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Introduction Understanding how the use of hoverboards (HBs) can affect a child’s safety is crucial. We describe the characteristics of HB related injuries and provide key messages about child prevention when using these leisure devices. Methods This was a retrospective study at an emergency department (ED) of a level-III-trauma center from 2016 to 2019. We tested the differences in children presenting for injury associated with HBs between 2016-2017 and 2018-2019 to better describe the temporal trend of the phenomenon. Results The rate of Injury associated with HBs / Total injury per 1,000 increased from 0.84 in 2016 to 7.7 in 2017, and then there was a gradual decline. The likelihood of injury was more common in younger children, increasing by 17% with decreasing age in 2018-2019 compared with 2016-2017 (OR: 0.83; 95%CI: 0.71-0.97; p = 0.021). The occurrence of injury in the April-June period was over twice as common in 2018-2019 (OR: 2.05; 95%CI: 1.0-2.05; p = 0.05). Patients were over 4 times more likely to have injured the lower extremity during the 2018-2019 period rather than other body regions (OR: 4.58; 95%CI: 1.23-4.58; p = 0.02). The odds of the indoor injury were more than twice as high in 2018-2019 (OR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.077-2.04; p = 0.03). Conclusion Despite a decrease in the frequency of HB related injuries after 2017, during the 2018-2019 period, the younger the children, the more they were exposed to injury risk, in addition to a greater occurrence of indoor injuries from HBs compared with 2016-2017. The enhancement of preventive measures is necessary to ensure child safety when using HBs.

Background Numerous studies described the epidemiological link and main clinical features of pediatric COVID-19, during the first pandemic period. Our study encompasses several different phases since the National Lockdown in Italy. The primary outcome is (I) to analyze the prevalence of positive NST (Nasopharyngeal Swab Test) among the largest Italian Pediatric cohort admitted to a single regional PED Hub for COVID-19 during an eight-month period. Secondary outcomes are: (II) the description of trend of admissions in our PED and (III) the categorization of the positive patients according to clinical manifestations and epidemiological link. Methods We described 316 patients with a positive NST for SARS-CoV2, on a total of 5001 nasopharyngeal swabs performed among 13,171 admissions at our PED, over a period starting from March 17th, 2020 to December 1st, 2020. Age, epidemiological link, clinical features and hospitalizations were analyzed according to different lockdown phases. Data were collected anonymously from electronic records and analyzed using SPSS 22.00 statistics software (Chicago, IL). Results Thirty-six percent of total admissions have been tested. During the post lockdown period, we performed the highest percentage of NST (Nasopharyngeal Swab Test) 49.7%, and among them 7.9% were positive. The prevalence of infection during a 10-month period was 2.3%. Mean age was 6.5 years old. Familial Link accounted for the 67.7% of infection, while Extrafamilial and Unknown link accounted for 17 and 14.9%, respectively. Familial link is predominant during all phases. Seventeen patients showed an intra-scholastic link, and the highest prevalence was observed in the 7–10 years age group, with a prevalence of 12.8% (5 patients). Fever was the most frequent symptom (66%), in particular among preschooler children aged 0–6 years (71.9%). Older children were more frequently symptomatic. Seven patients were admitted with MIS-C diagnosis. Conclusions Different levels of containment measures caused important changes in number of positive NST for SARS-CoV2. Familial link was predominant in our cohort, during all phases of Lockdown. The risk of being infected at home is four time greater than the risk of being infected from an extra familial individual. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clear impact of intra-scholastic link. The constant improvement in knowledge on onset symptoms and risk factor for SARS-CoV2 infection and its complications (e.g. MIS-C), can impact on number of hospitalizations, ICU admissions and early management.

