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Introduction: Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors (HIF-PHI) are a new treatment for renal anemia. HIF-PHI is believed to increase iron usage to improve availability of iron for erythropoiesis. Therefore, there is concern that HIF-PHI might be prone to iron deficiency and that thrombosis might be induced by increased platelet and transferrin levels due to this iron deficiency. Methods: Relationship of iron-related factors with platelet count (PLT) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC; which reflects the transferrin level) were examined in 29 patients who were treated with darbepoetin alfa (DA) and then switched to roxadustat (Rox). To determine how changes in PLT and TIBC related to changes in iron-related factors, univariable and multivariable linear regression models were applied. To examine what iron-related factors on Day 0 influenced change in PLT, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression analysis for a rate of change in PLT ≤0% as the endpoint. Logistic regression analysis was performed with the reference group having serum ferritin (s-ft) or Transferrin saturation below the corresponding cutoff value (low vs. high). Results: Multivariable analysis showed significant positive correlations between the rate of change in PLT and the change in s-ft and red blood cells (RBC) count {β-coefficients; 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.17–0.62], p = 0.001} (β-coefficients; 30.45 [95% CI: 10.90–50.00], p = 0.004). The rate of change in TIBC was significantly positively correlated with only the change in RBC count. The ROC showed a significant cutoff value for s-ft of 77.2 ng/mL (sensitivity 63.6%, specificity 83.3%, area under the curve 0.76, 95% CI 0.55–0.96). Multivariable logistic regression also showed that only high s-ft was significantly elevated (9.46, 95% CI 1.42–63.30, p = 0.020). Conclusions: This study showed that changes in PLT were correlated with s-ft and amount of hematopoiesis. This suggests that an increase in PLT due to iron levels is less likely when s-ft is 77.2 ng/mL or higher at the time of switching from DA to Rox. In contrast, TIBC was only related to hematopoiesis in these patients. Control of s-ft before initiation of HIF-PHI treatment and gradual hematopoiesis might reduce the risk of thrombosis when switching from erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to HIF-PHI.

This article suggests three teaching ideas to help L2 learners improve speaking performances through form-focused instruction using formulaic language. Formulaic language is considered an effective way to foster speaking fluency because prefabricated chunks are faster to retrieve than constructing sentences word by word (Wray, 2002). In spite of the benefits of learning formulaic language in L2 learning theory, few empirical studies were found which examined the effects of formulaic language instruction in intact classrooms, in particular in the EFL (English as a Foreign Language) context. By introducing some effective classroom tasks to foster L2 learners’ speaking fluency focusing on formulaic language in this article, the author emphasizes the need for empirical research involving EFL learners.

Optimal iron level in hemodialysis patients remains a subject of debate. The reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) is believed to reflect the concentration of iron required in the most recent hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. CHr is not influenced by any factors that measure direct hemoglobin (Hb) of reticulocytes and is considered a reliable indicator. The supply of iron for Hb synthesis is regulated by hepcidin-25 (Hep-25). However, CHr and Hep-25 measurements are not covered by the Japanese medical insurance system. Serum ferritin (s-ft) and transferrin saturation (TSAT) are used mainly as indicators of internal iron status. Therefore, we examined the relationships among CHr, s-ft, TSAT, and Hep-25 to determine the optimal iron level. This report presents the clinical significance of CHr, the potential use of CHr for the diagnosis of iron deficiency, and tests for optimal iron level using CHr as performed in our hospital.

