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The insects play a major role in the spreading of pathogens and the development of diseases on sunflower in the Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation. We established connections between the most common insects and phytopathogenic microorganisms. The main components of an integrated plant protection system are considered. When deciding on the usage of insecticides it is necessary to take into account not only direct, but also indirect insect damage (the development of plant diseases after damage, and as a result, a yield decrease, contamination of food and feed with dangerous mycotoxins).

We present an experiment showing that need for closure (NFC)-defined as the epistemic desire for certainty-can moderate individuals' affective reactions to cognitive inconsistency. Informed by Kruglanski and colleagues' new theory, that cognitive inconsistency elicits negative affect particularly under certain circumstances, we find that NFC (i.e. the desire for certain, stable and unambiguous knowledge) influences the strength of consistency effects and resulting negative affect. More specifically, we find that individuals who are high on NFC experience more negative affect upon encountering an inconsistent (vs. consistent) cognition. However, when individuals are low on NFC, inconsistency is irrelevant, and their affect depends on whether the ultimate outcome of the cognition is positive or negative. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this research., (© 2020 International Union of Psychological Science.)

In general, people prefer to view themselves positively. But some individuals are more prone to self-flattery than others, that is, holding an unjustifiably high opinion of oneself. Applying regulatory mode theory, we identify motivational factors that predict which individuals are and are not prone to self-flattery. In four studies, using both chronic (Studies 1-3) and experimental (Study 4) conditions, we found that those with high locomotion concerns about effecting change (control) are more inclined to flatter themselves, whereas those with high assessment concerns about making the right choices (truth) are less inclined to flatter themselves. The relation between stronger locomotion and greater self-flattery, and stronger assessment and lesser self-flattery, was mediated by locomotors' low self-criticism and assessors' high self-criticism. These results shed light on how locomotion and assessment differ in the motivation to flatter oneself.

Background: Intranasal sprays are recommended as targeted therapy for allergic rhinitis (AR). Triamcinolone acetonide is a nasal corticosteroid preparation indicated for the treatment of seasonal and perennial AR (PAR) in different countries worldwide., Objectives: In order to determine the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of PAR, the non-inferiority of triamcinolone acetonide to fluticasone propionate was assessed in Russian adults., Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicenter, prospective, non-inferiority, phase III clinical trial, a total of 260 patients with persistent PAR were randomized to receive either triamcinolone acetonide or fluticasone propionate nasal sprays for 4 weeks. The efficacy in symptom control was evaluated using the reflective total nasal symptom score (rTNSS) from baseline (day 0) to day 28. Safety was assessed through the reporting of adverse events., Results: The rTNSS mean values decreased from baseline to the end of study treatment (day 28) in both groups: -8.2 ± 3.0 in the triamcinolone acetonide arm versus -8.0 ± 2.8 in the fluticasone propionate arm. The mean difference between the groups (triamcinolone acetonide - fluticasone propionate) for rTNSS change from baseline was -0.2 (95% confidence interval -0.89 to 0.54), with an upper confidence limit of 0.54, which is lower than the non-inferiority margin of 0.8. Triamcinolone acetonide was well tolerated, with no difference in adverse event occurrence compared with fluticasone propionate., Conclusions: Triamcinolone acetonide proved to be non-inferior to fluticasone propionate in adult patients with PAR; both treatments decreased rTNSS values and showed a good safety profile., (The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Recalling information from a particular category can reduce one's memory capability for related, non-retrieved information. This is known as the retrieval-induced forgetting effect (RIF; Anderson et al., 1994). The present paper reviews studies that show that the RIF effect is motivated. More specifically, we describe research showing that the need for closure (NFC; the motivation to attain epistemic certainty; Kruglanski and Webster, 1996) generally enhances the RIF, because this prevents uncertainty and confusion from the intrusion of unwanted memories during selective-retrieval. However, when the content of the to-be-forgotten information serves the retriever's goals, NFC reduces RIF. Overall, the present findings are consistent with the view that motivation can affect the magnitude of RIF effects which, in turn, can serve as a mechanism for reaching preferred conclusions.

