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Exploring low-cost and outstanding bimetallic phosphides to substitute noble metals as electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media is essential for renewable energy technologies. Herein, bimetallic nickel-iron phosphides nanoparticles (P-NiFe-800 NPs) with rich defects have been synthesized through gas annealing at 800 °C and phosphorization using uniform nickel-iron nanocubes (NiFe NCs) as precursor. At optimized calcination temperature, the obtained P-NiFe-800 NPs are composed of uniform nanoparticles with the rough surface, which suggests the larger surface area and more exposed rich active sites than other samples for OER. The introduction of P element to binary nickel-iron metals can optimize the crystalline and electronic structures of NiFe NCs and thus enhance electrocatalytic properties. Owing to the distinct morphological structure and synergistic effect between nickel-iron and phosphorus, P-NiFe-800 NPs demonstrate superior electrocatalytic activities for OER with lower overpotential of 270.1 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm -2 , smaller Tafel slope of 39 mV dec -1 , lower electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) value, bigger determined double-layer capacitance (C dl ) of 2130 uF cm -2 and prominent stability than NiFe NCs, NiFe-600 NPs, NiFe-700 NPs, NiFe-800 NPs, NiFe-900 NPs, P-NiFe NCs, P-NiFe-600 NPs, P-NiFe-700 NPs and P-NiFe-900 NPs. The optimized phosphorization is helpful for fabricating the bimetallic phosphides as efficient catalysts for OER., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.) more...

Designing a unique electrochemical interface to exhibit Pt-like activity and good stability is indispensable for the efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we synthesize well-defined Mo 2 C@NC@Pt nanospheres with a sandwich-structured interface through a facile organic-inorganic pyrolysis and following reduction process. The obtained Mo 2 C@NC@Pt heterostructures with ultralow Pt loading are composed of well-dispersed Mo 2 C nanoparticles (NPs) inner layer, N-doped carbon layer, and ultrafine Pt NPs outer layer. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that Mo 2 C@NC@Pt heterostructures not only exhibit superior HER activities than commercial Pt/C with small overpotentials of only 27, 47, and 25 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm -2 in acidic, alkaline, and neutral media, respectively, but also possess favorable long-term stability in pH-universal solution. The improved reaction kinetics of Mo 2 C@NC@Pt heterostructures are mainly attributed to the unique sandwich-structured interface with well-defined Mo 2 C NPs encapsulated by carbon layers and Pt NPs well-dispersed on the carbon support, synergistic effects among Mo 2 C NPs, NC, and Pt NPs, high specific surface area, and N-doping into the catalysts. This facile approach not only provides a new pathway for preparing well-defined carbides but also gives insight into the development of low-Pt catalysts for the efficient HER. more...

The hydrogen evolution reaction activity of carbon-supported Pt catalyst is highly dependent on Pt-C interfaces. Herein, we focus on the relationships between Pt activity and N/O-functionalized hollow carbon sphere (HCS) substrate in acidic media. The electrochemical dissolution of Pt counter electrode is performed to prepare Pt nanoparticles in low loading. The N groups are beneficial for homogeneously sized Pt nanoparticles, whereas the O groups lead to aggregated nanoparticles. Moreover, the proper electronegativity of the N groups may enable capturing of protons to create proton-rich Pt-C interfaces and transfer them onto the Pt sites. The O groups may also capture protons by hydrogen bonding, but the subsequent release of protons is more difficult due to a stronger electronegativity and result in an inferior Pt activity. Consequently, the N-doped HCS with a low Pt loading (1.7 μg cm -2 and 0.05 wt %) possesses a higher intrinsic activity compared with Pt on O-doped HCS. Moreover, it outperforms the commercial 20% Pt/C with a stable operation for 12 h. This work may provide suggestions for constructing the advantageous Pt-C interfaces by proper functional groups for high catalytic efficiencies. more...