Background Skin occlusion caused by the use of diapers or sanitary napkins often results in irritant contact dermatitis. Furthermore, prolonged occlusion and exposure to body fluids are known to increase skin hydration and permeability, thus leading to irritant contact dermatitis. Objective To investigate the effects of water exposure on the skin and its barrier functions, in order to obtain more insights into the mechanisms of irritant contact dermatitis. Methods Water patches were applied to the volar forearm skin of 10 human subjects for 3 hours. Permeability of the stratum corneum (SC) was examined with methyl nicotinate (MN). Alterations in the hydration and ultrastructure of the SC were measured with Raman spectroscopy and multiphoton microscopy, respectively. Results Water profiles found with Raman spectroscopy showed notable increases in water content throughout the SC and skin surface. Multiphoton microscopy showed morphological changes in the intercellular space of the SC. Emerged pools seemed to contribute to increased MN absorption. Conclusion Excessive skin hydration leading to changes in the SC ultrastructure might result in increased skin permeability to skin irritants and allergens.

Iron deficiency leads to the suppression of hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis and induces metabolic disorders. In contrast, iron overload not only reduces the iron utilization efficiency but also induces oxidative stress. Iron metabolism in the body is closely regulated by hepcidin, a short peptide produced by the liver. Unfortunately, conventional iron indices may not always accurately reflect the iron status. For example, Hb concentration assessed using mature erythrocytes do not accurately reflect the real-time iron status due to their long lifespan. Reticulocytes are differentiated from erythroblasts after Hb synthesis and transform into mature erythrocytes in 1–2 days upon release into peripheral blood. Thus, Hb content in reticulocytes (Hb-ret) is more reflective of real-time Hb synthesis. Moreover, Hb-ret is affected only by the amount of iron intake as long as there is no hematopoietic disorder. Reticulocyte Hb content (CHr) can be accurately and inexpensively measured as Hb-ret by commercial H*3 or ADVIA hematology analyzers. CHr has been shown to be more effective than other indices of iron metabolism for the diagnosis of iron deficiency, for early detection of the therapeutic effects of iron therapy, and for differentiation of the beta thalassemia trait.

The 2020 Covid-19 pandemic changed the delivery of many classes from face-to-face to online. This study was an attempt to investigate online English teaching self-efficacy by surveying 138 university English teachers in Japan during the pandemic. A survey with 30 Likert-scale items was developed to examine four latent constructs of online teaching self-efficacy: pedagogy, technology, communicative language teaching (CLT), and self-management. In addition, how these constructs correlated with each other as well as the relative contribution of the participants’ background variables and questionnaire subscales to overall self-efficacy were examined. Results showed that teachers were highly self-efficacious about teaching online especially with the integration of technology but were not self-efficacious to manage themselves online especially with time usage. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis showed that the four constructs predicted the participants’ overall self-efficacy, but their background variables did not impact their overall self-efficacy to teach online. 2020年Covid-19パンデミックで多くの授業が対面からオンラインに切り替わった。本研究では、日本の138名の大学英語教員へのアンケート調査によるオンライン授業に対する自己効力感を調査した。30項目のリッカート尺度を用いた質問項目では、自己効力感の四つの潜在的構成要素（教授法、テクノロジー、コミュニカティブ・ランゲージティーチング、自己管理）を調べた。加えて、これらの構成要素間の相関関係を調べ、さらに潜在構成要素と教員層データがオンライン授業全体に対する自己効力感にどの程度影響するのか分析を行った。結果、英語教員はオンライン授業に対しての自己効力感が高いことが明らかになった。教員がテクノロジーに対して高い自己効力感を持ったものの、自己管理、特に時間の利用に対しては自己効力感が低かった。また回帰分析では、四つの構成要素は英語教員の全体的な自己効力感を説明するが、教員層データは影響を及ぼさないことがわかった。

