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In this paper, we propose a photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion system (PVECS) fault detection scheme using a fractional-order color relation classifier in microdistribution systems. Based on electrical examination method, output power degradation is used to monitor physical conditions with changes in a PV array’s circuitry, including grounded faults, mismatch faults, bridged faults between two PV panels, and open-circuit faults. The PV array power depends on solar radiation and temperature, and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is used to maintain stable power supply to a microdistribution system in the event of a fault in the PVECS. The MPPT algorithm is employed to estimate the desired maximum power, which is then compared with the meter-read power. Fractional-order dynamic errors are determined to quantify output power degradation between the desired maximum power and the meter-read power. Then, a color relation analysis is used to separate normal conditions from fault events. For a PVECS with two panels in parallel, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is suitable for real-time applications and is flexible for fault identification. Its detection rates exceeded 88.23% for six events.

Fault occurrence or voltage disturbance, such as mismatch operations or electrical faults caused by structural changes in photovoltaic (PV) panels, local/remote faults, or heavy load operation, can disturb a PV energy conversion system (PVECS) on both the DC and AC sides. On the AC side, any serious disturbance can be isolated using power fuses, overcurrent protection and ground-fault protection devices. Therefore, the authors propose the use of fractional-order dynamic-error-based fuzzy Petri net (FPN) to detect disturbance events in a microdistribution system. PV energy conversion depends on solar radiation and temperature, and a maximum power point tracking control is used to maintain stable output power and voltage to microdistribution loads. When the desired maximum power is estimated, a bisection approach algorithm is used to regulate the output voltage of the PVECS by adjusting the duty ratios of a buck–boost converter. The maximum power drops, which are compared with meter-reading power from intelligent meters, are used to detect faults on the DC side. Then, fractional-order dynamic errors between the desired and estimated powers and a FPN are employed to detect faults. For a small-scale PVECS, computer simulations are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed model.

To efficiently detect non-technical loss and power blackout in micro-distribution systems, this study proposes using a cooperative game (CG) based inference mechanism under the advanced metering infrastructure technique. Fractional-order Sprott system is designed to extract specific features between the profiled usages and the measurement usages in real time analysis. The fractional-order dynamic errors are positive correlated with the changes in load usages, including normal conditions, electricity fraudulent events, and power blackout events. Then, multiple agents in a game and multiple CG based inference mechanisms are used to locate abnormalities in micro-distribution systems. For energy management applications, the proposed inference mechanism can identify the 2.5–20% irregular usages during normal demand operations. In addition, it can also identify the large changes >20% in usages, while a micro-distribution system is disconnected to operate in the islanded mode within a few hours. This function can address an outage occurrence and then quickly resume service using the service restoration strategy and distributed generations in a local grid. Using a medium-scale micro-distribution system, computer simulations are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed inference model.

An aggregator acts as a mediator or broker to a group of customers to participate in demand responses (DRs) in an electricity market. Key green policies have encouraged green financial loans to construct distributed generations (DGs) as a virtual power plant. Hence, an innovative business market integrates load management and ancillary services into a demand and generation aggregator. This controllable entity can reduce demands with incentive and contractual controls and dispatch the ancillary power. This study proposes DR programs and ancillary services using the dynamic game model in an aggregator business market. This strategy impartially dispatches reserve energy sources with customers’ dynamic demands, such as onsite generations and storage energy. The aim is to achieve the demand reduction from the main grid, further increasing system flexibility to activate active-duty DGs. A small customer group is selected to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Benefits for billing charges may arise.

Rich mineral paper (RMP) has the advantage of being energy efficient, clean and creating no pollution during its production processes, with low production costs, and enjoying naturally complete biodegradability, fully compatible with the emerging demands for energy efficient carbon reducing features and the trend for environmentally green solutions, so if this media can replace traditional paper uses to become a new print media, tremendous environmental efficacy can be expected. So this study aims to discuss the print quality performance characteristics of RMP applications in large print run offset printing operations. The study deploys True Experimental Study methodology, with use of the digital printing test target of Graphic Arts Technical Foundation (GATF), with flat offset printing on traditional coated paper and eco-friendly RMP, printing 800 sheets of each, with systematic random sampling of 35 samples for the study. Quality determinations rely on X-rite i1 Pro for elucidation of the printing quality characteristics for solid ink density, TVI, contrast, gray balance, and color gamut measurement. The results of this study indicate the KCMY solid ink density and contrast of the eco-friendly RMP were less than traditional coated paper; TVI value was higher than traditional coated paper; color gamut performance was less than the traditional coated paper. Optimal gray balance combination for RMP was determined as follows: 7% tone with C7M3Y4, 30% tone with C30M28Y26, 60% tone with C60M58Y5, and 80% tone with C80M76Y66. The study suggests that ink particularly suitable for RMP uses remains in need of development. Additionally, the study found that use of RMP in the paper machinery indicated transverse and longitudinal tensile strength is slightly inferior to the traditional coated paper, resulting in unsmooth surfaces post-printing, for which it is recommended that RMP makers should consider paper machinery structural aspects when pursuing future research on modifying solutions for greater printing efficacy with RMP.

