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This study examined the influence of stabilizers with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balances on the solubility of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and colloidal stability of nanosuspended BCAAs. Initial BCAA solubility increased by homogenization as evidenced by the BCAA solubility in Tween 80-based nanosuspensions, which remained at almost 97% of their initial solubility after 20 days of storage. However, the contents of solubilized BCAAs in Span 80-based nanosuspensions decreased to approximately 85% of their initial solubility after 20 days of storage. In fact, the BCAA:Tween 80 ratio had no effect on the colloidal stability but the same variable changed according to the BCAA:Span 80 ratio. Based on this study, it can be concluded that stabilizers with a hydrophilic trait (Tween 80) could be more effective in improving BCAA solubility and the colloidal stability of nanosuspended BCAAs compared to those with a lipophilic trait (Span 80).

This study examined the influence of stabilizers on the solubility and colloidal stability of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) nanosuspended through high pressure homogenization at 70°C. Although homogenization increased the initial BCAA solubility, irrespective of pH (pH 3 or 6), homogenization alone was not sufficient to increase their long-term solubility. The incorporation of stabilizers into nanosuspensions increased the saturation concentration of BCAAs but the effect of stabilizers on the increase in the saturation concentration of BCAAs was more pronounced at pH 6.0. At pH 6, Tween 80 dramatically increased the colloidal stability of the BCAA nanosuspensions, independent of the BCAA:stabilizer ratio but not at pH 3. However, the effect of lysolecithin on the colloidal stability of nanosuspended BCAAs varied depending on pH and BCAA:lysolecithin ratio. In lysolecithin-related nanosuspensions, there was no clear relationship between the colloidal stability and nanosuspension conditions including pH and BCAA:lysolecithin ratio. This study could provide a useful information on stabilizer selection for the development of liquid or colloidal products with improved solubility and colloidal stability of nanosuspended BCAAs.

The Ostwald ripening phenomenon, an instability observed in essential oil emulsions, could be controlled by modifying the oil composition. Herein, this study evaluated what types of triglycerides used to modify the oil composition may be more effective in inhibiting Ostwald ripening, and also determined how the interfacial properties of the emulsions affected the efficacy of triglycerides in inhibiting Ostwald ripening. Emulsions were stabilized by emulsifiers with differently sized hydrophilic groups, which correlate to the thickness of the interfacial region, and their oil compositions were varied by mixing triglycerides. Significant increase in droplet size was observed in emulsions prepared using only orange oil during storage. Modifying oil composition by adding medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) or long-chain triglycerides (LCT; corn oil in this study) inhibited droplet growth, and adding triglycerides over 20% into the oil phase prohibited Ostwald ripening. LCT was less efficacious in inhibiting Ostwald ripening than MCT for the same content.

Background Surfactant-made micelles can control the rate of chemical degradation of poorly water-soluble food flavors. To evaluate how the molecular structure of surfactant has an influence on the chemical decomposition rate of citral, micelles were prepared with polyoxyethylene alkyl ether-type surfactants that had similar molecular structures but various hydrophilic head sizes and hydrophobic tail lengths. Results At a critical 20× micelle concentration of surfactant, there was no significant difference in the chemical degradation rate of citral in micelles in neutral pH, regardless of the hydrophilic head size or hydrophobic tail length. In an acidic environment, the degradation rate constant of citral generally increased proportionally with increasing hydrophilic head size of surfactant (0.1563 and 0.2217 for surfactants with 23 and 100 oxyethylene units, respectively) but the length of hydrophobic tail did not affect the citral stability. Also, little difference (0.2217 and 0.2265 for surfactant having 100 oxyethylene units with and without Fe(3+) ) in degradation rate constant of citral between simple micellar solution and micellar solution containing iron suggested that iron ions could not accelerate citral degradation in micelles, regardless of the form of iron (Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) ). Conclusion This work concludes that although the concentration of surfactant could be relevant, if its concentration could be controlled in the same manner as the critical micelle concentration, then a polyethylene alkyl ether-type surfactant with a small hydrophilic head could more efficiently stabilize citral at an acidic pH. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Curcumin and catechin have inhibitory effects on tumor cell growth. However, the biological activity of curcumin is limited by its low solubility in water. Liposomes are useful carriers of bioactive compounds given their structural similarity to the cellular membrane, but conventional methods for dual-loading liposome preparation are limited to scaled-up applications. Herein, we first applied a microfluidic technique to produce dual-loaded liposomes containing curcumin and catechin by using dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine as a building block. The dual-loading liposomes were monodispersed (PdI

