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OBJECTIVES We aim to describe the use of continuous infusion of neuromuscular blocking agents in mechanically ventilated critically ill children and to test its association with in-hospital mortality. DESIGN Multicenter, registry-based, observational, two-cohort-comparison retrospective study using prospectively collected data from a web-based national registry. SETTING Seventeen PICUs in Italy. PATIENTS We included children less than 18 years who received mechanical ventilation and a neuromuscular blocking agent infusion from January 2010 to October 2017. A propensity score-weighted Cox regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and in-hospital mortality. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 23,227 patients admitted to the PICUs during the study period, 3,823 patients were included. Patients who received a continuous infusion of neuromuscular blocking agent were more likely to be younger (p < 0.001), ex-premature (p < 0.001), and presenting with less chronic respiratory insufficiency requiring home mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001). Reasons for mechanical ventilation significantly differed between patients who received a continuous infusion of neuromuscular blocking agent and patients who did not receive a continuous infusion of neuromuscular blocking agent, with a higher frequency of respiratory and cardiac diagnosis among patients who received neuromuscular blocking agents compared with other diagnoses (all p < 0.001). The covariates were well balanced in the propensity-weighted cohort. The mortality rate significantly differed among the two cohorts (patients who received a continuous infusion of neuromuscular blocking agent 21% vs patients who did not receive a continuous infusion of neuromuscular blocking agent 11%; p < 0.001 by weighted logistic regression). Patients who received a continuous infusion of neuromuscular blocking agent experienced longer mechanical ventilation and PICU stay (both p < 0.001 by weighted logistic regression). A weighted Cox regression analysis found the use of neuromuscular blocking agents to be a significant predictor of in-hospital mortality both in the unadjusted analysis (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2) and in the adjusted one (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1). CONCLUSIONS Thirteen percent of mechanically ventilated children in PICUs received neuromuscular blocking agents. When adjusting for selection bias with a propensity score approach, the use of neuromuscular blocking agent was found to be a significant predictor of in-hospital mortality.

Alternative splicing is a regulatory mechanism essential for cell differentiation and tissue organization. More than 90% of human genes are regulated by alternative splicing events, which participate in cell fate determination. The general mechanisms of splicing events are well known, whereas only recently have deep-sequencing, high throughput analyses and animal models provided novel information on the network of functionally coordinated, tissue-specific, alternatively spliced exons. Heart development and cardiac tissue differentiation require thoroughly regulated splicing events. The ribonucleoprotein RBM20 is a key regulator of the alternative splicing events required for functional and structural heart properties, such as the expression of TTN isoforms. Recently, the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein PTBP1 has been demonstrated to participate with RBM20 in regulating splicing events. In this review, we summarize the updated knowledge relative to RBM20 and PTBP1 structure and molecular function; their role in alternative splicing mechanisms involved in the heart development and function; RBM20 mutations associated with idiopathic dilated cardiovascular disease (DCM); and the consequences of RBM20-altered expression or dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss the possible application of targeting RBM20 in new approaches in heart therapies.

A data management system has been created for the 4-year research project to manage the results of the study of the wall paintings by Gino Severini in fve Swiss churches (https://www.stluc.ch/). The project involves art historical and scientifc research to investigate painting materials and techniques. The data produced by the multidisciplinary team is vast and varied and is archived in a database (Db) designed to act both as a fle repository and as an exchange platform. The documentation is based on a 3D survey carried out with stereo photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning. The Db contains data sheets describing ‘entities’ which can be physical objects with cultural signifcance (e.g. a wall painting) or the structures containing them (e.g. the church). It is possible to establish hierarchical relationships between entities, e.g. the church, the apse, one of the paintings in the apse etc.. There are no limits to the number of sub-entities that can be created and nested one in the other recursively (as folders and sub-folders). In this way, the Db structure can register any type of activity involving the heritage by collecting all the documentation and data produced at all levels. Data includes vector drawings that are recorded as tables in the Db and can be visualized as maps. These allow the linking of any fle and data sheet, providing immediate access to information starting from the map. Data entry is carried out by the professionals creating it, i.e. the project team members. The system has a client-server architecture based on PostgreSQL with the PostGIS extension server side and is currently accessed by the team through a front-end application based on Access and a cartographic application based on QuantumGIS. The challenge and the innovation of this system is to allow professionals from the diferent disciplines within the research groups to safely enter and access data working with sophisticated profled privileges while the project is on-going. Once the project is completed, in an ‘Open science’ framework, data will be accessible to common users and to specialists. The Severini project is in its second year and currently two of the fve churches have been studied. The paper will discuss the challenges encountered, the solutions developed, and the potentiality and fexibility of the data model designed.