The term intrinsic motivation refers to an activity being seen as its own end. Accordingly, we conceptualize intrinsic motivation (IM) as (perceived) means-ends fusion and define an intrinsicality continuum reflecting the degree to which such fusion is experienced. Our means-ends fusion (MEF) theory assumes four major antecedents of activity-goal fusion: (a) repeated pairing of the activity and the goal, (b) uniqueness of the activity-goal connection, (c) perceived similarity between the activity and its goal, and (d) temporal immediacy of goal attainment following the activity. MEF theory further identifies two major consequences of the activity-goal fusion (i.e., manifestations of intrinsic motivation): (a) perceived instrumentality of the activity to goal attainment and consequent activity engagement, and (b) goal-related affective experience of the activity. Empirical evidence for MEF theory comes from diverse fields of psychological inquiry, including animal learning, brain research, and social cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record, ((c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).)

Arrogant behavior is as old as human nature. Nonetheless, the factors that cause people to be perceived as arrogant have received very little research attention. In this paper, we focused on a typical manifestation of arrogance: dismissive behavior. In particular, we explored the conditions under which a person who dismissed advice would be perceived as arrogant. We examined two factors: the advisee's competence, and the manner in which he or she dismissed the advice. The effect of the advisee's competence was tested by manipulating two competence cues: relative expertise, and the outcome of the advice dismissal (i.e., whether the advisee was right or wrong). In six studies (N = 1304), participants made arrogance judgments about protagonists who dismissed the advice of another person while the advisees' relative expertise (compared to the advisor), their eventual correctness, and the manner of their dismissal were manipulated in between-participant designs. Across various types of decisions and advisee-advisor relationships, the results show that less expert, less correct, and ruder advisees are perceived as more arrogant. We also find that outcome trumps expertise, and manner trumps both expertise and outcomes. In two additional studies (N = 101), we examined people's naïve theories about the relative importance of the aforementioned arrogance cues. These studies showed that people overestimate the role of expertise information as compared to the role of interpersonal manner and outcomes. Thus, our results suggest that people may commit arrogant faux pas because they erroneously expect that their expertise will justify their dismissive behavior.

We outline a general psychological theory of extremism and apply it to the special case of violent extremism (VE). Extremism is defined as motivated deviance from general behavioral norms and is assumed to stem from a shift from a balanced satisfaction of basic human needs afforded by moderation to a motivational imbalance wherein a given need dominates the others. Because motivational imbalance is difficult to sustain, only few individuals do, rendering extreme behavior relatively rare, hence deviant. Thus, individual dynamics translate into social patterns wherein majorities of individuals practice moderation, whereas extremism is the province of the few. Both extremism and moderation require the ability to successfully carry out the activities that these demand. Ability is partially determined by the activities' difficulty, controllable in part by external agents who promote or oppose extremism. Application of this general framework to VE identifies the specific need that animates it and offers broad guidelines for addressing this pernicious phenomenon. (PsycINFO Database Record, ((c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).)

Aim: Direct immunogenicity comparison of adjuvants from various sources and with different mechanisms of action for inactivated influenza vaccines., Materials and Methods: Groups of mice were immunized intramuscularly twice with an inactivated whole-virion influenza vaccine based on A/California/07/2009 X-179A (H1N1) strain. The following adjuvants were added to the vaccine (10 in total): aluminium hydroxide, oligonucleotide CpG, complete Freund's adjuvant, poly(lactide-coglycolide) microparticles, monophosphoryl lipid A and polyoxidonium, as well as 2 adjuvants based on characterized chitosan substances with different physical/chemical properties and 2 experimental complex formulations (a multi-component adjuvant and an oil-in-water emulsion based on squalene and tocopherol). Immuogenicity was determined by HAI and MN (MDCK) sera antibodies., Results: Different adjuvants increased immunogenicity of the vaccine against the homologous strain in varying patterns. Experimental complex formulations were the most immunogenic (antibody titer increase reached 48 - 96 times compared with unadjuvanted vaccines). Chitosan based adjuvants showed high immunogenicity. Not all the adjuvants significantly increased immunogenicity, and in some cases even an immunogenicity decrease was noted with the addition of certain adjuvants., Conclusion: Research and development of chitosan based adjuvants with characterization and standardization issues addressed, as well as complex adjuvants, both multi-component and emulsion based, are the most promising approaches that could lead to next generation vaccines against influenza and other human and animal infectious diseases.

