier traps and recombination centers, from which the current density–voltage characteristics and electroluminescence (EL) spectra were derived. In this structure, EML1 and EML2 exhibited hole- and electron-rich bipolar transporting characteristics, respectively. Hence, the recombination was extended to the two EMLs, which reduced the efficiency roll-off and resulted in high efficiency levels even at high luminance levels. Through further incorporation of 0.5% of tris(2-phenylquinoline)iridium(III) [Ir(2-phq)3] into EML1, a white OLED with maximum current efficiency of 35.8 cd/A and quantum efficiency of 10.73% at 0.643 mA/cm2 was obtained. In this white OLED, the current efficiency decreased slightly by 2.51% from 35.8 cd/A at 230 cd/m2 to 34.9 cd/A at 1000 cd/m2. Carrier confinement was achieved at the D-EML interface, which not only contributed to the high current efficiency, but also resulted in stable color coordinates that varied a mere (−0.014, 0.004) from 100 to 10,000 cd/m2, without additional blocking layers between the two EMLs.

A new hyperbranched polymeric structure was chosen as a nonlinear optical material. First, a difunctional chromophore, 4-(4 0 -nitrophenyl-diazenyl) phenyl-1,3-diamine (NDPD) was synthesized, which was then reacted with 4isocyanato-4 0 (3,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-azetidino)diphenylmethane (MIA) to form NDPDMIA (A2 type monomer). The azetidin-2,4-dione functional groups exhibit selective reactivity, which can react only with primary amines under mild conditions. The hyperbranched polymers were synthesized via ring-opening addition reaction between azetidine-2,4-dione (A2 type monomer) and primary amine (B3 type monomer). This synthetic scheme comes with easy purification, high yield and rapid synthesis. Chemical structures of the hyperbranched polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR, and elemental analysis. The inherent viscosity of hyperbranched polymers in DMSO ranged from 0.15 to 0.22 dLg � 1 . All of the obtained polymers were soluble in DMF, DMAc, and DMSO. Using in situ contact poling, r33 coefficients of 6–16 pm/V and their temporal stability at 60 C were obtained. Optical loss measurement was also achieved by a prism coupling setup. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This study evaluates performance of information criteria used to separate latent classes. In the evaluations, various numbers of latent classes, sample sizes, parameter structures and latent-class complexities were designed to simulate datasets. The average accuracy rates of information criteria in selecting the designed numbers of latent classes were the core results in this experiment. The study revealed that widely used information criteria, e.g., AIC, BIC, CAIC, could perform poorly under some circumstances. By including a sample size adjustment (Rissanen, 1978), the unsatis-factory performances could be improved considerably. The sample size adjustment provides a plausible solution for separating latent classes. Guidelines are provided to help achieve optimum use of the model fit indices.

This work studies the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extractions of capillarisin from Artemisia capillaris T. and the effect of the extracts on the growth inhibition of two human hepatoma cells (Hep-G2, HUH7) and mouse liver cells (BNL). A two-factor central composite experimental design at 50 °C (323 K), a 2 h extraction time with pressures from 2000 psig (13.89 MPa) to 3000 psig (20.79 MPa) and an ethyl-acetate addition ratio from 5 to 10 wt%, were adopted to determine that the purity of capillarisin corresponds to the inhibition concentration (IC50 values) of the SC-CO2 extracts tested for Hep-G2 and HUH7 cells. The addition ratio of ethyl-acetate is the most important parameter in controlling the purity of capillarisin in the extracts. Experimental results indicated that adding 7.5 wt% ethyl-acetate to SC-CO2 extractions at 2500 psig (17.34 MPa) and 50 °C (323 K) yielded the highest purity of capillarisin (39.52 wt%) and the greatest growth inhibition for two hepatoma cells. The tested concentrations of these SC-CO2 extracts were from 15 to 400 μg/mL revealed that the IC50 values of 72 h cultivated Hep-G2 and HUH7 cells were all less than 50 μg/mL.

The fluorescence and phosphorescence of 2,2'-bis(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl shows good spectral matching with the absorption spectra of the MLCT1 and MLCT3 transitions of Ir(ppy)3. The red-shift of the 0-0 band in the phosphorescence at 77 K is due to the intramolecular pi-pi interactions between the oxadiazole side chains. Maximum brightness of 43,000 cd/m2 with an efficiency of 26 cd/A at 200 cd/m2 was achieved when BOBP was used as the host material for Ir(ppy)3 in the PHOLED study. [structure: see text].