BackgroundLoss of consciousness (LOC) is often seen in children. The response of caregivers to a child with LOC has been poorly investigated. Potential caregivers (parents, teachers) seem to have a poor knowledge of the recovery position (RP)—that is, the position into which an unconscious child should be placed in order to protect the airway.ObjectivesTo report the management and diagnoses of LOC in childhood, and to evaluate variables associated with an increased hospital admission rate.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of consecutive children aged between 0 and 18 years diagnosed with LOC at 11 paediatric emergency departments (PEDs) of 6 European countries. The enrolment period was 3 months. Data were obtained from parental interviews, PED reports and clinical examination.Results553 children were enrolled. The most frequent final diagnoses causing LOC were seizures (n=278, 50.3%), and vasovagal syncope (n=124, 22.4%). Caregivers put the child in the RP in 145 cases (26.2%). The RP was independently associated with a significant decrease in the admission rate (aOR=0.28; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.48; pConclusionsOur study demonstrates for the first time that the RP may reduce the admission rate of infants with LOC. Caregivers often perform inadequate manoeuvres when a child becomes unconscious. Campaigns aiming at increasing knowledge of the RP should be promoted.

We report the case of a patient with Kawasaki disease whose initial presentation mimicked a retropharyngeal abscess and review the literature of this topic (16 cases reported). Fever and deep neck infection like symptoms were the only clinical findings at admission in 87.5% children. All children had a neck CT scan performed showing findings suggestive of retropharyngeal abscess. All children were started antibiotic therapy without clinical improvement and 31% of patients underwent unproductive surgical drainage of the retropharyngeal space. Otolaryngologist should be aware of atypical presentation of Kawasaki disease presentation mimicking retropharyngeal abscess. Early diagnosis is pivotal for preventing cardiac complications and avoiding the risk associated to unnecessary surgical intervention.

International audience; This work deals with the creation of a digital health record for the Castle of Chambord (Loire Valley, France) to establish a detailed diagnosis of the state of deterioration of the monument. This digital health record aims to provide a basis for scientific monitoring and planning of restoration work by referencing data (mapping of deterioration and architectural and historical archives) on a Web-based documentation platform. The starting point is building a 3D model of the monument. This 3D model must meet specific requirements for its subsequent use, including the ability to be unfolded in 2D with visual consistency. The method to be used for 3D acquisition depends on a balance between speed of execution, cost, and compatibility with respect to data organisation. This paper presents a comparative study between photomodelling and laser scanning. The different steps needed to build a reliable 3D model with both techniques are demonstrated along with a critique of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Ce travail traite de la réalisation du carnet de santé numérique du château de Chambord (Vallée de la Loire, France) utilisé pour établir un diagnostic détaillé de l’état d’altération du monument. Ce carnet de santé numérique vise à proposer une base pour le suivi de l’ouvrage et la programmation de ses restaurations en référençant les données (cartographies d’altération, archives architecturales et historiques) dans une base de données web. Le point de départ consiste à construire un modèle 3D du monument. Ce modèle doit satisfaire aux contraintes spécifiques liées à son utilisation, notamment sa capacité à être déplié en 2D lisiblement. La méthode utilisée pour réaliser l’acquisition 3D repose sur un compromis entre rapidité d’exécution, coût, et compatibilité de format vis-à-vis de la base de données. Cet article présente une étude comparative entre la photomodélisation et le relevé par scanner laser. Les différentes étapes nécessaires à l’obtention d’un modèle 3D fiable sont décrites pour chaque technique, avec une critique des avantages et inconvénients de chacune.