The surface composite and morphology of binary metal sulfides are the key for efficient overall water splitting. However, tuning the morphology and surface composition of binary metal sulfides in a facile way is still a challenge. Herein, binary Fe-Ni sulfides supported on nickel foam (FeNi-S/NF) with different morphology and composition ratio of Fe/Ni have been synthesized through a facile one-step electrodeposition assisted by liquidcrystaltemplate (LCT). The binary FeNi-S has improved activity and conductivity compared to single metal sulfides. LCT-assisted porous FeNi-S film composed of uniform nanospheres is obviously different from planar film electrodeposited in water solution. LCT-assisted FeNi-S nanospheres are covered by many interwoven nanosheets, implying more exposed active sites for water splitting. Furthermore, the different Fe/Ni ratios of FeNi-S/NF samples have been systematically studied to explore the influence of Fe-incorporation on intrinsic activity of FeNi-S/NF. And the sample with Fe/Ni ratio (3/1) demonstrates the best activity and excellent stability for overall water electrolysis. Therefore, our work provides a facile and controllable access to binary metal sulfides with excellent performances for overall water splitting., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.) more...

MoO 4 2- @aniline-pyrrole (MoO 4 2- @polymer) spheres as precursors have been used to synthesize unique core-shell nanostructure consisting of molybdenum carbide and molybdenum phosphide composites encapsulated into uniformly dual N, P-doped carbon shells (Mo 2 C/MoP@NPC) through a facile two-step strategy. Firstly, porous core-shell N-doped Mo 2 C@C (Mo 2 C@NC) nanospheres have been synthesized with ultrafine Mo 2 C nanoparticles as core and ultrathin NC as shell by a annealing route. Secondly, Mo 2 C/MoP@NPC has been obtained maintaining intact spherical-like morphology through a phosphidation reaction in high temperature. The synergistic effect of Mo 2 C and MoP may reduce the strong MoH bonding energy of pure Mo 2 C and provide a fast hydrogen release process. In addition, the dual N, P-doped carbon matrix as shell can not only improve the electroconductivity of catalysts but also prevent the corrosion of Mo 2 C/MoP nanoparticles during the electrocatalytic process. When used as HER cathode in acids, the resulting Mo 2 C/MoP@NPC shows excellent catalytic activity and durability, which only needs an overpotential of 160 mV to drive 10 mA cm -2 . Moreover, it also exhibits better HER performance in basic and neutral media with the need for overpotentials of only 169 and 228 mV to achieve 10 mA cm -2 , respectively. This inorganic-organic combination of Mo-based catalysts may open up a new way for water-splitting to produce large-scale hydrogen., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.) more...

RuP x nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in uniform N,P-codoped hollow carbon nanospheres (RuP x @NPC) have been synthesized through a facile route in which aniline-pyrrole copolymer nanospheres are used to disperse Ru ions followed by a gas phosphorization process. The as-prepared RuP x @NPC exhibits a uniform core-shell hollow nanospherical structure with RuP x NPs as the core and N,P-codoped carbon (NPC) as the shell. This strategy integrates many advantages of hollow nanostructures, which provide a conductive substrate and the doping of a nonmetal element. At high temperatures, the obtained thin NPC shell can not only protect the highly active phase of RuP x NPs from aggregation and corrosion in the electrolyte but also allows variation in the electronic structures to improve the charge-transfer rate greatly by N,P codoping. The optimized RuP x @NPC sample at 900 °C exhibits a Pt-like performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and long-term durability in acidic, alkaline, and neutral solutions. The reaction requires a small overpotential of only 51, 74, and 110 mV at 10 mA cm -2 in 0.5 m H 2 SO 4 , 1.0 m KOH, and 1.0 m phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. This work provides a new way to design unique phosphide-doped carbon heterostructures through an inorganic-organic hybrid method as excellent electrocatalysts for HER., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.) more...

In situ cathodic activation (ISCA) of V-incorporated Ni x S y nanowires supported on nickel foam (VS/Ni x S ypt> /NF) can be realized in an alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) process, which provides not only clearly enhanced activity but also ultrahigh stability for HER. The ISCA process is continuous linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) on VS/Ni x S y /NF as a cathodic electrode with gradually enhanced HER activity. The activated VS/Ni x S y /NF (A-VS/Ni x S y /NF) demonstrates enhanced HER activity with an overpotential of 125 mV to drive 10 mA cm -2 , which is much lower than that of other samples. It may be predicted that the ISCA-derived amorphous VOOH film covering on A-VS/Ni x S y /NF accelerates the HER process, and NiOOH may protect active sites from decaying, leading to excellent activity and structural stability. However, for single metal sulfides, the ISCA process of nickel or vanadium sulfides is not available, implying that the synergistic effect between Ni and V of VS/Ni x S y /NF may be the key to drive ISCA in alkaline HER. In addition, its ultra-high stability confirms that the stable active sites and nanostructures of A-VS/Ni x S y /NF are derived from ISCA. Therefore, the ISCA of V-incorporated transition metal sulfides in the alkaline HER process may be a facile and promising method to obtain efficient electrocatalysts. more...