This paper mainly proposes an efficient modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) method, to identify a slider-crank mechanism driven by a field-oriented PM synchronous motor. The parameters of many industrial machines are difficult to obtain if these machines cannot be taken apart. In system identification, we adopt the MPSO method to find parameters of the slider-crank mechanism. This new algorithm is added with “distance” term in the traditional PSO’s fitness function to avoid converging to a local optimum. Finally, the comparisons of numerical simulations and experimental results prove that the MPSO identification method for the slider-crank mechanism is feasible.

A novel singularity control method for a fully parallel robot manipulator was proposed in this paper. The damped least-square method has frequently been used to solve the singularity problem of resolved-acceleration control schemes. It works by damping accelerations of the end-effector, so that accelerations in the degenerated directions are zero at a singular point. However, its velocities may not be zero in some situations, in those cases they will encounter fluctuations around the singular point. In this paper, the control using damped velocity, being called the damped-rate resolved-acceleration control scheme (DRRAC) is proposed to overcome this drawback. We will show that the DRRAC is asymptotically stable, and discuss its convergent properties. The main advantage of the DRRAC in the 3RPS parallel manipulator control system is not to plan its path to avoid the singular point, and could improve the workspace. Illustrative examples are given to show its effectiveness in practical applications, and experimental results are taken to verify the proposed control scheme.

Blue-green emission of ZrO2:Ce3+ phosphor, prepared by solid-state reaction, is demonstrated. The phosphor presents a strong and broad photoluminescence band centered at 496 nm with excitation at 291 nm. The optimized Ce content is 2.5 mol% for the strongest emission of ZrO2:Ce3+ phosphors prepared without B2O3. The PL intensity is enhanced by at least 3 dB by adding 5.0 mol% B2O3 within the ZrO2:Ce3+ containing 5.0 mol% Ce during synthesis. Increase of the B2O3 flux effectively induces the Ce ions to substitute the Zr ions in ZrO2 lattice and causes the ZrO2 lattice distortion. The formation of Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 compound within the ZrO2:Ce3+ occurred when the Ce content is greater than or equal to 2.5 mol% for the phosphors prepared without B2O3 and leads to a degradation of the phosphor PL intensity due to the host effect. The addition of B2O3 during the preparation of phosphors containing Ce ions lower than or equal to 5.0 mol% essentially restrains the Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 formation and then enhances the blue-green PL.

This paper mainly proposes an efficient modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) method, to identify a Scott-Russell (SR) magnification mechanism driven by a piezoelectric actuator (PA), in which Bouc-Wen model is employed to describe the hysteresis phenomenon. In system identification, we adopt the MPSO to find parameters of the SR mechanism and the PA. This new algorithm is added with “distance” term in the traditional PSO's fitness function to avoid converging to a local optimum. It is found that the MPSO method can obtain optimal high-quality solution, high calculation efficiency, and its feasibility and effectiveness are demonstrated for the modified IEEE 30-bus system. Finally, the comparisons of numerical simulations and experimental results prove that the MPSO identification method for the SR magnification mechanism is feasible.

ZnS:Cu, Al phosphor is prepared by conventional solid-state reaction and is confirmed as an efficient phosphor for field emission display (FED). Broad photoluminescence (PL) band centered at 528 nm is obtained from the phosphor. The ZnS:Cu, Al and carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) are screen-printed on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate to prepare the anode and the cathode plates of FED, respectively. The luminous performance is studied by using a diode structure and is controllable by adjusting space distance between the anode and cathode plate as well as thickness of phosphor-layer on the anode plate. The optimized luminance is around 6231 cd m −2 when using a 0.25 mm spacer and applying an electric field of 6 V μm −1 .

In industrial manufacturing systems, the one or the more client motors are often arranged to follow the velocity of the master motor. The speed difference between these motors will effect the tension of the product. Hence, the synchronized control and the tension control are the important research topics in the manufacturing process. This paper proposes a novel modified multi-input–multi-output discrete pseudo model following integral variable structure control (MIMO DPMFIVSC) for the synchronism and tension control of dual motor system. By Grey model theory, the unknown model of tension control can be on-line established to be a pseudo grey model. A real time reference model is also transferred by the grey theory to accumulated model. The discrete integral variable structure control rule is used to eliminate the error between the pseudo and accumulated models. This object will achieve the model following work. Finally, a prototype of the dual motor system is developed for testing the performance of the proposed control scheme. Experimental results will show the robust potential and the practicability of the proposed controller.