Understanding how the use of hoverboards (HBs) can affect a child’s safety is crucial. We describe the characteristics of HB related injuries and provide key messages about child prevention when using these leisure devices. This was a retrospective study at an emergency department (ED) of a level-III-trauma center from 2016 to 2019. We tested the differences in children presenting for injury associated with HBs between 2016–2017 and 2018–2019. The rate of injury associated with HBs / Injury per 1,000 increased from 0.84 in 2016 to 7.7 in 2017, and then there was a gradual decline. The likelihood of injury was more common in younger children, increasing by 17% with decreasing age in 2018–2019 compared with 2016–2017 (OR: 0.83; 95%CI: 0.71–0.97; p = 0.021). The occurrence of injury in the April-June period was over twice as common in 2018–2019 (OR: 2.05; 95%CI: 1.0-2.05; p = 0.05). Patients were over 4 times more likely to have injured the lower extremity during the 2018–2019 period rather than other body regions (OR: 4.58; 95%CI: 1.23–4.58; p = 0.02). The odds of the indoor injury were more than twice as high in 2018–2019 (OR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.077–2.04; p = 0.03). Conclusion: Despite a decrease in the frequency of HB related injuries after 2017, during the 2018–2019 period, the younger the children, the more they were exposed to injury risk, in addition to a greater occurrence of indoor injuries from HBs compared with 2016–2017. The enhancement of preventive measures is necessary to ensure child safety when using HBs.

Background: Numerous studies described the epidemiological link and main clinical features of pediatric COVID-19, during the first pandemic period, while this is the first study that encompass several different phases of National Lockdown in a European country. We described the effects of different National Containment Measures on positive NST (Nasopharyngeal Swab Test) trend, epidemiological links and main clinical features of the largest Italian Pediatric cohort admitted to a single regional Pediatric Emergency Department Hub for COVID-19, during an eight-month period. Methods: We described 316 patients with a positive NST for SARS-CoV2, on a total of 5001 nasopharyngeal swabs performed among 13171 admissions at our PED, over a period starting from March 17th, 2020 to December 1st, 2020. Age, epidemiological link, clinical features and hospitalizations were analyzed according to different lockdown phases. Data were collected anonymously from electronic records and analyzed using SPSS 22.00 statistics software (Chicago, IL). Findings: Thirty-six percent of total admissions have been tested for SARS-CoV2. During the post Lockdown period we performed the highest percentage of NST (Nasopharyngeal Swab Test) 49,7% and found the highest percentage of positive NST on total NST effectuated 7,9%. Mean age was 6.5 years old. The 0-6 years age group accounted the highest number of positive NST. Familial link is predominant during all phases; however, we observed an increase of extra-familial and unknown link starting from the phase 4, especially among adolescents. Seventeen patients showed an intra-scholastic link. Older children were frequently symptomatic and accounted for the 1% admission in ICU (Intensive Care Unit). Seven patients were admitted with MIS-C diagnosis. Interpretation: Different levels of containment measures caused important changes in epidemiological link, mean age and number of admissions and hospitalization of patients with COVID-19. Familial link was predominant in our cohort, during all phases of Lockdown, yet the impact on extrafamilial link and intra-scholastic link should be further investigated. Adolescent and young adults could present more frequently with moderate/severe symptoms requiring, in rare cases, admission in ICU. Funding Statement: No funding was secured for this study. Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the institutional review board of Bambino Gesu Children Hospital, IRCCS.

The first wave of COVID-19 spread worldwide from March to May 2020. Italy was one of the countries in the world where the lockdown period was most prolonged and restrictive. To date, the impact of prolonged lockdown on pediatric traumas has not fully investigated. This paper aimed to analyze, and compare to 2019, the incidence and the fracture pattern in patients admitted to our pediatric hospital during the total lockdown period. A single-center retrospective study was performed. The data were gathered from the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) of the Bambino Gesù Children Hospital of Rome (Palidoro). This PED is the pediatric referral center for Rome and the hub for pediatric traumas of the region. Any admission diagnosis for fracture, trauma, sprains and dislocation during the lockdown period (10 March–4 May) were included. The demographic data, diagnosis, type of treatment, fracture segment, bone involvement and time interval between trauma and presentation to the PED were recorded. In 2020, a reduction of total traumas and fractures, compared to 2019 (p &lt, 0.001), occurred (81%). Superior limb and inferior limb fractures decreased in 2020 compared to 2019 (p &lt, 0.05). The identification of pediatric traumas and fractures trend could be useful to reorganize the PED. Epidemiological data from the previous lockdown could be helpful to prepare the healthcare system for new pandemic waves. Moreover, sharing national statistics and correlating those to other countries’ protocols, could be helpful to solve problems in case of worldwide emergency situations.