The humidity was a well-known method to hydrate the skin; however, the published data were varied, and systemic experiments in the previous papers were few. Therefore, the in vitro permeation of excised porcine ear skin by drugs with different polarities [aminopyrine (AMP), antipyrine (ANP), methylparaben (MP), and ibuprofen (IP)] was analyzed under a constant skin surface temperature with different temperatures and humidities to reveal the effects of temperature and humidity on the skin permeation enhancement effects. Applied formulations were prepared by mixing the drug and a hydrophilic vehicle containing glycerin. The disposition-distance profiles of water and the humectant glycerin in the stratum corneum were also investigated using confocal Raman microscopy. High absolute humidity (AH) significantly contributed to the high skin penetration of the hydrophilic penetrants AMP, ANP, and MP but not the hydrophobic penetrant IP. An increase in the partition parameter and a decrease in the diffusivity parameter occurred with an increase in AH, independent of drug polarity. Moreover, we found that dew condensation induced by high AH on temperature-controlled skin surface may effectively increase water content and may provide higher glycerin distribution in the skin barrier, the stratum corneum. Increasing the amount of water and hydrophilic vehicles such as glycerin in the stratum corneum may enhance the permeation of hydrophilic penetrants AMP, ANP, and MP. These data suggested a dew condensation on the skin surface induced by high AH at a constant skin surface temperature would be important to enhance hydrophilic penetrants.

Roxadustat (Rox), a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizer, is now available for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis (HD) patients. To investigate hematopoietic effect and iron metabolism, this study involved 30 HD patients who were initially treated with darbepoetin (DA), a conventional erythropoietin-stimulating agent, and then switched to Rox. We measured erythrocyte, reticulocyte indices, and iron-related factors at every HD during the first two weeks after the treatment switch (Days 0&ndash, 14) and again on Days 21 and 28. We measured erythropoietin (EPO) concentration every week and examined their changes from Day-0 values. The same variables were measured in 15 HD patients who continued DA at every HD for one week. Iron-related factors were also measured on Days 14 and 28. In the Rox group, hepcidin significantly decreased from Day 2. The reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) significantly increased on Day 4, but decreased with a significant increase in reticulocyte count from Day 7. Log10(serum ferritin) significantly decreased after Day 11. Log10(EPO concentration) was lower at all time points. Compared with the DA group, the Rox group showed significant differences in all variables except CHr. These results suggest that Rox improves hematopoiesis and iron metabolism early after administration independent of EPO concentration.

Normal iron metabolism is essential for effective hemoglobin (Hb) production in the management of renal anemia. Considering that studies regarding the optimal Hb levels predated the creation of the iron management indices found in the treatment guidelines for hemodialysis (HD) patients, an increase in the Hb levels caused by intravenous iron supplementation has been used as an iron management index. However, no consideration was given to iron metabolism or the long-term safety of intravenous iron supplementation. Although iron is a vital trace element in humans, it can also be toxic, and its metabolism is carefully controlled, with several factors affecting it. Considering that the details regarding the mechanisms underlying iron metabolism have been elucidated recently, a study regarding iron management that is safe and considers iron metabolism status effective for Hb production in patients with renal anemia is warranted. This study presents information regarding iron metabolism in patients on HD, the factors that influence iron metabolism in such patients, and the problems with existing treatment guidelines in Japan, apart from discussing the optimal iron levels and optimal Hb production indices.

Normal iron metabolism is essential for effective hemoglobin (Hb) production in the management of renal anemia. Considering that studies regarding the optimal Hb levels predated the creation of the iron management indices found in the treatment guidelines for hemodialysis (HD) patients, an increase in the Hb levels caused by intravenous iron supplementation has been used as an iron management index. However, no consideration was given to iron metabolism or the long-term safety of intravenous iron supplementation. Although iron is a vital trace element in humans, it can also be toxic, and its metabolism is carefully controlled, with several factors affecting it. Considering that the details regarding the mechanisms underlying iron metabolism have been elucidated recently, a study regarding iron management that is safe and considers iron metabolism status effective for Hb production in patients with renal anemia is warranted. This study presents information regarding iron metabolism in patients on HD, the factors that influence iron metabolism in such patients, and the problems with existing treatment guidelines in Japan, apart from discussing the optimal iron levels and optimal Hb production indices.