By using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, a novel design method for the self-tuning PID control in a slider–crank mechanism system is presented in this paper. This paper demonstrates, in detail, how to employ the PSO so as to search efficiently for the optimal PID controller parameters within a mechanism system. The proposed approach has superior features, including: easy implementation; stable convergence characteristics; and good computational efficiency. Fast tuning of optimum PID controller parameters yields high-quality solutions. By using the PSO approach, both the initial PID parameters under normal operating conditions and the optimal parameters of PID control under fully-loaded conditions can be determined. The proposed self-tuning PID controller will automatically tune its parameters within these ranges. Moreover, the PC-based controller is implemented to control the position of the motor-mechanism coupling system. In order to prove the performance of the proposed PSO self-tuning PID controller, the responses are compared with those by the real-coded genetic algorithm (RGA) PID controller and the fixed PID controller. The numerical simulations and experimental results will show the potential of the proposed controller. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The dielectric function of Si nanocrystals embedded in a SiO2 matrix has been determined in the 1.6–6.2 eV spectral range. The Si nanocrystals have been obtained by annealing at 1000 °C SiOx layers with x=1.1 and 1.9. The dielectric function of the Si clusters has been determined without the use of any dispersion model. It exhibited three critical points located at 3.5, 4.25 and 5.6 eV for x=1.1 attributed to E1, E2 and E′1, respectively. For x=1.9 the contribution of E1 to the dielectric function intensity was strongly reduced while it increased at E2. E′1 was independent of x the composition of the films.

The dynamic equations of a flat panel glass-handling robot driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) are derived by use of Hamilton’s principle for the rigid and flexible models. In this paper, we adopt a new modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) to identify all the parameters of the robot and PMSM simultaneously. This new algorithm is added with a “distance” term in the traditional PSO’s fitness function to avoid converging to a local optimum. It is found that the MPSO method can obtain optimal high-quality solutions with high calculation efficiency. In this study, the convergence characteristics of the real-coded genetic algorithm (RGA), PSO and MPSO are compared to demonstrate that the MPSO is superior to the others on identification of the dynamic flexible model.

This paper proposed an issue aiming at the goal of pierces the relationship between the emission trading scheme and dynamic economic dispatch (DED) problem for the electricity utility. A model of the CO2 emission trading market will be introduced into DED problem incorporating wind power plants and independent power providers (IPPs). The CO2 emission trading is treated as the inner-cost, and the superfluous CO2 quotas will be resale into the market, whereas the shortage quotas should be purchased from the market. The accelerated particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm, which avoid prematurity convergence of the original PSO and improve searching efficiency, is introduced to determine the DED strategy of the utility with incorporation of renewable power generation and contribution of IPPs.