Background Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer among women. Immunosuppression is recognized as one of the major risk factors for HPV infection and persistence. Objectives Aim of this study was to determine if solid organs (24 kidney and 24 kidney/pancreas) transplanted Italian women undergoing immunosuppressive therapies were at higher risk of HPV genital infection and cervical precancerous lesions in a ten-year follow-up. Study design Forty-eight women that underwent transplant from 1990 to 2000, receiving multi-drug immunosuppressive therapy, were enrolled prospectively in a long-term follow-up protocol. Patients were cytologically (Pap smear) and virologically (HPV-DNA test) tested each year for 10 years. Incidence of HPV-DNA positivity and of cervical cytological/histological abnormalities was collected. Results were statistically analyzed and compared to a matching control group of 200 healthy women. Results HPV-DNA positivity and cytological High-Grade (HG-SIL) cervical lesions did not show statistically significant differences in cases compared to controls, while statistical significance was observed in Low-Grade (LG-SIL) cytological diagnoses. No statistically significant difference was observed in histology-proven cervical lesions. Conclusions Women receiving immunosuppression therapy following transplant do not seem to require intensive follow-up, and should not be considered a high-risk subgroup, as they do not show a statistically significant higher incidence of HPV infections or high-grade cervical dysplasia compared to healthy immunocompetent matching controls.

Since the introduction of biomolecular testing for the identification of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA (hrHPV-DNA) in cervical cancer preventive strategies, many interesting aspects have emerged in this field; firstly, HPV-DNA testing has been demonstrated to have better sensitivity than conventional cytology in several settings: screening, triage of ASC-US and in follow-up after treatment. Despite this, some limitations of these new technologies have also been underlined: the major issue is the low specificity of the tests, which cannot discriminate between regressive and progressive infections. Thus, recent research has moved the attention towards novel markers of progression that could more precisely detect cases at real risk of cancer development. In view of the fact that progression to cancer is dependable of the E6/E7 proteins integration and transforming action, the overexpression of E6/E7 transcripts has been seen as a valuable marker of this risk. This review aims to summarise the literature data on this topic and to provide a clear view of the emerging perspectives.

The restoration and preservation of built cultural heritage requires a good knowledge of its history and its current state of conservation. Heritage con-servation professionals are used to perform mappings to record and disseminate data relative to the monument. Data to be collected are heterogeneous, starting from the oldest sources (such as archives or iconographic manuscript) up to field observations. This study is applied to the documentation and analysis of the state of conservation of the East tower in the castle of Chambord. The produced map-pings concern the dating of stonework, the nature and origin of each stone, and the distribution of degradation patterns on the outer walls. To enable the graphical drawing and viewing of the different mappings, it is necessary to produce a suitable digital medium. In this study, the medium is a textured 3D model as a mean to characterize accurately and actually all surfaces, including those that cannot be viewed on a 2D projection. This 3D model is associated to the NUBES database to store and analyse all collected data. NUBES is a web-based open source platform for the representation, documentation and analysis of architectural elements. This information system has been specifically developed to include an interface dedicated to the drawing vector mappings and to their organization into hierarchical layers. Results of this study can be used to improve the monument diagnosis and our knowledge of weathering processes.

Strong evidence exists that the host’s immune system plays a crucial role for the development of human papillomavirus-related cervical premalignant and malignant lesions. In particular, effective cell-mediated immunity (CMI) promotes spontaneous infection clearance and cancer precursors regression in healthy subjects, while immunosuppressed individuals are more likely to experience infection persistence, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions, and cervical cancer. In this study, the prognostic significance of immunohistochemical profiling of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, dendritic cells (CD11c+), T-bet+, and GATA-3+ transcription factors has been studied in surgical specimens of 34 consecutive women affected by high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2-3) submitted to cervical conization. Results have been correlated with the clinical outcomes at 24 months after treatment and statistically analyzed. Higher rates of CD4+ T-cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells, and T-bet+ transcription factor positivity showed a strong statistically significative correlation with favourable clinical outcomes (P≤0.0001). These data reinforce the evidence of the relevance of the host’s immune status in the natural history of HPV-related cervical disease and add a prognostic significance of the cervical immunological profile in terms of predicting significant lower recurrence rates.

This paper discusses the fundamental issues of the real-time web-based visualization of complex reality-based 3D models. As web platform, we use NUBES, an innovative and powerful tool for sharing and analyzing reality-based 3D models online. A new automatic procedure for the setting-up and the uploading of 3D complex scenes into NUBES is presented, including the optimization of the geometric and radiometric information for web visualization.