Background Optimal iron levels in patients on hemodialysis are currently unknown, and a higher level than that for the healthy population is usually set for such patients considering the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or the occurrence of chronic inflammation. However, excessive iron causes oxidative stress and impairment of its utilization by cells. Therefore we investigated the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) level and iron status in hemodialysis patients to identify the optimal iron levels for patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods A total of 208 outpatients on maintenance hemodialysis were followed up between July 2006 and June 2007. Men accounted for 64.9% cases [mean age, 59.3 ± 13.1 years and median dialysis history, 7.7 (3.6–13.2) years], and diabetic nephropathy accounted for 25.0% cases. Hemoglobin level was measured twice a month and serum ferritin, serum iron, and total iron-binding capacity were measured once a month. The doses of recombinant human erythropoietin and low-dose iron supplement were adjusted to maintain a hemoglobin level of 10–11 g/dL, according to the guidelines of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. Hepcidin was measured at baseline. Using the mean values for 1-year period, the relationships among hemoglobin, serum ferritin levels, and transferrin saturation levels were investigated based on a receiver operating characteristic curve and a logistic regression model. In addition, the correlations among serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and hepcidin levels were analyzed by Pearson product—moment correlation coefficient and linear regression model. Results By receiver operating characteristic curve, the cutoff point of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation levels with a hemoglobin ≥10 g/dL showed

This report presents a rare and interesting case of papillary thyroid carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal duct remnant (TDR) that was diagnosed by three-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT). The patient, a 61-year-old woman, presented with a painless mass in the anterior suprahyoid region that had gradually enlarged over a 2-year period. Three-dimensional CT successfully revealed the thyroglossal duct (TD) descending from the tumor to the isthmus of the thyroid. An ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the tumor was positive for carcinoma. A total thyroidectomy was performed in addition to the Sistrunk procedure. The histological findings indicated papillary thyroid carcinoma arising in the TDR and thyroid papillary microcarcinoma in the left thyroid lobe. The patient underwent radioactive iodine ablation and thyroid suppression therapy. This is apparently the first reported case of papillary thyroid carcinoma arising in a TDR evaluated using 3DCT. Three-dimensional CT was able to clarify the relative locations of the tumor, TD, and thyroid in the present case, and visualization of the TD allowed a definitive preoperative diagnosis that would not otherwise have been possible using conventional imaging techniques. This case suggests that 3DCT may therefore play an important role in providing definitive information on patients with anterior neck masses that are difficult to diagnose.

われわれは，Twardowskiらの方法と當間らの方法を組み合わせた簡易ボタンホール作製法を報告した．しかし，この方法では，同一スタッフが同一部位に同一方向で通常の穿刺針を数回反復穿刺しボタンホール（BH）を作製するため，穿刺孔の広がりおよびBHが完成するまでの穿刺スタッフ固定の問題があった．今回，これらの問題を改善するために，穿刺針1回穿刺によるBH作製法を考案し，安全性と有用性を検討した．週3回血液透析を継続している外来患者で，血管の可動が大きい症例と内シャント感染の既往症例を除外した9例の中から文書による同意が得られた8名（男性2名，女性6名，年齢64.3±8.5歳，原疾患：慢性糸球体腎炎5名，糖尿病性腎症2名，腎硬化症1名）を対象とした．なお，7名は穿刺痛軽減，1名は止血時間短縮を目的に同意した．初回穿刺は通常のカニューラ穿刺針を用いて行い，次回穿刺以降は，BH専用針を用いて挿入を行った．7症例（87.5％）が通常穿刺針による1回穿刺のみで，次回透析からBH専用針で挿入できたが，1症例が挿入不可能であった．BH作製可能であった症例において，現在までのところBH使用期間は約3か月であるが，感染やドロップアウトはなくBH挿入を継続中である．また，BH作製前穿刺痛とBH作製30日後挿入痛を比較すると，6例（85.7％）で低下し，疼痛をまったく自覚しなくなった症例も認めたが，VAS scoreによる比較では，46.7±22.5（10～70）から25±13.9（0～40）に減少したものの，有意差は認めなかった．止血時間短縮目的の1例では，20分かかっていた止血時間が10分へ短縮した．穿刺孔の広がり，コスト面，穿刺スタッフの固定などの指摘されているBH作製法の問題を改善できる通常針1回穿刺によるBH作製法は，多くの症例に安全に施行できる有用な方法であり，BH作製法の普及につながることが期待される．

