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This study explores the impact of negative reviews and responses on rapport management, synthesizing current research on this topic. Employing formulated research questions and statistical methods like chi-square tests, this study systematically analyzed collected data both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results indicate significant differences in response voices-accommodative, formalistic, and defensive-among various interpersonal relationship management styles when addressing negative reviews. These findings emphasize the complexity of managing interpersonal relationships amidst criticism, offering theoretical insights and practical guidance for improving customer rapport management in industries like hospitality. By examining how different management voices respond to negative reviews, this study contributes a fresh perspective to enhancing customer relationship practices in service sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: OpenAI's ChatGPT is a source of advanced online health information (OHI) that may be integrated into individuals' health information-seeking routines. However, concerns have been raised about its factual accuracy and impact on health outcomes. To forecast implications for medical practice and public health, more information is needed on who uses the tool, how often, and for what. Objective: This study aims to characterize the reasons for and types of ChatGPT OHI use and describe the users most likely to engage with the platform. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, patients received invitations to participate via the ResearchMatch platform, a nonprofit affiliate of the National Institutes of Health. A web-based survey measured demographic characteristics, use of ChatGPT and other sources of OHI, experience characterization, and resultant health behaviors. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Both 2-tailed t tests and Pearson chi-square tests were used to compare users of ChatGPT OHI to nonusers. Results: Of 2406 respondents, 21.5% (n=517) respondents reported using ChatGPT for OHI. ChatGPT users were younger than nonusers (32.8 vs 39.1 years, P <.001) with lower advanced degree attainment (BA or higher; 49.9% vs 67%, P <.001) and greater use of transient health care (ED and urgent care; P <.001). ChatGPT users were more avid consumers of general non-ChatGPT OHI (percentage of weekly or greater OHI seeking frequency in past 6 months, 28.2% vs 22.8%, P <.001). Around 39.3% (n=206) respondents endorsed using the platform for OHI 2-3 times weekly or more, and most sought the tool to determine if a consultation was required (47.4%, n=245) or to explore alternative treatment (46.2%, n=239). Use characterization was favorable as many believed ChatGPT to be just as or more useful than other OHIs (87.7%, n=429) and their doctor (81%, n=407). About one-third of respondents requested a referral (35.6%, n=184) or changed medications (31%, n=160) based on the information received from ChatGPT. As many users reported skepticism regarding the ChatGPT output (67.9%, n=336), most turned to their physicians (67.5%, n=349). Conclusions: This study underscores the significant role of AI-generated OHI in shaping health-seeking behaviors and the potential evolution of patient-provider interactions. Given the proclivity of these users to enact health behavior changes based on AI-generated content, there is an opportunity for physicians to guide ChatGPT OHI users on an informed and examined use of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we show how it is possible to test the nullity of covariances, in a set of variables, using a simple univariate procedure. The methodology proposed enables us to perform the multivariate test of independence of several variables, under specific conditions for the covariance structure. The methodology proposed may be used in the high‐dimensional setting and, given its simplicity, allows to overcome the difficulties in using the exact distribution of the statistic used in the likelihood ratio testing procedure. A simulation study is provided to assess the power and significance level, in different scenarios, of the testing procedure proposed when compared with different likelihood ratio tests and a methodology available in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a robust state estimator with adaptively adjusted observation noise covariance for uncertain linear systems. Since the residuals between observation data and estimation data satisfying the normal distribution, the Mahalanobis distance are known to be Chi-square distributed. We use Chi-square tests to timely distinguish outliers that beyond the confidence interval and adjust the estimated observation noise covariance to a more likely value. Combined with the robust estimation method, an improved algorithm is derived to deal with uncertainties in both system parameters and observation noise covariance. Based on the proposed prediction form, we test the obtained robust state estimator with different deterioration conditions of observation noise covariance and compare it with the estimators without adaptive factor. The simulation results show that the derived state estimator may reduce the accumulation of estimation errors, smooth the estimated state curve, and the performance of the proposed estimator can be significantly improved as the deterioration enlarging.

In this work, we outlined the application of the Bayesian technique for integrating the results of multiple tests while treating any disease. We provided an overview of the fundamental concept of Bayesian analysis in making an inference about a phenomenon using a concordance between available information and prior knowledge. An attempt is being made to demonstrate the applicability using core aspects, viz., nature of probability, parameters, and inferential procedure used to draw inference about the population characteristic under both paradigms. Here, we tried to sketch the underlying steps and assumptions regarding use of the Bayes theorem and the analytical techniques that can be used to analyze and interpret medical data while treating any disease.