We aimed to describe characteristics, etiology and health care use in children with low back pain (LBP) presenting to pediatric emergency department (ED) and to develop an algorithm to design a diagnostic approach.We conducted a 7-year cohort study of children admitted to ED with a primary complaint of LBP. They were classified into diagnostic groups: visceral LBP; traumatic LBP; non-visceral/non-traumatic LBP. To identify high-risk factors (red flags) associated with severe prognosis conditions (SPCs), we analyzed the non-visceral/non-traumatic group comparing the SPC children with those children without SPCs.Our population comprised 140 females (52.6%) and 126 males (47.4%), with a median age of 10.5 years. Eighty children (30.3%) were hospitalized, with an average length of stay of 8.53 ± 9.84 days. SPCs accounted for 28 patients (18.9%) of overall 148 with non-traumatic/non-visceral LBP. In this group, SPCs presented with earlier onset and longer duration of symptoms than non-SPCs. The presence of red flags was more significant in the SPCs group, 28 vs 18; 100% vs 15% (p 0.001); sensitivity 100%, specificity 85%. Among SPCs, 78.6% were hospitalized vs non-SPC (16.8%) (p 0.001); within SPC group 2 patients returned because of onset of red flags.Our study identified significative high-risk factors (red flags) associated with serious outcomes (SPC group) compared to the non-SPC group, thereby ensuring specific treatment. We developed an algorithm based on previous literature and the findings of our study, which will need to be validated by future prospective research.

Headache is the third cause of visits to pediatric emergency departments (ED). According to a systematic review, headaches in children evaluated in the ED are primarily due to benign conditions that tend to be self-limiting or resolve with appropriate pharmacological treatment. The more frequent causes of non-traumatic headache in the ED include primitive headaches (21.8–66.3%) and benign secondary headaches (35.4–63.2%), whereas potentially life-threatening (LT) secondary headaches are less frequent (2–15.3%). Worrying conditions include brain tumors, central nervous system infections, dysfunction of ventriculo-peritoneal shunts, hydrocephalus, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and intracranial hemorrhage. In the emergency setting, the main goal is to intercept potentially LT conditions that require immediate medical attention. The initial assessment begins with an in-depth, appropriate history followed by a complete, oriented physical and neurological examination. The literature describes the following red flags requiring further investigation (for example neuroimaging) for recognition of LT conditions: abnormal neurological examination; atypical presentation of headaches: subjective vertigo, intractable vomiting or headaches that wake the child from sleep; recent and progressive severe headache (

BACKGROUND Belly dancer syndrome is a rare condition consisting of involuntary, repetitive, often rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm, causing undulating movements of the abdomen that recall those of a belly dancer. It is frequently associated with pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen or lower chest, but clinical symptoms are highly variable often resulting in late diagnosis. Very few pediatric cases have been reported, all of which were secondary to other conditions, and to our knowledge, no idiopathic cases of Belly Dancer Syndrome have been reported in children. CASE We present the case of a 14-year-old girl who presented to the emergency department with sudden onset of abdominal pain. She was initially diagnosed and treated for pancreatitis because blood tests revealed very high lipase, but when jerky abdominal wall movements became pronounced, belly dancer syndrome was suspected. Full work-up included abdominal ultrasound, chest x-ray, electroencephalogram, electromyography, magnetic resonance imaging, and toxic screen, all of which were normal. She was treated successfully with oral diazepam and referred to a pediatric neuropsychiatrist. CONCLUSIONS Belly dancer syndrome is a rare condition often misdiagnosed owing to multiple presentations. Increased awareness is necessary to prevent late diagnosis and incorrect treatment.