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Development of Chinese state funds in front of a global economic, monetary and financial strategy. The Chinese deeply wish to restore their prestigious past and all the efforts of the Chinese governing body, all their decisions are heading towards restoring its past prestige and political influence. For the past thirty years China has been working to make the country richer. We want to demonstrate how state funds achieve their entrusted mission; in other words, financing China ’ s economic ambitions and assuring its growing impact within the global economy.

The wider application and technical improvement of abdominal imaging procedures in recent years has led to an increasingly frequent detection of adrenal gland masses — adrenal incidentaloma, which have become a common clinical problem and need to be investigated for evidence of hormonal hypersecretion and/or malignancy. Clinical guidelines are the main working tool of a practicing physician. Laconic, structured information about a specific nosology, methods of its diagnosis and treatment, based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, make it possible to give answers to questions in a short time, to achieve maximum efficiency and personalization of treatment. These clinical guidelines include data on the prevalence, etiology, radiological features and assessment of hormonal status of adrenal incidentalomas. In addition, this clinical practice guideline provides information on indications for surgery, postoperative rehabilitation and follow-up.

Micronodular adrenal hyperplasia is a rare cause of ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome. It can be divided into two entities: primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and non-pigmented micronodular adrenocortical disease, among which familial and sporadic forms are distinguished. The most common is the genetically determined familial form PPNAD, as one of the components of Carney complex. The vast majority of patients have identifiable pathogenic variants in the PRKAR1A gene. In addition to the PRKAR1A gene mutations, inactivating mutations in the genes encoding phosphodiesterases (PDE11A4 and PDE8B), as well as PRKACA gene amplification, have been described in individuals with isolated forms. Despite the relative antiquity of the description of micronodular adrenal hyperplasia and the Carney comlex, a detailed study of pathophysiological mechanisms, genetic and clinical aspects of this pathology, nowadays, clinicians continue to face «atypical» cases. Thus, the nature of this disease is not well understood and requires further research. This review presents the accumulated data on micronodular adrenal hyperplasia, genetics aspects, and also describes 2 unique clinical cases of isolated PPNAD with unilateral adrenalectomy results.

This project aims at investigating the impact of different types of editing techniques on time perception

Background Occult thyroid cancer is a particularly rare type of thyroid carcinomas. The absolute majority is presented by papillary thyroid carcinoma. We report a case of a medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) that was detected as a primary tumor neither on preoperative ultrasound examination nor on postoperative morphological examination. Case A 57-year-old patient with no personal or family history of thyroid disease presented to the surgeon with the complaint of swelling in the cervical lymph nodes. Ultrasonography of the thyroid showed a hypoechoic 4 mm zone with peripheral calcification in the right lobe and two suspicious malignant lymph nodes 14×12 mm and 10×7 mm in the right paratracheal region. A blood test revealed no abnormalities in thyroid function (TSH 0.9 mUI/L, fT3 4.25 pmol/l, fT4 10.2 pmol/l). However, the calcitonin (CT) and the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were significantly elevated – 144 pg/ml (N for male Conclusion Metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma without detectable primary tumor is a rare but real occurrence that might be encountered in practice. The lack of malignant findings in the thyroid gland during preoperative examination complicates the diagnostic. Presentation: No date and time listed

Bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (BMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing’s syndrome. In this case cortisol production can be regulated by both genetic factors and various molecular mechanisms. The presence of aberrant or overexpression of eutopic receptors on the membrane of adrenal cortex may lead to activation of cAMP/PKA signaling pathways and consequently, pathological stimulation of steroidogenesis. Since proving the effectiveness of unilateral adrenalectomy in BMAH by achievement of stable remission, preoperative clinical and laboratory tests (ligand-induced tests) are no longer of relevant. Nevertheless, in the absence of normalization of the level of cortisol in the postoperative period or its recurrence, subsequent specific targeted medical options can be offered only if expression/hyperexpression predominance of one or another receptor. Their detection becomes possible using more reliable diagnostic methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical studies (IHC) than clinical laboratory tests. At the moment, PCR has gained a wider application. This article summarizes data on the use of immunohistochemical study in BMAH.

Rare condition characterized by an intensive and excessive breast enlargement is known as gigantomastia. Gestational gigantomastia manifests during pregnancy and could represent a life-threatening condition for both the mother and the fetus, therefore the risk of spontaneous abortion complicates the choice of treatment approach. We present a clinical case of a patient requesting medical assistance with a progressive breast growth. The onset occurred on the 5th week of gestation and, subsequently, was aggravated by distal tissue necrosis. The ambiguity of treatment approach in such situation is based on, on the one hand, the insecurity of watch-and-wait approach due to the high risk of septic complications and, on the other hand, the increasing danger of fetal loss in the case of surgical treatment during the first trimester of pregnancy. After an adequate assessment of mothers health state, a decision was made towards the wait-and-see tactic until the complete formation of the placental barrier. A total bilateral mastectomy was performed at the 19th week of pregnancy, with a favorable outcome for the patient and her child. This case emphasizes the significance of an individual, interdisciplinary approach to the choice of management for patients with this pathology.