This study examined supercritical carbon dioxide and near critical fluid extractions of artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. by varying pressure from 1000 psig (7.00 MPa) to 4500 psig (31.13 MPa), temperature from 30 to 60 °C, and co-solvent addition ratio ranged from 0 to 22.56 wt.%. The investigations included the total yield of the extracts, the recovery and the purity of artemisinin, and then the growth inhibition of rat hepatic stellate cells. Experimental results showed that dry supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was favorable for obtaining high purity but low recovery of artemisinin. A pre-loaded and continuing addition of co-solvent was proved to be effective in enhancing the recovery of artemisinin for the extractions near critical region. Moreover, a two-factor and three-level response surface methodology (RSM) disclosed that carbon dioxide added with 16.25 wt.% of N-hexane, extracted at 2700 psig (18.72 MPa), 33 °C, and for a period of 1.5 h could obtain an optimal value of quick recovery and high purity of artemisinin. Finally, treatments with the samples extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide and near critical fluids led to a strong inhibition of cell growth in primary cultured rat hepatic stellate cells.

We retrospectively reviewed the effectiveness of peripheral sympathectomy for severe Raynaud's phenomenon. In this study, a total of 14 digits from six patients with chronic digital ischemic change were included. All patients had pain, ulcer, or gangrenous change in the affected digits and were unresponsive to pharmacologic or other nonsurgical therapies. In all cases, angiography showed multifocal arterial lesions, so microvascular reconstruction was unfeasible. Peripheral sympathectomy was performed as a salvage procedure to prevent digit amputation. The results were analyzed according to reduction of pain, healing of ulcers, and prevention of amputation. In 12 of the 14 digits, the ulcers healed and amputation was avoided. In the other two digits, the ulcers improved and progressive gangrene was limited. As a salvage procedure for Raynaud's phenomenon recalcitrant to conservative treatment, peripheral sympathectomy improves perfusion to ischemic digits and enables amputation to be avoided.

The paper proposes a general framework for modeling multiple categorical latent variables (MCLV). The MCLV models extend latent class analysis or latent transition analysis to allow flexible measurement and structural components between endogenous categorical latent variables and exogenous covariates. Therefore, modeling frameworks in conventional structural equation models, for example, CFA and MIMIC models are feasible in the MCLV circumstances. Parameter estimations for the MCLV models are performed by using generalized expectation–maximization (E–M) algorithm. In addition, the adjusted Bayesian information criterion provides help for model selections. A substantive study of reading development is analyzed to illustrate the feasibility of MCLV models.

This study investigated any functional correlations between intelligences and spatially recorded quantitative electroencephalograms (QEEGs) in a nonalphabetical language group. Participants, between 6 and 8 years old, were sampled in a teaching hospital located at the central Taiwan region. The Chinese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) intelligence test and quantitative electroencephalograph recording procedures were both administrated to collect data. Intelligences were divided into two categories, verbal and performance intelligences, for statistical investigations. Statistical analyses of the noncontaminated QEEG dataset investigated the differentiability of each frequency on a single cortical region and coherence between cortical regions. Low QEEG frequencies were found to have a significant correlation with intelligences on some cortical regions. Coherence between symmetric cortical regions was found to be an important factor in predicting intelligences. Results showed the feasibility of functional brain mapping in the particular language population.

Ecological-inference-based statistical methods employ aggregated (ecological) data to approximately infer individual-level structures of interests when individual-level data were not available. Under the same conceptual frames, we introduce the ecological-inference-based latent growth model (EI-LGM) to analyze cross-years latent trends of a general population when longitudinally collected data were not available. We showed both the substantive values and methodological feasibilities of EI-LGMs. Substantively, we analyze results from several Taiwan Social Change Surveys (TSCS) to show the cross-years latent trends using a subscale of alienation psychological characteristics. Not only the cross-years movements of measurement constructs of the scale were shown, the trends of latent factors were revealed as well. More importantly, these trends can be formally tested under the frameworks of EI-LGMs. Statistically, EI-LGMs were implemented under the weighted least square (WLS) approaches because of the dichotomous outcomes of the subscale. We demonstrate some of the estimation methods as well as some cautions of interpreting EI-LGMs using the estimated results.

[reaction: see text] The diphenylamino group is an effective handle for electropolymerization to give electron donor-acceptor conjugated polymers. In addition, interesting electrochromic and photoresponsive behavior of 13 has been investigated.