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Abstract Living kidney donors have been regarded as those people having earned the healthiest status level after having undergone scrutiny. Although one’s post-donation GFR is expected to fall to 50% of their pre-donation value, it is well documented that there is a compensatory increase in GFR which subsequently reaches approximately 60–70% of the donor’s pre-donation value. Data regarding gout/hyperuricemia in living kidney donors has remained scarce until now. This study involved kidney donors enrolled within the years 2000 to 2017, where those who were selected to be matched to those in group of case cohort by age, year of index date, gender and co-morbidity were considered as the control cohort. During the 17-year study period 2,716 participants were enrolled. Results revealed that kidney donors experienced a risk of new onset gout/ hyperuricemia (adjusted HR = 1.73; 95%CI = 1.27, 2.36), and new onset CKD (adjusted HR = 6.7; 95% CI = 4.4, 10.21) were found to be higher in kidney donors. Our findings suggest that people after kidney donation are significantly associated with a higher risk of new onset gout/hyperuricemia. Clinical professionals therefore need to be cautious of new onset gouy/hyperuricemia after donation surgery.

ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to investigate the effects of icodextrin on the risks of death, technique failure and the first episode of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.MethodsFrom medical records of a medical center in Taiwan, a total of 725 newly diagnosed end-stage kidney disease patients receiving PD for at least 90 days from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2018 were identified. These patients were grouped as 190 icodextrin users and 535 non-users. Users were defined as utilization of icodextrin for ≥ 50% of their PD duration. The use of icodextrin was considered a time-varying exposure in the Cox proportional hazard model. The risks of death, technique failure and the first episode of peritonitis were compared between two cohorts by the end of 2018.ResultsCompared to the non-users, the icodextrin users had significant lower risks of mortality (6.5 vs.7.2 per 100 person-years; adjusted HR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42-0.91) and technique failure (12.7 vs. 15.2 per 100 person-years; adjusted HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.47-0.81), and the first peritonitis episode (5.0 vs. 17.0 per 100 person-years; adjusted HR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.14-0.35). The risk of peritonitis reduced further in icodextrin users with diabetes and with cardiovascular disease.ConclusionIcodextrin was associated with lower risks of mortality, technique failure, and the first episode of peritonitis.

IntroductionDenosumab demonstrates efficacy in reducing the incidence of hip, vertebral, and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. We present a population-based national cohort study to evaluate the infection risks in patients with osteoporosis after long-term denosumab therapy.MethodsWe used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to identify patients with osteoporosis. The case cohort comprised patients treated with denosumab. Propensity score (PS) matching was used to select denosumab nonusers for the control cohort. The study period was between August 2011 and December 2017. Our study comprised 30,106 pairs of case and control patients.ResultsPatients receiving denosumab therapy had high risks of the following infections: pneumonia and influenza (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27 -1.39), urinary tract infection (aHR: 1.36; 95% CI:1.32 -1.40), tuberculosis (aHR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.36 -1.87), fungal infection (aHR: 1.67; 95% CI:1.46 -1.90), candidiasis (aHR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.47 -1.93), herpes zoster infection (aHR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.19 -1.35), sepsis (aHR: 1.54; 95% CI:1.43 -1.66), and death (aHR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.20 -1.32). However, the longer the duration of denosumab treatment, the lower the risk patients had of developing infections.DiscussionDenosumab therapy is associated with a higher infection risk at the early periods of treatment. Nevertheless, the risk attenuates significantly after the 2nd year of therapy. Clinicians should closely monitor infection status in patients with osteoporosis during the initial stages of denosumab therapy.