We present a rare case of follicular carcinoma arising from the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid in a 21-year-old woman. Radical resection of the thyroid isthmus was performed, followed by adjuvant hormonal therapy with levothyroxine. After 15 months of follow-up, the patient remains disease-free. Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents is rare, and also rarely arises in the pyramidal lobe. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this type of neoplasm arising from the thyroid pyramidal lobe. We are following up this case carefully, and if recurrence or metastasis or both occur, we plan to perform total thyroidectomy and ablation with (131)I. This case suggests the importance of the differential diagnosis of midline cervical masses and the management of this type of neoplasm in adolescents.

We screened DNAs from 48 Japanese individuals for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by directly sequencing the entire relevant genomic regions except for repetitive-sequence elements. This approach identified 147 SNPs and 31 insertion/deletion polymorphisms among the eight GPCR genes. On average, we identified one SNP in every 584 nucleotides. Of the 147 SNPs, 69 were identified in AGTR1, 12 in AGTR2, nine in AGTRL1, 20 in AVPR1A, nine in AVPR2, 16 in DRD1, six in ITGA2B, and six in PTGIR. Twenty-one SNPs were located in 5' flanking regions, 76 in introns, 32 in exons, and 18 in 3' flanking regions. These variants should contribute to investigations of possible correlations between genotypes and phenotypes as regards susceptibility to disease or responsiveness to drug therapy.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid molecule that acts as both an extracellular signaling mediator and an intracellular second messenger. S1P is synthesized from sphingosine by sphingosine kinase and is degraded either by S1P lyase or by S1P phosphohydrolase. Recently, mammalian S1P phosphohydrolase (SPP1) was identified and shown to constitute a novel lipid phosphohydrolase family, the SPP family. In this study we have identified a second human S1P phosphohydrolase, SPP2, based on sequence homology to human SPP1. SPP2 exhibited high phosphohydrolase activity against S1P and dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate. The dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity was efficiently inhibited by excess S1P but not by lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, or glycerol 3-phosphate, indicating that SPP2 is highly specific to sphingoid base 1-phosphates. Immunofluorescence microscopic analysis demonstrated that SPP2 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Although the enzymatic properties and localization of SPP2 were similar to those of SPP1, the tissue-specific expression pattern of SPP2 was different from that of SPP1. Thus, SPP2 is another member of the SPP family that may play a role in attenuating intracellular S1P signaling.

We screened DNAs of 48 Japanese individuals for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six genes encoding proteins of the solute carrier (SLC) family by direct sequencing of their entire genomic regions except for repetitive-sequence elements. This approach identified 213 SNPs and 25 insertion/deletion polymorphisms among the six genes. On average, we identified 1 SNP in every 509 nucleotides. Of the 213 SNPs, 14 were identified in the SLC10A1 gene, 51 in SLC15A1, 29 in SLC22A1, 27 in SLC22A2, 54 in SLC22A4, and 38 in SLC22A5. Eight were located in 5' flanking regions, 172 in introns, 25 in exons, and 8 in 3' flanking regions. These variants should contribute to investigations of possible correlations between genotypes and phenotypes as regards disease susceptibilities or responsiveness to drug therapy.

We screened DNAs from 48 Japanese individuals for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding 13 cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and 14 aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) by directly sequencing their entire genomic regions except for repetitive elements. This approach identified 810 SNPs and 96 insertion/deletion polymorphisms among the 27 genes. Of the 810 SNPs, 229 were identified among the CYP genes and 581 in the ALDH genes; of the total, 48 SNPs were located in 5' flanking regions, 619 in introns, 91 in exons, and 52 in 3' flanking regions. These variants should contribute to studies designed to investigate possible correlations between genotypes and phenotypes of disease susceptibility or responsiveness to drug therapy.