International audience; Like most Chinese imperial tombs, the tomb of Emperor Qianlong consists of a suite of four rooms forming a underground space of 372 m2. Its originality lies in the inscriptions which are engraved on the walls and vaults and exclusively in Tibetan (30,000 characters) and Lantsa (600 characters). In the project we present here, all engravings were digitized and a large part of them have been identified. Their identification has highlighted the idea which was certainly at the base of ornamental program of the Qianlong's tomb: the choice of texts and their particular arrangement was used to virtually reconstruct a "stupa" : a Buddhist funerary monument. So the study and representation of script engravings and iconography of the tomb opened the general issue of finding an original solution to explain, from a visual and semantic point of view, the relationship of two parallel dimensions. On the one hand, the description of the morphology of the tomb through the spatial structure of geometric entities in a 3D model (collection of architectural forms and spatial relationships), on the other hand, the description of knowledge related to the Tibetan funeral rituals (abstract concepts and semantic relations). The formalized and represented textual and graphics data become accessible within an analytical support (information system) allowing to explore the relationship between the conceptual and spatial dimensions of the tomb through three interactive devices interconnected: a real-time 3D scene for exploring the physical space, a dynamic graph for navigating within a network of interconnected concepts, an graphic schema displaying the theoretical position of each conceptual and spatial entity within the representation of a virtual stupa.

International audience; One of the main issues in the conservation of wall paintings is to understand the origin of the degradation and to detect the deterioration patterns before any loss of material occurs. A toolbox of Non Destructive Techniques (NDT) has been developed. It aims to establish a precise conservation diagnosis according to two approaches: a campaign in the field using multianalytical techniques and data compilation in a multidimensional database. Several NDT techniques were used to analyze Giovannetti's wall paintings in La Chartreuse (Villeneuve-lesAvignon, France) in an experimental mission. Some of the techniques give information about the inner and the outer surfaces of the mural and wall while others inform on structural aspects which mainly concern the mortar. Thus, LIBS, digital images of material fluorescence under UV light, photogrammetric results and maps of deterioration patterns have been created from analysis of the painted surface. Investigations on the inner defects and surfaces included stimulated IR to provide additional information to aid conservation strategies. In a second step, all the information was compared including old images and documents from previous restoration campaigns. Finally, all the documentation is inserted in a specific database which allows the superposition and comparison of images arising from different origins. The paper discusses the choice of appropriate NDT tools and the importance of being able to cross-reference the data from a conservation perspective by using of a multidimensional database. This combination of a NDT toolbox with a specific database enables enhanced interpretation of the degradation mechanisms, essential to understand outdoor masonry or the impact of past restoration acts on the wall painting. In addition, it is able to show the evolution of these deterioration

Multidimensional databases constitute a handy solution to store and display data collected in the fields of conservation and restoration. However, knowledge on the current state of monuments depends on a heterogeneous corpus of data (cartography of degradation/materials, past restoration actions, core samples, photogrammetric data, analysis data, etc.). With the purpose of structuring this large volume of data, visual aspects characterizing the surfaces of heritage buildings can be semantically annotated in NUBES, an information system specific for architecture. Annotations are treated by defining relationships between the 3D elements and their textures. In this way, annotated elements can be displayed and retrieved in the 3D scene. Based on our previous experience, this article proposes a refinement of the data structuring according to time criteria. This time-structuring is applied to the “Chapelle de Fresques” of the Charterhouse of Villeneuve-les-Avignon, and integrates validated thesauri such as the ICOMOS - ISCS glossary and other common use lexica from the conservation field. This protocol is accompanied with customized descriptive tables that contribute to structure the information according to multiple hierarchical levels chosen by the user. The final aim is to give an easy-to-use analysis tool for conservation experts. Data from different time states can be added, current diagnosis states can be supported, and data can be cross-referenced against each other. This interface constitutes the basis of a new predictive tool for conservation management.

International audience; Starting from the stratigraphic method for archaeological data representation, the paper presents a methodological approach based on the creation of a new semantic tool suitable for supporting archaeologists in the stages of 3D data management and stratigraphic analysis, namely semantically enriched 2.5D textures. This kind of representation consists in a streamlined model obtained from the combination of depth maps and orthophotos drawn from 3D photogrammetric surveying and modelling. Moreover, it is enriched by semantic aspects concerning the roman opus. The development of this tool is useful for many reasons, such as: containing all metric information, combining the use of 3D survey instrumentation with semantic aspects, assuring a realistic representation of stratigraphic annotations, establishing the relation between semantic rules and an interpretive model, and connecting preliminary stratigraphic data to a graphical interface conceived for semantic annotations of patterns. The possibility of using photogrammetric surveying in order to have an accurate geometrical image of current artefact status allows the identification of masonry structure typology as well as its association with attributes that permit the quantification and qualification of the roman opus. This approach will be described through the case study of masonry structures at the archaeological sites of the mediterranean area (ie. Pompeii, Scolacium).