Abstract Background This study aims to evaluate the impact of multidisciplinary pre-dialysis care (MDPC) on the risks of peritonitis, technique failure and mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods Incident end-stage kidney disease patients who received peritoneal dialysis (PD) for more than 90 days were recruited in this study from 1 January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2018. Patients were classified into two groups, the MDPC group and the control group, that received the usual care by nephrologists. Risks of the first episode of peritonitis, technique failure and mortality were compared between the two groups. Results There were 126 patients under the usual care and 546 patients under the MDPC. Patients in the MDPC group initiated dialysis earlier than those in the non-MDPC group. There was no significant difference between these two groups in time to the first episode of peritonitis. Compared to the non-MDPC group, the MDPC group was at similar risks of technique failure (adjusted HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.64–1.15) and mortality (adjusted HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.42–1.02). Among patients with diabetes, the risk of mortality was significantly reduced in the MDPC group with an adjusted HR of 0.45 (95% CI = 0.25–0.80). Conclusions There was no significant difference in time to develop the first episode of peritonitis, and risks of technique failure and mortality between these two groups. Diabetic PD patients under MDPC had a lower risk of mortality than those under the usual care.

ObjectiveThis study evaluated short-term (1-month) and long-term (1-year) mortality risks associated with the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on admission for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.MethodsFrom the Taiwan Stroke Registry data from April 2006 to December 2016, we identified and stratified patients with intracerebral hemorrhage into five subgroups by the eGFR level on admission: ≥90, 60-89, 30-59, 15-29, and ResultsBoth the 1-month and 1-year mortality rates progressively increased with the decrease in eGFR levels. The 1-month mortality rate in patients with eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or on dialysis was approximately 5.5-fold greater than that in patients with eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (8.31 versus 1.50 per 1000 person-days), with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 4.59 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.71-7.78]. Similarly, the 1-year mortality in patients with eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or on dialysis was 7.5 times that in patients with eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (2.34 versus 0.31 per 1000 person-days), with an adjusted HR of 4.54 (95% CI 2.95-6.98).ConclusionImpairment of renal function is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage in a gradual way. The eGFR level is a prognostic indicator for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are both common diseases of the elderly people. COPD induced systemic inflammation and hypoxia may have an impact on the development of AMD. This study investigated the possible association between COPD and subsequent risk of AMD. A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on the data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The COPD cohort comprised 24,625 adult patients newly diagnosed during 2000–2012, whereas age-, gender-, and the year of diagnosis-matched non-COPD cohort comprised 49,250 individuals. Incident AMD was monitored to the end of 2013. A Cox proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate the risk of AMD. The COPD cohort showed 1.25 times higher AMD incidence than the non-COPD cohort (4.80 versus 3.83 per 1000 person-years, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.20 [95% confident interval (CI) = 1.10–1.32]). Stratified analyses for age, gender, and presence of comorbidity resulted in significant adjusted HRs in most subgroups. Further analysis revealed that the COPD group had an increased risk of both the exudative and non-exudative types of AMD (adjusted HRs = 1.49 [95% CI = 1.13–1.96] and 1.15 [95% CI = 1.05–1.26], respectively). COPD patients have an increased risk for AMD development. Clinicians should provide adequate care for the ocular health to these patients.

Abstract Background Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common renal disorder affecting approximately 1 in 1000 live births. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease worldwide. This study investigated the risk of TB infection in patients with PKD. Methods A nationwide population-based cohort study was performed using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. We used patients’ hospitalization files for the entire analysis during 2000–2012. As per diagnosis, we divided patients into PKD and non-PKD cohorts and the major outcome was TB infection. Results A total of 13,540 participants with 6770 patients in each cohort were enrolled. The PKD cohort had a higher risk of TB infection than did the non-PKD cohort after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51–2.43). When classifying by sites of pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), the PKD cohort demonstrated a significantly higher risk of EPTB (aHR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.46–4.08) as well as a risk of PTB (aHR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.29–2.22). When stratified by the presence or absence of a comorbidity, high TB infection risk was noted in the PKD patients without any comorbidity (HR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.69–4.30). Conclusions Taken together, our findings suggest that PKD is associated with a 1.91-fold increased risk of TB infection. Medical professionls should maintain a high index of suspicion in daily practice for patients with PKD, particularly those with EPTB infection.