This paper mainly proposes an efficient modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) method, to identify a slidercrank mechanism driven by a field-oriented PM synchronous motor. In system identification, we adopt the MPSO method to find parameters of the slider-crank mechanism. This new algorithm is added with "distance" term in the traditional PSO-s fitness function to avoid converging to a local optimum. It is found that the comparisons of numerical simulations and experimental results prove that the MPSO identification method for the slider-crank mechanism is feasible., {"references":["Viscomi, B. V., and Arye, R. S., \"Nonlinear Dynamic Response of\nElastic Slider-Crank Mechanism\" ASME J. of Eng. for Industry, Vol. 93,\npp. 251-262, 1971.","Fung, R. F., \"Dynamic Response of the Flexible Connecting Rod of a\nSlider-Crank Mechanism with Time-Dependent Boundary Effect\"\nComputer & Structure, 63, No. 1,pp. 79-90, 1997.","Fung, R. F., Lin, F. J., Huang, J. S. and Wang, Y. C., \"Application of\nSliding Mode Control with a Low-pass Filter to the Constantly Rotating\nSlider-Crank Mechanism\" The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, C,\n40, No. 4, pp 717-722, 1997.","Lin, F. J., Fung, R. F., and Lin, Y. S., \"Adaptive Control of Slider-Crank\nMechanism Motion: Simulation and Experiments\", International Journal\nof System Science, 28, No. 12, pp. 1227-1238, 1997.","Kennedy, J., Eberhart, R. C., \"Particle Swarm Optimization\", Proceedings\nof the IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE\nPress, pp. 1942-1948, 1995.","Eberhart, R. C., Kennedy, J., \"A New Optimizer Using Particle Swarm\nTheory\", Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on\nMicromachine and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan, pp.39-43, 1995.","Wu, S. L. and Lin, S. K., 1997, \"Implementation of damped-rate resolvedacceleration\nrobot control,\" Control Engineering Practice, Vol. 5, No. 6,\npp. 791-800.","Campa, R., Kelly, R. and Garcia, E., 2001, \"On stability of the resolved\nacceleration control,\" In Proc. 2001 IEEE Int. Conf. On Robotics and\nAutomation, pp. 3523-3528.","Kennedy, J., \"The Particle Swarm: Social Adaptation of Knowledge\",\nProceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary\nComputation, Indianapolis, USA, pp. 303-308, 1997.\n[10] Naka, S., Genji, T., Yura, T., Fukuyama, Y., \"A Hybrid Particle Swarm\nOptimization for Distribution State Estimation\", IEEE Transactions on\nPower systems Vol. 18, No.1, pp.60-68, 2003.\n[11]Shi, Y., Eberhart, R.C. ,\" Empirical Study of Particle Swarm\nOptimization \",Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary\nComputation, IEEE Press, pp.1945-1950, 1999.\n[12] Lin, W. M., Cheng, F. S., and Tsay, M. T., \"Nonconvex Economic\nDispatch by Integrated Artificial Intelligence\", IEEE Transactions on\nPower systems, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 307-311, 2001.\n[13] Lin, W. M., Cheng, F. S., and Tsay, M. T., \"An Improved Tabu Search\nfor Economic Dispatch With Multiple Minima\", IEEE Transactions on\nPower systems, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 108-112, 2002.\n[14] Zhang, X., Huang, Y., Liu, J., Wang, X., and Gao, F., \"A Method\nIdentifying the Parameters of Bouc-Wen Hysteretic Nonlinear Model\nBased on Genetic Algorithm\", Intelligent Processing Systems, pp. 602-\n605, 1997.\n[15] Ha, J. L., Kung, Y. S., Fung, R. F., and Hsien, S. C., \"A Comparison of\nFitness Functions for the Identification of Piezoelectric Hysteretic\nActuator Based on the Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm\", Sensors and\nActuators , Vol.132, pp.643-650, 2006."]}

We propose an effective method to design a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) singularity control method for a fully parallel robot manipulator. By adopting MPSO to obtain simple and effective estimated damping values, the result automatically adjusts the damping value around a singular point and greatly improves the accuracy of system responses. This method works by damping accelerations of the end effector, so that accelerations along the degenerated directions are zero at a singular point. These velocities, however, may not be zero in some situations, in which case, fluctuations will be encountered around a singular point. To overcome this drawback, we propose a control scheme that uses both damped acceleration and damped velocity, called the hybrid damped resolved-acceleration control (HDRAC) scheme. The MPSO optimization method can immediately provide optimal damping factors when used in an online application. Our proposed approach offers such superior features as easy implementation, stable convergence characteristics, and good computational efficiency. The main advantage of the HDRAC with MPSO in the 3RPS parallel manipulator control system is that it is not necessary for the system to plan its path for avoiding the singular point; thus, the workspace can be improved. Illustrative examples are provided to show the effectiveness of this HDRAC in practical applications, and experimental results verifying the utility of the proposed control scheme are presented.

In industrial manufacturing systems, one or more client motors are often arranged to follow the velocity of the master motor. The speed difference between these motors will affect the tension of the product. Hence, the synchronized control and the tension control are the important research topics in the manufacturing process. This paper proposes a novel modified multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) discrete integral variable structure control (DIVSC) for the synchronism and tension control of dual motor systems. By the Grey model theory, the unknown model of tension control can be established on-line to be a pseudo-Grey model. Based on these pseudo-Grey models, the model-based MIMO DIVSC can proceed with the design procedures. Finally, a prototype of the dual motor system is developed for testing the performance of the proposed control scheme. Experimental results will show the robust potential and the practicability of the proposed controller.

SiOx(1

A set of innovative phase-shifting algorithms developed to facilitate metrology based on electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) are presented. The theory of a phase-shifting algorithm, called a (5,1) algorithm, that takes five phase-shifted intensity maps before a specimen is deformed and one intensity map after a specimen is deformed is presented first. Because a high-speed camera can be used to record the dynamic image of the specimen, this newly developed algorithm has the potential to retain the phase-shifting capability for ESPI in dynamic measurements. Also shown is an algorithm called a (1,5) algorithm that takes five phase-shifted intensity maps after the specimen is deformed. In addition, a direct-correlation algorithm was integrated with these newly developed (5,1) or (1,5) algorithms to form DC-(5,1) and DC-(1,5) algorithms, which are shown to improve significantly the quality of the phase maps. The theoretical and experimental aspects of these two newly developed techniques, which can extend ESPI to areas such as high-speed dynamic measurements, are examined in detail.