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The number of patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer surpasses that of any other gynaecological cancer. This disease is usually detected early after disease onset and with current therapy 80 percent of patients with early-stage disease reach a five-year survival milestone. However, patients with advanced or recurrent disease have a grim outcome and the five-year survival rate for these patients is only about 16 percent. In several cancer types there is accumulating evidence that immune cells play a crucial role in the initiation, progression and outcome of disease. In order to provide novel and effective immunotherapeutic treatments for advanced disease endometrial cancer, an understanding of the relevance of immune cells needs to be addressed. This review briefly discusses current knowledge in the area of immune cells and how they may alter the course of endometrial cancer, as well as the implications of these cells for novel therapy and outcome.

Complex motor learning, but not mere motor activity, has been previously shown to induce structural modifications within the cerebellar cortex. The present experiment examined whether similar changes occur within one of the primary output targets of the region of the cerebellar cortex in which these structural changes were described, the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN; dentate nucleus). Adult female rats were randomly allocated to one of three training conditions. Acrobatic condition (AC) rats were trained to complete a complex motor learning task consisting of a series of elevated obstacles while motor control (MC) condition animals were forced to traverse a flat obstacle-free runway equal in length to the AC task. Inactive condition (IC) animals received no motor training. Unbiased stereological techniques and electron microscopy were used to obtain estimates of synapse number and postsynaptic density (PSD) length within the LCN. Results showed that neither synapse number nor PSD length was significantly altered as a function of training condition. These results indicate that complex motor skill learning is associated with structural plasticity within the cerebellar cortex and with structural stability within the lateral cerebellar nucleus.

Recent work has shown that motor learning, but not mere motor activity, changes the morphology of Purkinje cells, the major projection neurons of the cerebellar cortex. In the present study we examined how motor skill learning affects the dendritic morphology of the stellate local circuit neurons. Adult female rats were either trained to complete a complex motor learning task or forced to traverse a flat, obstacle-free runway. Golgi impregnated stellate cells were then traced via camera lucida and their dendritic arborizations examined with a concentric ring analysis. Results showed the motor learning animals to have significantly greater stellate cell dendritic arborizations than the activity controls. Thus these local circuit neurons exhibit morphological plasticity.