Abstract We analyzed database from the Taiwan National Health Insurance to investigate whether primary aldosteronism (PA) increases the risk of bladder stones. This retrospective nationwide population-based cohort study during the period of 1998–2011 compared patients with and without PA extracted by propensity score matching. Cox proportional hazard models and competing death risk model were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs), sub-hazard ratios (SHRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There were 3442 patients with PA and 3442 patients without PA. The incidence rate of bladder stones was 5.36 and 3.76 per 1000 person-years for both groups, respectively. In adjusted Cox hazard proportional regression models, the HR of bladder stones was 1.68 (95% CI 1.20–2.34) for patients with PA compared to individuals without PA. Considering the competing risk of death, the SHR of bladder stones still indicates a higher risk for PA than a comparison cohort (SHR, 1.79; 95% CI 1.30–2.44). PA, age, sex, and fracture number were the variables significantly contributing to the formation of bladder stones. In conclusion, PA is significantly associated with risk of bladder stones.

Patients after solid organ transplantation (SOT) are more susceptible to various viral infections, including alphaherpesviruses. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the risk of alphaherpesvirus infections, including herpes simplex and herpes zoster, after solid organ transplantation. Inpatient records from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) defined solid organ recipients, including heart, liver, lung, and kidney, hospitalized for alphaherpesvirus infections as a severe case group of transplants and matched them with a nontransplant cohort. We enrolled 18,064 individuals, of whom 9032 were in each group. A higher risk of severe alphaherpesvirus infection was noted in solid organ recipients (aHR = 9.19; p < 0.001) than in the general population. In addition, solid organ transplant recipients had the highest risk of alphaherpesvirus infection within 1 year after transplantation (aHR = 25.18). The comparison found a higher risk of herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections in recipients of kidney (aHR = 9.13; aHR = 12.13), heart (aHR = 14.34; aHR = 18.54), and liver (aHR = 5.90; aHR = 8.28) transplants. Patients who underwent solid organ transplantation had a significantly higher risk of alphaherpesvirus infection than the general population.

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common digestive clinical problem worldwide that affects approximately 20% of the adult populations in Western countries. Poor oral hygiene has been reported to be associated with GERD as an atypical clinical complication. However, evidence showing the relationship between GERD and the risk of periodontitis is less clear. The present study aimed to use a retrospective cohort study design to further clarify the association between GERD and the subsequent risk of periodontitis. Methods: The risk of periodontitis in patients with GERD was investigated by analyzing epidemiological data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2008 to 2018. We selected 20,125 participants with a minimum age of 40 years in the GERD group and 1:1 propensity-matched these with non-GERD individuals by sex, age, and comorbidities. The incidence of periodontitis was determined at the end of 2018. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the risk of periodontitis in patients with GERD. Results: The overall incidence rate of the periodontitis risk was 1.38-fold higher (30.0 vs. 21.7/1000 person years, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28–1.45) in patients with GERD than in those without GERD. After stratified analyses for sex, age, and comorbidity, patients with GERD had a higher risk of periodontitis for age (aHR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.20–1.42 for 40–54 years and aHR = 1.42, 95% CI =1.28–1.57 for 55–69 years), sex (aHR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.28–1.54 for men and aHR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.23–1.45 for women), and presence (aHR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.27–1.45) and absence (aHR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.21–1.62) of comorbidity than those without GERD. Among the GERD cohort, the risk for periodontitis was increased with an increasing number of emergency room visits (≥ 1 vs.