In this article, a random number of datasets was generated from random samples of used GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communications) recharge cards. Statistical analyses were performed to refine the raw data to random number datasets arranged in table. A detailed description of the method and relevant tests of randomness were also discussed.

Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a public health problem around the world. Several studies have investigated the association between statin use and the risk of HCC, however, more studies are needed in this field., Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the relationship between statin use and HCC risk., Methods: Systematic searches of Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Embase were conducted for studies published between 1980 and September 2023. Metaanalyses were performed using Stata 15 with a significance level of 0.05., Results: The search retrieved 8,125 articles, of which 40 were included in the meta-analysis after applying eligibility criteria. The total sample was 5,732,948 participants, including 68,698 HCC cases. Statin use was associated with a 44% lower risk of HCC compared to non-use (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.50-0.63, p < 0.001). The RR was 0.54 (0.42-0.69) in American countries, 0.52 (0.44-0.62) in Asian countries, and 0.63 (0.48-0.84) in European countries. The RR was 0.50 (0.42-0.60) in studies with a mean age <50 years and 0.61 (0.53-0.70) in studies with a mean age ≥50 years. No evidence of publication bias was found (Begg's test p = 0.718)., Conclusion: This meta-analysis found statin use is associated with a significantly lower HCC risk. Statins may be a promising preventive intervention against HCC., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

This study focuses on midsize newspaper coverage of the New York Times v. Sullivan case that strengthened press freedom. A content analysis of articles from 29 Northern, 25 Southern and six multistate major metropolitan newspapers identified differences in article frequency and placement related to source and coverage type. The hierarchy of influences model explains perceived regional bias. Midsize newspapers relied on wire news articles more often, with Northern papers publishing more editorials, including multiple editorials and original coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choledocholithiasis (bile duct stones) may bring about biliopancreatic obstruction that eventually develops into acute biliary pancreatitis, which could become a serious, life threatening disease. Because stones have the propensity to move spontaneously from the bile duct, it is allimportant to determine as accurately as possible, whether biliopancreatic obstruction is still present or not. The aim is to avoid, wherever possible, any invasive and costly diagnostic and therapeutic procedures while preventing serious risk to the patient. In this paper, by retrospective analysis of patients with acute biliary pancreatitis, we examine laboratory and other parameters, obtained by quick and easy to implement non-invasive methods, for to determine predictive factors of biliopancreatic obstruction. Our results indicate that the definite predictive parameter for choledocholithiasis is previous cholecystectomy and the dilation of the bile duct. Supporting predictive factors are bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase.

In comparative studies responses of two populations are often summarized in stratified 2 × K tables with ordinal categories. A test, called QEt test, is proposed for testing the homogeneity of the populations against non-linear alternatives in such tables. The asymptotic distributions of proposed test are obtained both under the null and alternative hypothesis. The powers of the QEt test and extended Mantal test are compared by simulation.

The study aims to determine the significant personal and environmental factors in predicting the adolescent accidents in the hilly regions taking into account two cities Hamirpur and Dharamshala, which lie at an average elevation of 700--1000 metres above the mean sea level (MSL). Detailed comparisons between the results of 2 cities are also studied. The results are analyzed to provide the list of most significant factors responsible for adolescent accidents. Data were collected from different schools and colleges of the city with the help of a questionnaire survey. Around 690 responses from Hamirpur and 460 responses from Dharamshala were taken for study and analysis. Standard deviations (SD) of various factors affecting accidents were calculated and factors with relatively very low SD were discarded and other variables were considered for correlations. Correlation was developed using Kendall's-tau and chi-square tests and factors those were found significant were used for modelling. They were – the victim's age, the character of road, the speed of vehicle, and the use of helmet for Hamirpur and for Dharamshala, the kind of vehicle involved was an added variable found responsible for adolescent accidents. A logistic regression was performed to know the effect of each category present in a variable on the occurrence of accidents. Though the age and the speed of vehicle were considered to be important factors for accident occurrence according to Indian accident data records, even the use of helmet comes out as a major concern. The age group of 15–18 and 18–21 years were found to be more susceptible to accidents than the higher age groups. Due to the presence of hilly area, the character of road becomes a major concern for cause of accidents and the topography of the area makes the kind of vehicle involved as a major variable for determining the severity of accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Omnibus tests of significance in contingency tables use statistics of the chi-square type. When the null is rejected, residual analyses are conducted to identify cells in which observed frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies. Residual analyses are thus conditioned on a significant omnibus test. Conditional approaches have been shown to substantially alter type I error rates in cases involving t tests conditional