In the past decade, a large number of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in the viral genome of Gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), which is historically known as Marek's disease virus type 1. The biological role of most GaHV-2 miRNAs remains unclear. In the present study, we have performed an overall gene expression profile of GaHV-2 miRNAs during the virus life cycle at each phase of the developing disease, a highly contagious, lymphoproliferative disorder, and neoplastic immunosuppressive disease of poultry known as the Marek's disease. According to their distinct in vivo expression patterns, the GaHV-2 miRNAs can be divided into three groups: 12 miRNAs in group I, including miR-M4-5p, displayed a typical expression pattern potentially correlated to the latent, late cytolytic, and/or the proliferative phases in the cycle of GaHV-2 pathogenesis; group II consisting of another 12 miRNAs with expression correlated to the early cytolytic and/or latent phases in GaHV-2's life cycle; while the other two miRNAs in group III showed no identical expression features. Our findings may provide meaningful clues in the search for further potential functions of viral miRNAs in GaHV-2 biology. more...

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an important oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that induces rapid-onset T-cell lymphomas in its natural hosts. The Meq-clustered miRNAs encoded by MDV have been suggested to play potentially critical roles in the induction of lymphomas. Using the technique of bacterial artificial chromosome mutagenesis, we have presently constructed a series of specific miRNA-deleted mutants and demonstrate that these miRNAs are not essential for replication of MDV and have no effects on the early cytolytic or latent phases of the developing disease. However, compared to the parental GX0101, mortality of birds infected with the mutants GXΔmiR-M2, GXΔmiR-M3, GXΔmiR-M5, GXΔmiR-M9 and GXΔmiR-M12 was reduced from 100 % to 18 %, 30 %, 48 %, 24 % and 14 %, coupled with gross tumour incidence reduction from 28 % to 8 %, 4 %, 12 %, 8 % and 0 %, respectively. Our data confirm that except for mdv1-miR-M4, the other Meq-clustered miRNAs also play critical roles in MDV oncogenesis. Further work will be needed to elucidate the miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms that trigger the development of MD lymphomas., (© 2015 The Authors.) more...

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a representative alpha herpes virus able to induce rapid-onset T-cell lymphoma in its natural host and regarded as an ideal model for the study of virus-induced tumorigenesis. Recent studies have shown that the mdv1-miR-M4-5p, a viral analog of cellular miR-155, is critical for MDV׳s oncogenicity. However, the precise mechanism whereby it was involved in MD lymphomagenesis remained unknown. We have presently identified the host mRNA targets of mdv1-miR-M4-5 and identified the latent TGF-β binding protein 1 (LTBP1) as a critical target for it. We found that during MDV infection, down-regulation of LTBP1 expression by mdv1-miR-M4-5p led to a significant decrease of the secretion and activation of TGF-β1, with suppression of TGF-β signaling and a significant activation of expression of c-Myc, a well-known oncogene which is critical for virus-induced tumorigenesis. Our findings reveal a novel and important mechanism of how mdv1-miR-M4-5p potentially contributes to MDV-induced tumorigenesis., (Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.) more...

Marek's disease is a highly contagious, oncogenic, and immunosuppressive avian viral disease. Surveillance of newly registered Marek's disease virus (MDV) isolates is meaningful for revealing the potential factors involved in increased virulence. Presently, we have focused on the molecular characteristics of all available MDVs from China, including 17 new Henan isolates. Based on Meq, gE, and gI genes, we found that most Chinese isolates contain conserved amino acid point mutations in Meq, such as E(77), A(115), A(139), R(176), and A(217), compared to USA virulent MDVs. However, the 59-aa or 60-aa insertions are only found in a few mild MDVs rather than virulent MDVs in China. Further phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that a different genotype of MDV has been prevalent in China, and for virulent MDVs, their recent evolution has possibly been geographically restricted. Our study has provided more detailed information regarding the field MDVs circulating in China. more...