Background/purpose: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting oral health. Evidence shows possible association between T1DM and periodontal diseases (PDs). We conducted a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan, with a 14-year follow-up to investigate the risk of PDs in T1DM patients. Methods: We used data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The T1DM cohort was identified with newly diagnosed T1DM from 1998 to 2011. The non-T1DM cohort was frequency matched with the T1DM cohort. Participants comprised 4248 patients in the T1DM cohort and 16992 persons in the non-T1DM cohort. Results: The T1DM patients showed an increased risk of PDs compared to non-T1DM individuals [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.45]. T1DM patients who visited the emergency room more than twice per year had a higher aHR of 13.0 for developing PDs. The aHR for PDs was 13.2 in the T1DM patients who had been hospitalized more than twice per year. Conclusion: T1DM patients are at higher risk of developing PDs than non-T1DM individuals. Our results further showed that the number of T1DM interventions; that is, annual emergency visits and hospitalizations were associated with increased the risk of developing PDs. Keywords: Diabetes, Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), Periodontal disease, Cohort study

The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether probiotic administration could slow declining renal function. C57BL/6 mice (6–8 weeks of age, male) were fed a diet supplemented with adenine to induce chronic kidney disease (CKD). The experimental groups were additionally supplemented with 109 colony-forming units (CFU)/day (high-dose) and 107 CFU/day (low-dose) probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus (TYCA06), Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (BLI-02), and B. bifidum (VDD088). Renal function and histology were examined. Patients with stage 3–5 CKD and not on dialysis were recruited from July 2017 to January 2019. Two capsules of probiotics containing 2.5 × 109 CFU with the same composition were administered twice daily for 6 months. The decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was measured before and after the intervention. In addition, changes in the serum endotoxin and cytokine levels, gastrointestinal symptom scores, and the stool microbiota were measured. Probiotics could attenuate renal fibrosis and improve renal function in CKD mice. Thirty-eight patients completed the 6-month study. The mean baseline eGFR was 30.16 ± 16.52 ml/min/1.73 m2. The rate of decline in the eGFR was significantly slower, from −0.54 (−0.18, −0.91) to 0.00 (0.48, −0.36) ml/min/1.73 m2/month (P = 0.001) after 6 months of treatment. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, and endotoxin were significantly decreased after probiotic administration. Borborygmus and flatulence scores, as well as stool formation improved significantly. The abundance of B. bifidum and B. breve in the stool microbiota increased significantly. In conclusion, a combination of probiotics might attenuate renal function deterioration in CKD mice and human patients.

Background. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is a standard treatment in non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). However, the timing of initiation of DAPT in the Emergency Department (ED) is not well established. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the correlation between the different timings of DAPT initiation in ED and the outcomes in patients with NSTEMI. Method. We retrospectively collected data of patients who were diagnosed as NSTEMI in the ED of China Medical University Hospital during 2016 to 2019. All NSTEMI patients who required coronary stenting or ballooning were enrolled into the study, which means NSTEMI patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included. The time interval between ED arrival and DAPT given was recorded. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether they received DAPT within 6 hours after arrival to the ED. The primary outcomes were in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The secondary outcomes were unexpected return to the ED within 72 hours, readmission within 14 days, and revascularization procedures performed within the first 30 days. Results. 938 NSTEMI patients with PCI were enrolled. Patients who received DAPT beyond 6 hours were relatively old (65.70 ± 14.13 versus 63.16 ± 13.31, p=0.014) and had relatively more comorbidities and higher Killip scores than those who received DAPT within 6 hours. The group that received DAPT within 6 hours had lower in-hospital MACE rate (3.52% versus 8.37%, p=0.009). Multivariate logistic regression showed the group beyond 6 hours was independently associated with higher risk for in-hospital MACE rate (OR : 2.09, 95% CI 1.07–4.07, p=0.030). Conclusion. Among patients with NSTEMI, DAPT beyond 6 hours after ED arrival have higher in-hospital MACE rate than those within 6 hours.