Gangliosides are known as modulators of transmembrane signaling by regulating various receptor functions. We have found that insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was accompanied by increased GM3 ganglioside expression caused by elevating GM3 synthase activity and its mRNA. We also demonstrated that TNF-alpha simultaneously produced insulin resistance by uncoupling insulin receptor activity toward insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and suppressing insulin-sensitive glucose transport. Pharmacological depletion of GM3 in adipocytes by an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase prevented the TNF-alpha-induced defect in insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and also counteracted the TNF-alpha-induced serine phosphorylation of IRS-1. Moreover, when the adipocytes were incubated with exogenous GM3, suppression of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and IRS-1 and glucose uptake in response to insulin stimulation was observed, demonstrating that GM3 itself is able to mimic the effects of TNF on insulin signaling. We used the obese Zucker fa/fa rat and ob/ob mouse, which are known to overproduce TNF-alpha mRNA in adipose tissues, as typical models of insulin resistance. We found that the levels of GM3 synthase mRNA in adipose tissues of these animals were significantly higher than in their lean counterparts. Taken together, the increased synthesis of cellular GM3 by TNF may participate in the pathological conditions of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.

We screened DNAs from 48 Japanese individuals for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine genes encoding components of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B (ABCB/MDR/TAP) by directly sequencing the entire applicable genomic regions except for repetitive elements. This approach identified 297 SNPs and 29 insertion/deletion polymorphisms among the nine genes. Of the 297 SNPs, 50 were identified in the ABCB1 gene, 14 in TAP], 35 in TAP2, 48 in ABCB4, 13 in ABCB7, 21 in ABCB8, 21 in ABCB9, 13 in ABCB10, and 82 in ABCB11. Thirteen were located in 5' flanking regions, 237 in introns, 37 in exons, and 10 in 3' flanking regions. These variants may contribute to investigations of possible correlations between genotypes and disease-susceptibility phenotypes or responsiveness to drug therapy.

Background: The optimal level of serum ferritin (s-ft) for anemia control and good survival in hemodialysis (HD) patients remains unclear. A 10-year survey was performed to clarify the appropriate quantities of s-ft and investigate the relationships among s-ft, transferrin saturation (TSAT), and mortality in HD patients. Methods: HD outpatients (n = 125) treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) were followed for 10 years. The ESA and low-dose iron supplement dosages were adjusted to maintain the hemoglobin (Hb) at 10-11 g/dl, according to Japanese guidelines. The Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank tests, and the Cox proportional hazards model were used for performing the statistical analyses. The interactions among the Hb, s-ft, and TSAT were analyzed using a multiple linear regression model. Patients with TSAT ≥20% were classified according to the s-ft cutoff values: group 1 (s-ft 80 ng/ml); TSAT Results: The survival rate in group 2 was significantly higher than that in other groups (p = 0.013), and the Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed a good effect of low levels of s-ft on patients' survival. The multiple linear regression model showed a strong effect of s-ft on the Hb (log [s-ft], β-coefficient −0.45: 95% confidence interval −0.65 to −0.26, p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study revealed that low levels of s-ft have a beneficial effect on the outcome of HD patients receiving ESA. Thus, the optimal s-ft level might be lower than that established previously for these patients.