Today, we need 3D models of heritage buildings in order to handle more efficiently projects of restoration, documentation and maintenance. In this context, developing a performing approach, based on a first phase of building survey, is a necessary step in order to build a semantically enriched digital model. For this purpose, the Building Information Modeling is an efficient tool for storing and exchanging knowledge about buildings. In order to create such a model, there are three fundamental steps: acquisition, segmentation and modeling. For these reasons, it is essential to understand and analyze this entire chain that leads to a well- structured and enriched 3D digital model. This paper proposes a survey and an analysis of the existing approaches on these topics and tries to define a new approach of semantic structuring taking into account the complexity of this chain.

International audience; Stone conservation at Chambord Castle and monitoring of its changes over time is actually an urgent necessity in order to preserve and enhance this historic and tourist site. Its porous stones suffer from degradation problems depending on physical and chemical parameters that are the origin of frequent restorations. The goal of this research is to supply authorities of the castle with a tool for scientific monitoring and decision support, based on the acquisition of alteration mapping and on the estimation of degradation patterns, in order to permit rational programming operations of restorations. This paper proposes an approach for digital documentation about the conservation state of buildings. The approach is based on the connection between a structured 3D model and structured 2D mapping data. In particular, in the NUBES web platform, a specific interface has been implemented, permitting the displaying and cross-reference of 2D mapping data on the 3D model in real time, by means of structured 2D layer-like annotations concerning stone degradation, dating, and material.

In order to handle more efficiently projects of restoration, documentation and maintenance of historical buildings, it is essential to rely on a 3D enriched model for the building. Today, the concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is widely adopted for the semantization of digital mockups and few research focused on the value of this concept in the field of cultural heritage. In addition historical buildings are already built, so it is necessary to develop a performing approach, based on a first step of building survey, to develop a semantically enriched digital model. For these reasons, this paper focuses on this chain starting with a point cloud and leading to the well-structured final BIM; and proposes an analysis and a survey of existing approaches on the topics of: acquisition, segmentation and BIM creation. It also, presents a critical analysis on the application of this chain in the field of cultural heritage.

Today with the development of new information technologies, the domain of conservation and promotion of cultural heritage benefits from new tools to disseminate knowledge on heritage buildings. These tools are intended to help experts to enrich and access information about buildings. This paper describes this critical issue and proposes an approach permitting the automatic transfer of annotations in a set of oriented photographs (whose positions and orientations in space are known) by using 3D information. First of all, photographs are processed with an automated image-based 3D reconstruction method to produce 3D information (specifically 3D coordinates). Then, 3D information is used in the process of annotations’ transfer between images. Finally, with this process, the modification of annotations can be easily implemented. As a consequence, this process provides a simple way to annotate blocs of images all at once instead of one by one.

1Summary Human papillomavirus (HPV) is definitely recognized as the necessary cause for the development of cancer of the uterine cervix and the detection of HPV-DNA in cervical samples is demonstrated to own a significantly higher sensitivity towards preneoplastic lesions than conventional cytology (Pap test). Screening, management of atypical Pap tests and follow up of treated patients, represent the optimal settings where HPV-DNA testing has been demonstrated of clinical value. Atypical Pap tests account for cases in which the cytological alterations cannot clearly be attributed neither to negative nor to positive cytology; in these cases HPV-DNA testing has been demonstrated to have a sensitivity very close to 100% in identifying patients with an histologically proven intraepithelial preneoplastic lesion of high grade (CIN2-CIN3). Despite this, specificity of HPV-DNA positive testing lacks of significance and the referral rate to second-level colposcopy is too high. Different options have been tested to improve the specificity and the overall performance of HPV-DNA testing in cases of equivocal cervical cytology; the present paper aims to collect and present data from the recent literature, in order to better clarify the present state of the art in this particular aspect of cervical cancer prevention.