Orthotopic allograft transplantation (OAT) is a major strategy for solid heart and kidney failure. However, the recipient’s immunity-induced chronic rejection induces OAT vasculopathy that results in donor organ failure. With the exception of immunosuppressive agents, there are currently no specific means to inhibit the occurrence of OAT vasculopathy. On the other hand, far-infrared (FIR) therapy uses low-power electromagnetic waves given by FIR, with a wavelength of 3–25 μm, to improve human physiological functions. Previous studies have shown that FIR therapy can effectively inhibit inflammation. It has also been widely used in adjuvant therapy for various clinical diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, in recent years. Thus, we used this study to explore the feasibility of FIR in preventing OAT vasculopathy. In this study, the model of transplantation of an aorta graft from PVG/Seac rat to ACI/NKyo rat, and in vitro model of human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) was used. In this report, we presented that FIR therapy decreased the serious of vasculopathy in OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats via inhibiting proliferation of smooth muscle cells, accumulation of collagen, and infiltration of fibroblast in the vessel wall; humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were decreased in the spleen. The production of inflammatory proteins/cytokines also decreased in the plasma. Additionally, FIR therapy presented higher mobilization and circulating EPC levels associated with vessel repair in OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats. In vitro studies demonstrated that the underlying mechanisms of FIR therapy inhibiting OAT vasculopathy may be associated with the inhibition of the Smad2-Slug axis endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Thus, FIR therapy may be the strategy to prevent chronic rejection-induced vasculopathy.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder with limited clinical treatments. The occurrence of PD includes both genetic and environmental toxins, such as the pesticides paraquat (PQ), as major contributors to PD pathology in both invertebrate and mammalian models. Calycosin, an isoflavone phytoestrogen, has multiple pharmacological properties, including neuroprotective activity. However, the paucity of information regarding the neuroprotective potential of calycosin on PQ-induced neurodegeneration led us to explore whether calycosin can mitigate PD-like phenotypes and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We used a PQ-induced PD model in Drosophila as a cost-effective in vivo screening platform to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of natural compounds on PD. We reported that calycosin shows a protective role in preventing dopaminergic (DA) neuronal cell death in PQ-exposed Canton S flies. Calycosin-fed PQ-exposed flies exhibit significant resistance against PQ-induced mortality and locomotor deficits in terms of reduced oxidative stress, loss of DA neurons, the depletion of dopamine content, and phosphorylated JNK-caspase-3 levels. Additionally, mechanistic studies show that calycosin administration improves PQ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and stimulates mitophagy and general autophagy with reduced pS6K and p4EBP1 levels, suggestive of a maintained energy balance between anabolic and catabolic processes, resulting in the inhibition of neuronal cell death. Collectively, this study substantiates the protective effect of calycosin against PQ-induced neurodegeneration by improving DA neurons’ survival and reducing apoptosis, likely via autophagy induction, and it is implicated as a novel therapeutic application against toxin-induced PD pathogenesis.

Background: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the “gold standard” for epidemiological investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but several DNA sequence-based methods have been developed in MRSA typing because of the unambiguous results. Methods: Ninety-one MRSA isolates were collected from the blood cultures of different patients from July 2008 to December 2008 in central Taiwan. The molecular characteristics of each isolate, including double locus sequence typing (DLST; spa and clfB typing), Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), and PFGE were determined for comparison. Results: Five major clfB types (types A–E), 18 spa types, 33 DLST genotypes, five SCCmec types, 17 pulsotypes have been observed. Three major DLST genotypes (A1-t002, C0-t037, and B1-t437) and two major pulsotypes (6 and 8) were identified. Most clfB type A isolates (97.1%) were SCCmec type II and all clfB type C isolates (100%) were SCCmec type III. Most clfB type B isolates (88.9%) were SCCmec type IV (59.3%) and VT (29.6%). All (100%) clfB subtypes A1, A2, and C isolates and 70.4% of clfB type B isolates belonged to healthcare-associated-MRSA. The average congruence was 57.7% between DLST and PFGE, and 96.6% between clfB and SCCmec type. The index of discrimination of SCCmec, clfB, spa, PFGE, and DLST was 0.72, 0.79, 0.80, 0.81, and 0.87, respectively. Conclusion: ClfB type has high congruence with SCCmec type. The DLST method in this study yielded a higher discriminatory power than PFGE in local investigation of molecular epidemiology of MRSA and a promising alternative to PFGE.

