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ABSTRACTThis text explores the evolution of the notion of trauma in Freud’s work and of its decisive import for the organization of psychic functioning through a two-stage process called the après-coup.By following the three steps of Freud’s theory of the drives, the author shows that the conception of the traumatic is gradually internalized to become a basic quality of all drives as a tendency to return to an earlier state, and ultimately an organic, inanimate state. An open question remains in Freud about this tendency’s relation to Eros, and therefore to the links between Eros and the traumatic state. This question has remained latent within the psychoanalytic community. The author proposes to conceive of Eros as an infinitely extensible tendency that needs containing in order for it to contribute to evolving inscriptions. Thus is outlined one traumatic state as a return to the inorganic and another traumatic state as an infinite extensibility, both being transformed by the superego and its imperatives in order to generate all life forms.

This paper presents the new-generation airborne remote sensing systems SETHI and SYSIPHE, developed by ONERA, the French Aerospace Lab, and dedicated to environmental, scientific and security applications. Today, many scientists from climatologists to agronomists, need specific types of information that cannot be provided in full by conventional observation systems to solve complex problems. Onera offers them a solution to use the huge potential of multispectral and hybrid radar/optronics data. The SETHI remote sensing system is dedicated to provide a unique combination of radar and optronics images, including polarimetric SAR, visible and short wave infrared, multispectral images, ... This all-in-one system is operational from 2008 in radar configuration, its optronics capability becomes operational gradually. The SYSIPHE system is the state of the art airborne hyperspectral imaging system developed in European cooperation. With a unique wide spectral range and a fine spatial resolution, its aim is to validate and quantify the information potential of hyperspectral imaging in military, security and environment applications. The first section of the paper introduces the objectives of the projects and their general architecture. The second one describes the sensors, their implementation onboard the platforms, the data processing chain and gives an overview of the projects planning. The third section presents some significant results.

Solar scattering on oriented cirrus crystals near the specular reflection direction is modeled using a mix method combining geometric optics and diffraction effects at three wavelengths in the visible and infrared domains. Different potential sources of phase function broadening around the specular direction, such as multiple scattering, solar disk, or tilt effects, are studied by means of a Monte Carlo method. The radiance detected by an airborne sensor located a few kilometers above the cirrus cloud and pointing in the specular scattering direction is calculated at four solar zenith angles showing a dramatic increase of the signal in relation to the usual assumption of random crystal orientation.

In the atmosphere, pointlike sources are surrounded by aureoles because of molecular and aerosol scattering. In various meteorological conditions, this variance field can be a nonnegligible part of the signal detected by a large-field-of-view sensor. A model based on a Monte Carlo technique has been developed to simulate the propagation of radiation coming from a UV point source. The model was validated with an experimental comparison by a photon-counting technique, and good agreement between experimental and theoretical results was found.

The quality of the image produced by an outdoor optical system is affected by the presence of atmospheric aerosols between object and receiver. The properties of the point-spread function that result from aerosol particles were calculated by a new Monte Carlo code called MEDIA (an acronym for Modélisation des Effets de Diffusion Inhérents à l’Atmosphère). The influence of the scattering phase function’s angular dependence on the irradiance of the focal plane of a detector was studied. Calculations were performed by use of Mie theory and of the Henyey–Greenstein formulation for the same asymmetry parameter and various detector optical characteristics and atmospheric conditions. Major variations were observed for strong forward-peaked scattering phase functions and a large detector field of view.

Dans une ?tude sur 25 hybrides de tournesol, issus d'un plan factoriel de croisement, ainsi que des vari?t?s cultiv?es, 2 matrices de corr?lations lin?aires totales entre diff?rents param?tres ont ?t? r?alis?es afin d'?tudier les liaisons entre diff?rents caract?res du d?veloppement et l'humidit? ? la r?colte, le rendement en grains et la teneur en huile. La pr?cocit? ? la r?colte est corr?l?e avec la dur?e totale lev?e-maturit? physiologique (r = 0,74 **), et plut?t avec la dur?e floraison-maturit? physiologique (0,69 **) que la dur?e lev?e-floraison (0,54 *). Les caract?res morphologiques ne sont pas r?v?lateurs de la pr?cocit?. Le rendement est corr?l? avec des caract?res morphologiques de vigueur, mais parmi ses composantes le nombre de grains par capitule para?t plus important que le poids de 1 000 grains. La teneur en huile est peu corr?l?e avec d'autres caract?res. En l'absence de corr?lation rendement-pr?cocit? la s?lection de tournesols pr?coces ? haut rendement devrait ?tre possible mais n?cessiterait des observations en fin de cycle de la maturit? des graines. A study of the relations between earliness in sunflowers and yield, oil content, development and morphology. The developmental and agronomic characteristics of sunflowers were observed in trials involving 25 hybrids from a factorial cross and 3 commercial varieties, over 2 years, 1986 and 1987. There were significant differences between genotypes for all characteristics except the duration sowing-emergence (table I). From the results, 2 matrices of total linear correlations were calculated between different parameters in order to study relations between developmental stages and earliness at harvest, yield and oil content (tables II and III). The length of developmental phases before and after flowering are independent. The duration emergence-physiological maturity was correlated with the periods before and after flowering, but more closely with the duration flowering-maturity (r = 0.87 **). Earliness at harvest appears correlated with the total duration emergence-physiological maturity (r = 0.74 **), and follows the same pattern, being more especially related to the duration flowering-physiological maturity (r = 0.69 **) than to the duration emergence-flowering (r = 0.54 *). Of the morphological characters observed, most do not provide any useful indication concerning earliness; only leaf number shows a significant correlation with emergence-flowering and emergence-maturity. In contrast, yield is significantly correlated with morphological characters which vary with plant vigour, such as head and basal stem diameter and plant height. For the components directly determining yield, seed number per capitulum appears more important than 1 000 seed weight. In the conditions of the trials, yield appears most related to characters determined before flowering. Oil content is not closely linked with other characters, except lateness to some extent. It is concluded that since earliness at harvest depends on the sum of all the vegetative stages, more particularly those after flowering, no juvenile character provides a satisfactory forecast. Earliness can only be determined by end-of-cycle observations on seed maturation. However, the absence of any significant correlation between yield and earliness suggests that it should be possible to select for high yielding early sunflowers.

A two-dimensional capillary liquid chromatography (LC) method is described which is based on microfractionation, automated reinjection, and rechromatography using an automated microcolumn switching setup to separate complex peptide mixtures from different origin. Different types of separations modes, i.e., hydrophobic and charge separation mechanisms, have been applied to increase the selectivity and peak capacity and to approach orthogonal separation mechanisms. The first-dimension separations were carried out by either reversed-phase chromatography or strong anion exchange chromatography. The second-dimension separation was in all cases reversed-phase capillary LC. In case of two-dimensional reversed/reversed-phase separations, some degree of orthogonality was achieved by using either two different sets of mobile phase solvents and one reversed-phase capillary LC column or a single set of mobile phases and two capillary LC columns packed with different-reversed-phase stationary phases. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was conducted to confirm the orthogonality of the developed two-dimensional capillary LC technique. The analysis of tryptic digests of cytochrome C and fetuin and a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide mixture are described. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 11: 277–286, 1999