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges in severity from hepatic steatosis to cirrhosis. Lemon balm and its major constituent, rosmarinic acid (RA), effectively improve the liver injury and obesity, however, their therapeutic effects on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of RA and a lemon balm extract (LBE) on NAFLD and liver fibrosis and elucidated their mechanisms. Palmitic acid (PA)-exposed HepG2 cells and db/db mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet were utilized to exhibit symptoms of human NASH. LBE and RA treatments alleviated the oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes and modulated lipid metabolism-related gene expression by the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in vitro and in vivo. LBE and RA treatments inhibited the expression of genes involved in hepatic fibrosis and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Together, LBE and RA could improve liver damage by non-alcoholic lipid accumulation and may be promising medications to treat NASH.

In a micellar solution, the chemical degradation of poorly water-soluble food flavours can be influenced by the properties of the surfactants forming the micelles in aqueous solutions. To evaluate how hydrophilic head size and hydrophobic tail length influence the chemical degradation rate of food flavour, micelles were prepared with Brij surfactants (Brij 35, 58, 78 and 700), each of which had very similar molecular structures (polyoxyethylene fatty acid ether). The chemical degradation of citral in Brij micelles was found to be highest in an acidic environment. There was no significant difference in the chemical degradation rate of citral in Brij micelles in non-acidic conditions, regardless of the hydrophilic head size or hydrophobic tail length. Brij surfactants with larger hydrophilic heads effectively retarded the chemical degradation of citral in an acidic environment. Our findings suggest that the length of the hydrophobic tail rarely influenced the micelle's ability to chemically stabilize citral.

This study confirmed the possibility of biopolymer-type stabilizers to increase the saturation concentration of branched-chain amino acids by preventing their crystallization/precipitation. Although microfluidization increased the initial solubility, it failed to increase the saturation concentration of the branched-chain amino acids. The saturation concentration of the branched-chain amino acids increased from 3.81% to 4.42% and 4.85% after the incorporation of food hydrocolloids and proteins, respectively. However, the branched-chain amino acids:stabilizer ratio did not affect the solubility. In the case of food hydrocolloid-based solutions, crystal formation and growth of branched-chain amino acids occurred during storage, resulting in the precipitation of branched-chain amino acid crystals. However, food proteins effectively increased the stability of the solubilized branched-chain amino acids. The improved solubility and stability of the solubilized branched-chain amino acids could be attributed to interactions between the functional groups (carboxyl, amine, sulfate, aliphatic, aromatic, etc.) of the stabilizer and the branched-chain amino acid molecules.

Surfactant-made micelles can control the rate of chemical degradation of poorly water-soluble food flavors. To evaluate how the molecular structure of surfactant has an influence on the chemical decomposition rate of citral, micelles were prepared with polyoxyethylene alkyl ether-type surfactants that had similar molecular structures but various hydrophilic head sizes and hydrophobic tail lengths.At a critical 20× micelle concentration of surfactant, there was no significant difference in the chemical degradation rate of citral in micelles in neutral pH, regardless of the hydrophilic head size or hydrophobic tail length. In an acidic environment, the degradation rate constant of citral generally increased proportionally with increasing hydrophilic head size of surfactant (0.1563 and 0.2217 for surfactants with 23 and 100 oxyethylene units, respectively) but the length of hydrophobic tail did not affect the citral stability. Also, little difference (0.2217 and 0.2265 for surfactant having 100 oxyethylene units with and without Fe(3+) ) in degradation rate constant of citral between simple micellar solution and micellar solution containing iron suggested that iron ions could not accelerate citral degradation in micelles, regardless of the form of iron (Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) ).This work concludes that although the concentration of surfactant could be relevant, if its concentration could be controlled in the same manner as the critical micelle concentration, then a polyethylene alkyl ether-type surfactant with a small hydrophilic head could more efficiently stabilize citral at an acidic pH. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.