Abstract Induction of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a promising strategy in the treatment of β-thalassemia major (β-TM). The present study shows that plasma exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRs) are involved in γ-globin regulation. Exosomes shuttle miRNAs and mediate cell-cell communication. MiRNAs are regulators of biological processes through post-transcriptional targeting. Compared to HD (Healthy Donor), β-TM patients showed increased levels of plasma exosomes and the majority of exosomes had cellular origin from CD34+ cells. Further, HD and β-TM exosomes showed differential miRNA expressions. Among them, deregulated miR-223-3p and miR-138-5p in β-TM exosomes and HD had specific targets for γ-globin regulator and repressor respectively. Functional studies in K562 cells showed that HD exosomes and miR-138-5p regulated γ-globin expression by targeting BCL11A. β-TM exosomes and miR-223-3p down regulated γ-globin expression through LMO2 targeting. Importantly, miR-223-3p targeting through sponge repression resulted in γ-globin activation. Further, hnRNPA1 bound to stem-loop structure of pre-miR-223 and we found that hnRNPA1 knockdown or mutagenesis at miR-223-3p stem-loop sequence resulted in less mature exo-miR-223-3p levels. Altogether, the study shows for the first time on the important clinical evidence that differentially expressed exo-miRNAs reciprocally control γ-globin expressions. Further, the hnRNPA1-exo-miR-223-LMO2 axis may be critical to γ-globin silencing in β-TM.

PurposeData for elucidating post-kidney transplantation (KT) acute pancreatitis (AP) risk are limited and no large-scale cohort study has investigated the impact of AP after KT.MethodData from Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database (NHIRD) were calculated through the method of propensity score matching to compare the pancreatitis risk in patients with and without KT.ResultsThe overall pancreatitis incidence rates were 1.71 and 0.61 per 1,000 person-years in the KT and non-KT groups, respectively and corresponding adjusted HR (aHR [95% CI]) for pancreatitis was 2.48 (1.51-4.09) in the KT group. In the multivariable model, AP risk was higher in transplant patients with alcohol-related illnesses (aHR: 3.78, 95% CI: 1.32-10.8), gall stone disease (aHR: 3.53, 95% CI: 1.48-8.44), or past history of pancreatitis (aHR: 10.3, 95% CI: 5.08-20.8). Of note, recurrent AP risk was significantly higher in the KT group (aHR: 8.19, 95% CI: 2.89-23.2). Patients with post-KT AP demonstrated shorter patient and allograft survival than did those without (both P < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionIn conclusion, KT recipients are very likely to be associated with AP. Moreover, their inferior outcomes are strongly associated with post-KT AP.

The plasmon-activated water (PAW) that reduces hydrogen bonds is made of deionized reverse osmosis water (ROW). However, compared with ROW, PAW has a significantly higher diffusion coefficient and electron transfer rate constant in electrochemical reactions. PAW has a boiling point of 97 °C and specific heat of0.94; the energy of PAW is also 1121 J/mol higher than ordinary water. The greater the force of hydrogen bonds between H2O, the larger the volume of the H2O cluster, and the easier it is to lose the original characteristics. The hydrogen bonding force of PAW is weak, so the volume of its cluster is small, and it exists in a state very close to a single H2O. PAW has a high permeability and diffusion rate, which can improve the needs of biological applications and meet the dependence of biological organisms on H2O when performing physiological functions. PAW can successfully remove free radicals, and efficiently reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced monocytes to release nitric oxide. PAW can induce expression of the antioxidant gene Nrf2 in human gingival fibroblasts, lower amyloid burden in mice with Alzheimer’s disease, and decrease metastasis in mice grafted with Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Because the transferring plasmon effect may improve the abnormality of physiological activity in a biological system, we aimed to evaluate the influence of PAW on orthotopic allograft transplantation (OAT)-induced vasculopathy in this study. Here, we demonstrated that daily intake of PAW lowered the progression of vasculopathy in OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats by inhibiting collagen accumulation, proliferation of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, and T lymphocyte infiltration in the vessel wall. The results showed reduced T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophage activation in the spleen of the OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats that were administered PAW. In contrast to the control group, the OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats that were administered PAW exhibited higher mobilization and levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells associated with vessel repair. We use the transferring plasmon effect to adjust and maintain the biochemical properties of water, and to meet the biochemical demand of organisms. Therefore, this study highlights the therapeutic roles of PAW and provides more biomedical applicability for the transferring plasmon effect.