on the results of a test of equality of variances, or tests of regression coefficients conditional on the results of tests of heteroscedasticity. We show that residual analyses conditional on a significant omnibus test are also affected by this problem, yielding type I error rates that can be up to 6 times larger than nominal rates, depending on the size of the table and the form of the marginal distributions. We explored several unconditional approaches in search for a method that maintains the nominal type I error rate and found out that a bootstrap correction for multiple testing achieved this goal. The validity of this approach is documented for two-way contingency tables in the contexts of tests of independence, tests of homogeneity, and fitting psychometric functions. Computer code in MATLAB and R to conduct these analyses is provided as Supplementary Material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research discussed here is a project examining English expressions used in Mandarin direct marketing materials in Taiwan. Altogether, 283 Mandarin direct marketing materials were collected from the mailbox at the researcher’s home and selected randomly from 10 different places on the street, with 2710 English expressions found in the text of the acquired materials. The top 10 English expressions were listed in order of their frequency counts. Then all the English expressions were tabulated according to their syntactic categories. After this, two chi-square tests were performed for the purpose of (1) observing the association between the selection of English syntactic categories and the sources of the materials and (2) investigating whether a certain English syntactic category was used most frequently. Statistical results indicated that the top 10 English expressions used in the sample materials were either single words or alphabetic letters, each signifying dissimilar purposes. Regarding the syntactic categories of the English expressions, nouns made up a considerably large amount. Additionally, the study revealed that there was no relationship between employment of English syntactic categories and the origins of the sample materials. Significance of using English in Taiwanese advertisements was specified accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The asymptotic approach and Fisher's exact approach have often been used for testing the association between two dichotomous variables. The asymptotic approach may be appropriate to use in large samples but is often criticized for being associated with unacceptable high actual type I error rates for small to medium sample sizes. Fisher's exact approach suffers from conservative type I error rates and low power. For these reasons, a number of exact unconditional approaches have been proposed, which have been seen to be generally more powerful than exact conditional counterparts. We consider the traditional unconditional approach based on maximization and compare it to our presented approach, which is based on estimation and maximization. We extend the unconditional approach based on estimation and maximization to designs with the total sum fixed. The procedures based on the Pearson chi-square, Yates's corrected, and likelihood ratio test statistics are evaluated with regard to actual type I error rates and powers. A real example is used to illustrate the various testing procedures. The unconditional approach based on estimation and maximization performs well, having an actual level much closer to the nominal level. The Pearson chi-square and likelihood ratio test statistics work well with this efficient unconditional approach. This approach is generally more powerful than the other p-value calculation methods in the scenarios considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional Pearsonian chi-square tests for goodness of fit, independence and homogeneity are valid when the sample size is large and the sample is selected using the simple random sampling with replacement (SRSWR) method. These tests however are not valid for complex survey designs, such as those for example which involve stratification, clustering and varying probability sampling designs. The standard statistical packages SPSS, BMDP and SAS provide chi-square statistics where it is assumed that the sample is selected by SRSWR methods and hence very often provide inaccurate results. In this article we present more appropriate methods of chi-square test procedures for complex survey designs. Some numerical illustrations are provided using BAIS III survey data which is based on a complex survey design. The results show that the traditional chi-square statistics provide higher values in most of the cases, while improved Rao-Scott adjustments produce lower values for the test statistics. In many cases different conclusions are reached, depending on which of the traditional or improved chi-square statistic are employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting between competing structural equation models is a common problem. Often selection is based on the chi-square test statistic or other fit indices. In other areas of statistical research Bayesian information criteria are commonly used, but they are less frequently used with structural equation models compared to other fit indices. This article examines several new and old information criteria (IC) that approximate Bayes factors. We compare these IC measures to common fit indices in a simulation that includes the true and false models. In moderate to large samples, the IC measures outperform the fit indices. In a second simulation we only consider the IC measures and do not include the true model. In moderate to large samples the IC measures favor approximate models that only differ from the true model by having extra parameters. Overall, SPBIC, a new IC measure, performs well relative to the other IC measures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Cape Town International Jazz Festival is South Africa's most renowned jazz festival and, from quite modest beginnings, has grown into a successful international event. Since its inception in 2000, attendance figures have increased from the initial 14,000 to 32,000 in the past 9 years. The festival's winning formula of bringing