Background: Mildly elevated basal calcitonin level (bCT), that suggests a bCT increase up to 100 pg/ml, may testify either medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or reactive thyroid C-cell hyperplasia (CCH). The latter is observed under many conditions such as hypercalcemia, hypergastrinemia, thyroiditis, neuroendocrine tumors (NET), renal end-stage kidney disease, obesity, and smoking. The research is aimed at analyzing the clinical significance of the calcitonin measurement in the fine needle aspiration washout fluid sample (FNA-CT) for screening certain patients with nodular thyroidopathy and elevated bCT. Patients and Methods: 70 patients with mildly elevated bCT (for women 6-100 pg/ml, for men 19-100 pg/ml) underwent ultrasound-guided FNA-CT measurement of the thyroid nodules and healthy lobe tissue. After obtaining a FNA-CT specimen, the needle was washed with 0.5 ml of saline solution. The calcitonin (CT) was measured by ECLIA (LIAISON XL). Results: There were 51 females and 19 males, with a mean age of 46.8 ± 14.4 years (range 16-81). The mean value of bCT was 23.3 ± 19 pg/ml (range: 7-86.5). According to ultrasound, 66 patients (95%) presented with thyroid nodules, in 4 cases previously identified nodes were not confirmed. The mean lesion size was 10.8 ± 4.9 mm (range: 4-26). Thyroid nodules were evaluated by FNA biopsy which revealed according to the Bethesda system category I in 6 cases, II - 44, III - 2, IV - 4, V - 6, and VI - 1. Analyzing FNA-CT results we identified 13 cases (18%) with MTC with low CT level of healthy lobe tissue (1-89.6 pg/ml) and high CT level of the lesion (>2000 pg/ml), which was confirmed by final histological examination. Low CT level from both healthy lobe and the nodule (2000 pg/ml) with a lower level from the lesion. Among these patients, the probable predisposing CCH factors were obesity - 8 cases, thyroiditis - 12, NET - 3, hypercalcemia - 3, renal kidney disease - 1, and smoking - 3. These 54 patients were kept under dynamic control. The observation period for patients - 1 year. 4 patients underwent surgical treatment, subsequently, histological examination revealed papillary thyroid cancer, follicular adenoma, colloid goiter against CCH, and CT-producing NET. Conclusion: The measurement of FNA-CT of the healthy lobe tissue may be useful to differentiate MTC and CCH, but requires new data in a major cohort of patients. The disadvantage of this study is the impossibility of CCH histological verification in the follow-up group.

Background: Serum basal calcitonin (bCT) is used as a biomarker of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) but bCT can also be elevated in patients with hypercalcemias, hypergastrinemias, thyroiditis, neuroendocrine tumors, renal end-stage kidney disease, obesity and cigarette smoking. The application of bCT and calcitonin measured in the FNA washout fluid sample (FNA-CT) for screening certain patients with nodular thyroidopathy can be controversial. Case: A 44 yo patient presented with elevated bCT level - 24pg/ml (N for male 2000 pg/ml) were determined in follow-up group. The remaining 3 patients with nodules (Bethesda IV-VI) and FNA-CT of healthy lobe which did not exceed bCT rate, were operated. MTC was confirmed. Discussion: Our patient had not only many factors which can occur his bCT level (obesity, smoking), but also unfavourable FNA washout results. Additionally, since in clinical studies GLP-1 receptor activation has been associated with C-cell hyperplasia (CCH), we cannot completely exclude the possible effect of this treatment on patient’s bCT level. We confronted a situation when, on the one hand, FNA-CT data indicate the MTC nature of hypercalcitoninemia, but on the other hand, decreasing bCT-level in dynamic observation is not common for MTC. FNAB of the healthy lobe and obtaining high rates of CT in the washout fluid sample allowed us to confirm the diffuse CCH process, thus to follow up these patients. CT stimulation test cannot distinguish between minimal MTC and CCH and has no reference range. The weak point of the proposed study is the lack of morphological data in the follow-up group of patients. Conclusion: It is possible to use rate of FNA-CT of the healthy lobe to differentiate between various C-cell diseases, but requires new data.

Resume Une patiente atteinte de douleurs chroniques decourage son medecin qui lui demande un jour d’ecrire le recit de l’accident responsable de ses douleurs. La patiente s’est fracturee des vertebres au moment ou elle s’est retournee pour regarder son fils. Le medecin revisite alors le mythe d’Orphee, aidee dans sa demarche par le film Orphee de Jean Cocteau pour ses references a la mort et le ballet Orphee de Pina Bausch pour ses references a la sexualite. Cette demarche a permis d’introduire enfin un peu de poesie dans les consultations et d’ameliorer l’etat de la patiente.

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Résultats de tests expérimentaux sur l'utilisation de "biseaux" en os de type Mésolithique nordique (Maglemosien) - Partie I

An account of chemical investigations of the nature of the v+ and cn+ hormones of Drosophila is given. It is concluded that they probably belong to the group of amino-bases.It is shown that the effects of Colliphora extracts, containing these hormones, are proportional to the concentration.It is shown that under the influence of starvation v flies undergo a modification of the eye color, similar to that produced by the v+ hormone.It is shown that similar effects are produced by feeding Drosophila larvae on small doses of dry yeast. At low doses the effects produced are proportional to the concentration of yeast. Higher doses of dry yeast suppress the effect which is also suppressed by the presence of glucose in the medium.Various peptones also produce a hormone-like effect when fed to v larvae. Again the effect is proportional to the concentration of peptone at low concentrations, and decreases above a certain maximum.High concentrations of yeast extract suppress the effects of the peptones, but not the e...