Maximal bite force of the jaw can cause thorough food chewing and result in good digestion. Bite force is related to the health of the masticatory muscles. Muscle force is frequently affected by obesity in adolescence, however, little is known about how obesity influences the maximum bite force and the difference between genders. Methods: Five hundred and seventy-seven adolescent students (292 girls and 285 boys), aged 13–16 years, from central Taiwan were recruited for a cross-sectional study in 2009. The maximum bite force, hand strength, triceps skin-fold fat thickness, serum level of testosterone, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Dental health was evaluated based on malocclusion and dental caries. Results: Bite force in girls was highest in the obese group (32.49 ± 19.13 kg, mean ± standard deviation), whereas in boys it was higher in the overweight group (41.89 ± 19.3 kg) than in the obese group (33.21 ± 17.12 kg). The prevalence of obesity was twofold higher in boys (14.39%) than in girls (7.88%). The mean serum level of testosterone increased with BMI in girls (p = 0.0172), whereas it decreased with BMI in boys (p = 0.0014). The relationships of serum testosterone level and bite force with BMI were similar in the two gender groups. Conclusion: The maximum bite force decreased in obese boys but increased in obese girls, which may be due to the sensitivity to testosterone being modulated by the fat level.

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces postoperative immunosuppression, including decreased T-cells and lower plasma regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) concentrations. MicroRNA-125a negatively regulates RANTES expression in activated T-cells. The aims were to investigate microRNA-125a expression in T-cells and RANTES production following CPB. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were included in this study. Arterial blood was sampled at six sequential points (before anesthesia induction, before CPB, at 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after beginning CPB) for plasma RANTES concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. T-lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood at four points (before anesthesia, before CPB, at 2 and 4 h after beginning CPB) for intracellular microRNA-125a expression by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 14 patients. Perioperative laboratory data and variables were also recorded. Results: The plasma RANTES concentrations decreased significantly at 2-24 h after beginning CPB, with concurrent reduction of postoperative lymphocyte counts, as compared with the preanesthesia level (P < 0.001). Intra-T-cell microRNA-125a expression was activated at 2 and 4 h, however, without significance (P = 0.078 and 0.124, respectively). The plasma RANTES levels at 4 h were not correlated with CPB time (P = 0.671), anesthesia time (P = 0.305), postoperative extubation time (P = 0.508), and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay (P = 0.756). Three patients expired with pneumonia- or mediastinitis-related septic shock in the ICU. Conclusion: Plasma RANTES concentrations were depressed till 24 h following CPB, with reduced lymphocytes after cardiac surgery. MicroRNA-125a expression in T-lymphocytes was not correlated with perioperative variables and its role in downregulation of RANTES production needs to be determined.