more than 40 international and local artists to perform over 2 days on five stages has earned it the status of being the most prestigious event on the African continent. The festival is furthermore currently ranked as the number four jazz festival in the world; even outshining events such as Switzerland's Montreux Festival and the North Sea Jazz Festival in Holland. A research survey was done for the first time at the festival in 2009 where 432 visitor questionnaires were completed, and a second survey was conducted during the festival in April 2010 where 420 questionnaires were administered. The aim of this research is to segment visitors to the Cape Town International Jazz Festival based on the frequency of visits to distinguish between first-time and repeat festival attendees. Both first-time and repeat visitor groups play a fundamental role in the overall well-being and success of a festival and festival organizers must strive to achieve a balance between first-time and repeat visitors. Therefore, festival organizers should be aware of the festival attributes that differentiate between the first-time visitor group and repeat visitors attending the festival. Two-way frequency tables and chi-square tests as well as ANOVAs and Tukey's multiple comparisons were used to analyze the data and segment first-time and repeat visitors based on sociodemographics, behavioral characteristics, and overall satisfaction and travel motivations. These differences should be considered when the festival program is designed and marketed. The latter will greatly contribute to the long-term sustainability of the festival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian Retail is supposed to be a promising industry with almost all the giant players vying for a share of the coveted pie in India. Most of us experience organised retailing at Big Bazaars, Pantaloons, Shoppers Stop, Westside, Shubiksha, Reliance fresh outlet and other joints. Organised retail in India is expected to increase from 4% of the total market in 2008 to 14-18% by 2015. The aim of this study is to investigate the various relevant and efficient attributes of organised grocery store with the objective to gauge the role of each attribute and their impact on the shoppers store format choice behavior. The primary data is collected through questionnaire survey of 500 randomly selected adult female grocery shoppers from Delhi, out of which only 153 was the final sample. Hypotheses are based on attributes as store personnel, proximity convenience, in store communication, price consciousness, store services, fast check out and store reputation. The Chi-square tests were applied to test the hypotheses. This study gives a more in-depth outlook for retailers to understand their market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1866 Gregor Mendel published a seminal paper containing the foundations of modern genetics. In 1936 Ronald Fisher published a statistical analysis of Mendel's data concluding that "the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel's expectations." The accusation gave rise to a controversy which has reached the present time. There are reasonable grounds to assume that a certain unconscious bias was systematically introduced in Mendel's experimentation. Based on this assumption, a probability model that fits Mendel's data and does not offend Fisher's analysis is given. This reconciliation model may well be the end of the Mendel--Fisher controversy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Retail-based loyalty card programmes and CRM concepts: an empirical study," by Alan D. Smith is presented.

The history, definitions, and transdisciplinaiy extent of pseudoreplication, as well as some key concepts of experimental design, are briefly reviewed. Pseudoreplication, sometimes also referred to as the 'unit of analysis error,' is one of the commonest errors of statistical analysis and interpretation. It is a simple albeit serious one. It persists in part because of the failure of statisticians and scientists to develop a clear, consistent tenninology for the concepts of statistics, experimental design, and sampling design that is used across all disciplines, as well as a terminology for specific categories of the more common errors. Lack of a clear terminology, in turn, has fostered narmw, discipline-specific jargon, inconsistency among textbooks and reference works, and ineffective teaching. Reform of terminology is possible, and great improvement in statistical practice would follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Möbius transformation of probability cells in a multi-way contingency table is used to partition the Pearson chi-square test of mutual independence into A-dependence statistics. A similar partition is proposed for a universal and consistent test of serial independence in a stationary sequence of a categorical variable. The partition proposed can be adapted whether using estimated or theoretical marginal probabilities. With the aim of detecting a dependence of high order in a long sequence, A-dependence terms of the partition measuring increasing lagged dependences can be combined in a Box–Pierce type test of serial independence. A real data analysis of a nucleotides sequence using the Box–Pierce type test is provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The common view of the history of contingency tables is that it begins in 1900 with the work of Pearson and Yule, but in fact it extends back at least into the 19th century. Moreover, it remains an active area of research today. In this paper we give an overview of this history focussing on the development of log-linear models and their estimation via the method of maximum likelihood. Roy played a crucial role in this development with two papers co-authored with his students, Mitra and Marvin Kastenbaum, at roughly the mid-point temporally in this development. Then we describe a problem that eluded Roy and his students, that of the implications of sampling zeros for the existence of maximum likelihood estimates for log-linear models. Understanding the problem of non-existence is crucial to the analysis of large sparse contingency tables. We introduce some relevant results from the application of algebraic geometry to the study of this statistical problem. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we discuss the problem of testing the homogeneity of several populations when the available data are progressively Type-II censored. Defining for each sample a univariate counting process, we can modify all the methods that were developed during the last two decades (see e.g. [P.K. Andersen, Ø. Borgan, R. Gill, N. Keiding, Statistical Models Based on Counting Processes, Springer, New York, 1993]) for use to this problem. An important aspect of these tests is that they are based on either linear or non-linear functionals of a discrepancy process (DP) based on the comparison of the cumulative hazard rate (chr) estimated from each sample with the chr estimated from the whole sample (viz., the aggregation of all the samples), leading to either linear tests or non-linear tests. Both these kinds of tests suffer from some serious drawbacks. For example, it is difficult to extend non-linear tests to the K-sample situation when . For this reason, we propose here a new class of non-linear tests, based on a chi-square type functional of the DP, that can be applied to the K-sample problem for any . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

So far, few physicians have followed the scientific method for answering practical questions they simply do not know the answer of. The scientific method is, in a nutshell, reformulate your question into a hypothesis and try to test this hypothesis against control observations. The goal of this article is to give simple examples of how the scientific method can be implied in a physician's daily life. Of nine unanswered daily questions, four qualified for simple statistical assessments that were very clarifying for the physicians involved. Additional advantages of the scientific method include the following: (1) because the scientific method has been recognized to produce the best evidence you can get from your observations, physicians applying it serve their population in the best possible way; (2) being actively involved in the scientific method is a strong antidote against the hazards of accepting published studies from others with too little scepticism or rejecting them with too much of it. Limitations of the scientific method include (1) type I and II errors; (2) misinterpretations due to different frequency distributions; (3) lack of leisure time on the part of the physicians to write a study protocol; and (4) the risk of a damaged patient-doctor relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The display of the data by means of contingency tables is used in different approaches to statistical inference, for example, to broach the test of homogeneity of independent multinomial distributions. We develop a Bayesian procedure to test simple null hypotheses versus bilateral alternatives in contingency tables. Given independent samples of two binomial distributions and taking a mixed prior distribution, we calculate the posterior probability that the proportion of successes in the first population is the same as in the second. This posterior probability is compared with the p -value of the classical method, obtaining a reconciliation between both results, classical and Bayesian. The obtained results are generalized for r × s tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the asymptotic behavior of chi-square tests when a number k[SUBn] of cells increases as the sample size n grows. For such a setting we show that a sequence of chi-square tests is asymptotically minimax if k[SUBn] = o(n[SUP2]) as n → ∞. The proof makes use of a theorem about asymptotic normality of chi-square test statistics obtained under new assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let { v ( θ)} be a sequence of statistics such that when θ = θ , v ( θ ) $$\mathop \to \limits^D $$ N (0, Σ), where Σ is of rank p and θ ε R . Suppose that under θ = θ , { Σ } is a sequence of consistent estimators of Σ. Wald (1943) shows that v ( θ ) Σ v ( θ ) $$\mathop \to \limits^D $$ x ( p). It often happens that v ( θ ) $$\mathop \to \limits^D $$ N (0, Σ) holds but Σ is singular. Moore (1977) states that under certain assumptions v ( θ ) Σ v ( θ ) $$\mathop \to \limits^D $$ x ( k), where k = rank ( Σ) and Σ is a generalized inverse of Σ . However, Moore's result as stated is incorrect. It needs the additional assumption that rank ( Σ ) = k for n sufficiently large. In this article, we show that Moore's result (as corrected) holds under somewhat different, but easier to verify, assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing statistical tests for the fit of the Rasch model have been criticized, because they are only sensitive to specific violations of its assumptions. Contingency table methods using loglinear models have been used to test various psychometric models. In this paper, the assumptions of the Rasch model are discussed and the Rasch model is reformulated as a quasi-independence model. The model is a quasi-loglinear model for the incomplete subgroup × score × item 1 × item 2 × ... × item k contingency table. Using ordinary contingency table methods the Rasch model can be tested generally or against less restrictive quasi-loglinear models to investigate specific violations of its assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes various statistical methods used by the author during multiple studies conducted by the author. Initially, the data were scrutinized to ensure normal distribution, and expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or standard error of mean (SEM) for normally distributed variables. Medians and ranges were given for the data with skewed distribution. Two tailed, paired t tests or independent sample t tests (analysis of variance) were used for normally distributed data, while non-parametric chi-square or similar other tests were utilized for data with skewed distribution. Statistical significance was set at a p value of < 0.05. Bonferroni correction was applied when the study involves multiple comparisons. A number of other statistical methods used during these studies were also discussed. Finally, special methods used in evaluating aortic remodeling subsequent to balloon angioplasty of native aortic coarctation were reviewed.