In this study, I explored the effects of pretask planning on the oral performance in monologue tasks of Japanese university students. The participants in this study were 29 first-year Japanese university students. A Latin square design was employed. The participants did a monologue narrative task with four different types of planning: solo-written brainstorming, paired-interactive planning, teacher-led planning, and no planning. For each planning condition, 58 speech samples were analyzed totaling 232 speech samples in all. The speakers’ oral performances were audio recorded and analyzed based on the CAF (complexity, accuracy, and fluency) framework. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) results indicated that teacher-led planning and pair-work planning had a significant effect on complexity in students’ speaking performance when compared to the no-planning condition. The importance of input-mining and teachers’ roles is discussed. 本研究は、日本人大学生のスピーキングに焦点を当て、モノローグ型タスクを行う前の準備活動（pretask planning）の効果について調査した。研究参加者は29名の大学1年生である。ラテン方格デザインを用いた。モノローグ型のスピーキング・タスクを行う前に、次の準備活動を行った（個別ブレインストーミング、ペアワーク、教師主導型、準備なし）。事前準備活動ごとに、58のスピーチサンプルが分析され、合計で232のスピーチが分析された。録音された音声データは文字起こしされ、CAF指標（complexity, accuracy, fluency）に沿って分析された。多変量分散分析の結果から、学習者は、教師主導とペアワークによる事前準備活動を行うと、より複雑な文章を発することがわかった。タスクを行う前のインプットの効果とタスク活動における教師の役割について教育的な示唆を述べる。

Tris(2-methoxyphenyl)bismuthane works as both a mild dehydrating agent and a good template for macrocyclic ester synthesis; prolonged heating of the bismuthane with a dicarboxylic acid anhydride and a glycol in toluene under reflux afforded the corresponding macrocyclic 1:1 diester in moderate to good yields, together with a small amount of a macrocyclic 2:2 tetraester.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 is a critical transcriptional regulator of energy metabolism. Here we found that PGC-1alpha is a short lived and aggregation-prone protein. PGC-1alpha localized throughout the nucleoplasm and was rapidly destroyed via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Upon proteasome inhibition, PGC-1alpha formed insoluble polyubiquitinated aggregates. Ubiquitination of PGC-1alpha depended on the integrity of the C terminus-containing arginine-serine-rich domains and an RNA recognition motif. Interestingly, ectopically expressed C-terminal fragment of PGC-1alpha was autonomously ubiquitinated and aggregated with promyelocytic leukemia protein. Cooperation of the N-terminal region containing two PEST-like motifs was required for prevention of aggregation and targeting of the polyubiquitinated PGC-1alpha for degradation. This region thereby negatively controlled the aggregation properties of the C-terminal region to regulate protein turnover and intranuclear compartmentalization of PGC-1alpha. Exogenous expression of the PGC-1alpha C-terminal fragment interfered with degradation of full-length PGC-1alpha and enhanced its coactivation properties. We concluded that PGC-1alpha function is critically regulated at multiple steps via intramolecular cooperation among several distinct structural domains of the protein.

We screened DNAs from 48 Japanese individuals for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight cytochrome p450 ( CYP) genes, nine esterase genes, and two other genes by directly sequencing the relevant genomic regions in their entirety except for repetitive elements. This approach identified 607 SNPs and 73 insertion/deletion polymorphisms among the 19 genes examined. Of the 607 SNPs, 284 were identified in CYP genes, 302 in esterase genes, and 21 in the other two genes ( GGT1, and TGM1); overall, 37 SNPs were located in 5' flanking regions, 496 in introns, 55 in exons, and 19 in 3' flanking regions. These variants should contribute to studies designed to investigate possible correlations between genotypes and phenotypes of disease susceptibility or responsiveness to drug therapy.

We screened DNAs from 48 Japanese individuals for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight genes encoding the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C (ABCC/ MRP/CFTR), by direct sequencing of their entire genomic regions, except repetitive sequence elements. This approach identified 688 SNPs and 91 insertion/deletion polymorphisms among the eight genes. Of the 688 SNPs, 81 were identified in the ABCC1 gene, 41 in ABCC2, 30 in ABCC3, 230 in ABCC4, 76 in ABCC5, 58 in CFTR, 102 in ABCC8. and 70 in ABCC9. Six SNPs were located in the 5' flanking regions, 617 in introns, 46 in exons, and 19 in the 3' flanking regions. These variants should contribute to studies that investigate possible correlations of genotypes with disease-susceptibility phenotypes and responsiveness or adverse effects to drugs.