Abstract Stress‐inducible protein‐1 (STI‐1) is the proposed ligand for the cellular prion protein (PrPC), which is thought to facilitate recovery following stroke. Whether STI‐1 expression is affected by stroke and how its signalling facilitates recovery remain elusive. Brain slices from patients that died of ischemic stroke were collected for STI‐1 immunohistochemistry. These findings were compared to results from cell cultures, mice with or without the PrPC knockout, and rats. Based on these findings, molecular and pharmacological interventions were administered to investigate the underlying mechanisms and to test the possibility for therapy in experimental stroke models. STI‐1 was upregulated in the ischemic brains from humans and rodents. The increase in STI‐1 expression in vivo was not cell‐type specific, as it was found in neurons, glia and endothelial cells. Likewise, this increase in STI‐1 expression can be mimicked by sublethal hypoxia in primary cortical cultures (PCCs) in vitro, and appear to have resulted from the direct binding of the hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) to the STI‐1 promoter. Importantly, this STI‐1 signalling promoted bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) proliferation and migration in vitro and recruitment to the ischemic brain in vivo, and augmenting its signalling facilitated neurological recovery in part by recruiting BMDCs to the ischemic brain. Our results thus identified a novel mechanism by which ischemic insults can trigger a self‐protective mechanism to facilitate recovery.

Data on long-term maternal outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are lacking. The study aimed to explore the relationships among SLE, pregnancy, outcomes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and overall mortality.We established a retrospective cohort study consisting of four cohorts: pregnant (case cohort) and nonpregnant SLE patients, as well as pregnant and nonpregnant non-SLE patients. One case cohort and three comparison cohorts were matched by age at first pregnancy and index date of pregnancy by using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Dataset. All study subjects were selected based on the index date to the occurrence of ESRD or overall death. Cox proportional hazard regression models and Kaplan-Meier curves were used in the analysis.SLE pregnant patients exhibited significantly increased risk of ESRD after adjusting for other important confounders, including immunosuppressant and parity (HR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.35-7.52 for pregnant non-SLE; and HR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.24-6.15 for nonpregnant non-SLE patients). No significant differences in ESRD incidence were observed in pregnant and nonpregnant SLE patients. Pregnant SLE patients exhibited better clinical condition at the baseline and a significantly lower risk of overall mortality than nonpregnant SLE patients.Our data support current recommendations for SLE patients to avoid pregnancy until disease activity is quiescent. Multicenter recruitment and clinical information can be used to further examine the association of SLE and ESRD (or mortality) after pregnancy.

Background. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes release of matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9, contributing to pulmonary infiltration and dysfunction. The aims were to investigate MMP-9 production and associated perioperative variables and oxygenation following CPB. Methods. Thirty patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were included. Arterial blood was sampled at 6 sequential points (before anesthesia induction, before CPB and at 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after beginning CPB) for plasma MMP-9 concentrations by ELISA. The perioperative laboratory data and variables, including bypass time, PaO2/FiO2, and extubation time, were also recorded. Results. The plasma MMP-9 concentrations significantly elevated at 2–6 h after beginning CPB (P

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays a critical role in innate immunity. In 2004, Aslam R. and Shiraki R. first determined that murine and human platelets express functional TLRs. Additionally, Andonegui G. demonstrated that platelets express TLR4, which contributes to thrombocytopenia. However, the underlying mechanisms of TLR4 expression by platelets have been rarely explored until now. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanism of TLR4 expression underlying thrombin treatment. The human washed platelets were used in this study. According to flowcytometry and western blot analysis, the surface levels of TLR4 were significantly enhanced in thrombin-activated human platelets and decreased by TMB-8, calpeptin, and U73122, but not Y27632 (a Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK inhibitor) indicating that thrombin-mediated TLR4 expression was modulated by PAR/PLC pathway, calcium and calpain. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay demonstrated that the interaction between TLR4 and myosin-9 (a substrate of calpain) was regulated by calpain; cleavage of myosin-9 enhanced TLR4 expression in thrombin treated platelets. Transmission electron microscope data indicated that human platelets used α-granules to control TLR4 expression; the co-IP experiment suggested that myosin-9 did not coordinate with Rab7b to negatively regulate TLR4 trafficking in thrombin treated platelets. In summary, phospholipase Cγ-calpain-myosin 9-Rab7b axis was responsible for the mechanism underlying the regulation of TLR4 containing α-granules trafficking in thrombin-stimulated platelets, which was involved in coagulation.