International audience; This paper describes an interactive platform for the semantic annotation of oriented iconographic sources based on an accurate 3D model structured according to spatial and temporal features. This platform, called LOCUS IMAGINIS, provides access to cultural information about monuments by collecting personal snapshots taken by visitors. In particular, the platform enables to perform two actions. Firstly, pictures are added into the database: visitors manually align images to the digital model of the monument and than, by means of automatic procedures, images are enriched with 2D semantic annotations that are projected from the 3D model. Secondly, the collection of semantically-enriched data can be queried: when visitors select 2D images of the database, these are oriented in the 3D scene and superimposed onto the 3D model. In this way, this tool provides access to textual and graphic information describing the photographed site (semantic, spatial, temporal features, etc.). Moreover, visitors can interact both with images and the 3D-model to highlight building parts by color. Accessible on-site and on-line, this tool can create awareness about conservation and is adapted to all kinds of audience: students involved in educational workshops, visitors needing to extend their visit, and documentalists interested in the consultation of the iconographic corpus

Conservation and valorization of cultural heritage buildings can be improved by providing public with access to information related to cultural sites. Particularly, the development of tools adapted to all kinds of audience and suitable to the requirements of the visit can create awareness among the general public about conservation. This article describes LOCUS IMAGINIS, an interactive and collaborative platform providing access to cultural information about monuments through personal snapshots. This platform enables to collect photographs taken by visitors. First of all, pictures taken by visitors are added into the database. Then, they are positioned in the 3D scene on the digital model of the monument and they are semantically annotated. As a consequence, this tool provides access to textual and graphic information describing the photographed site (semantic, spatial, historical entries, etc.). When visitors consult the database and select 2D images, these are superimposed onto a three-dimensional scene. Subsequently, visitors can interact both with images and the 3D-model to highlight building parts by color and to display textual information. Accessible on-site, LOCUS IMAGINIS is a support proposing an innovative approach in the case of educational workshops. Available on-line, visitors can extend their visit by recreating their journey through their own photographs and enrich it with information derived from the database.

Today mapping of alterations of cultural heritage buildings and estimation of their degradation patterns is still a difficult task for several reasons. On one hand, buildings suffer from degradation problems depending on physical and chemical factors, whose causes can be difficult to determine. On the other hand, at the level of data representation, graphic supports need to be defined for deterioration analysis and heterogeneous data manipulation. The goal of this research is to supply experts with a tool for scientific monitoring and decision support so to permit rational programming operations of restorations. This paper proposes an approach for digital documentation of conservation state of buildings (stone alteration, dating, material), permitting to display and cross-reference data related to degradations. This approach will be described through the study case of stones at Chambord Castle.

International audience; This essay focuses on the fields of architectural documentation and digital representation. We present a research paper concerning the development of an information system at the scale of architecture, taking into account the relationships that can be established between the representation of buildings (shape, dimension, state of conservation, hypothetical restitution) and heterogeneous information about various fields (such as the technical, the documentary or still the historical one). The proposed approach aims to organize multiple representations (and associated information) around a semantic description model with the goal of defining a system for the multi-field analysis of buildings.

International audience; The study of historic buildings is usually based on the collection and analysis of iconographic sources such as photographs, drawings, engravings, paintings or sketches. This paper describes a methodological approach to make use of the existing iconographic corpus for the analysis and the 3D management of building transformations. Iconography is used for different goals. Firstly, it's a source of geometric information (image-based-modeling of anterior states); secondly, it's used for the re-creation of visual appearance (image-based texture extraction); thirdly it's a proof of the temporal distribution of shape transformations (spatio-temporal modeling); finally it becomes a visual support for the study of building transformations (visual comparison between different temporal states). The aim is to establish a relation between the iconography used for the hypothetical reconstruction and the 3D representation that depends on it. This approach relates to the idea of using 3D representations like visualization systems capable of reflecting the amount of knowledge developed by the study of a historic building.

International audience; Nowadays most digital reconstructions in architecture and archeology describe buildings heritage as a whole of static and unchangeable entities. However, historical sites can have a rich and complex history, sometimes full of evolutions, sometimes only partially known by means of documentary sources. Various aspects condition the analysis and the interpretation of cultural heritage. First of all, buildings are not inexorably constant in time: creation, destruction, union, division, annexation, partial demolition and change of function are the transformations that buildings can undergo over time. Moreover, other factors sometimes contradictory can condition the knowledge about an historical site, such as historical sources and uncertainty. On one hand, historical documentation concerning past states can be heterogeneous, dubious, incomplete and even contradictory. On the other hand, uncertainty is prevalent in cultural heritage in various forms: sometimes it is impossible to define the dating period, sometimes the building original shape or yet its spatial position. This paper proposes a modeling approach of the geometrical representation of buildings, taking into account the kind of transformations and the notion of temporal indetermination.