The issue of attitude-behavior relations is revisited in light of recent work on motivation and the psychology of goals. It is suggested that for object-attitudes to drive a specific behavior, a chain of contingencies must be realized: Liking must be transmuted into wanting, wanting must evolve into a goal, the goal must be momentarily dominant, and the specific behavior must be chosen as means of goal pursuit. Our model thus specifies a set of mediating processes that transpire between attitudes and behavior. Prior theories of attitude-behavior relations are examined from the present perspective, and its conceptual and empirical implications are noted., ((c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).)

Vaccines are the cornerstone of influenza control, however available vaccines are subject to certain limitations. Adjuvanted vaccines are a promising approach, however available adjuvants have a suboptimal effectiveness and safety profile. Data from direct comparative trials are necessary for selection of optimal adjuvants among currently available and search for novel safe and effective adjuvants for next generation influenza vaccines. Data from published direct comparative studies of adjuvants for influenza vaccines are summarized, a lack of such studies is noted, especially those using adequate methods and designs and comparing adjuvants of major groups (nature/source and mechanism of action). Several promising approaches of adjuvant research and development could be identified: chitosan-based adjuvants, oil-in-water emulsions and multi-component formulations (depot + immune modulating components).

Aim: Direct comparative studies of immunogenicity and protective effect of live cold-adapted (ca) and inactivated vaccines against type A influenza., Materials and Methods: Groups of mice were immunized intramuscularly (i/m) or intranasally (i/n) twice with inactivated or live ca vaccines based on wild-type parent strain A/Krasnodar/101/59 (H2N2) and the corresponding ca donor strain A/Krasnodar/101/59/30CE/5MDCK/l/7/4 (H2N2), respectively. Immunogenicity was determined by HAI antibodies in sera and lungs (extracts) against both vaccine strains. Protective effect--by the level of wild-type strain in lungs of immunized mice after the infection., Results: Live ca and inactivated vaccines based on similar strains increase immunogenicity and protective effect when administered via different routes in varying patterns. A significant increase of immunogenicity was only observed for i/m (sera antibodies) and i/n (lung antibodies) administration of the live ca vaccine, and could be determined by antigenic features of the vaccine strains. At the same time, all the vaccine variants and administration routes induced at least partial protection from infection compared with unimmunized control. However, complete protection from infection was only noted for the i/m administered live ca vaccine., Conclusion: A combination of immunization variant and vaccine type determines immunogenicity and protective effect, and their interconnection requires further studies using all the possible combinations of preparations and administration routes as well as determination of induction of various components of the immune system.

The construct of motivational readiness is introduced and explored. Motivational readiness is the willingness or inclination, whether or not ultimately realized, to act in the service of a desire. Building on prior relevant conceptions that include, among others, animal learning models (Hull, 1943; Spence, 1956; Tolman, 1955) and personality approaches (e.g., Atkinson, 1964; Lewin, 1935), a general theory of motivational readiness is presented. Major parameters of this theory include the magnitude of a Want state (i.e., individual's desire of some sort) and the Expectancy of being able to satisfy it. The Want is assumed to be the essential driver of readiness: Whereas some degree of readiness may exist in the absence of Expectancy, all readiness is abolished in the absence of desire (Want). The concept of incentive is conceptualized in terms of a Match between the contents of the Want and perceived situational affordances. Whereas in classic models incentive was portrayed as a first-order determinant of motivational readiness, it is depicted here as a second-order factor that affects readiness via its impact on the Want and/or the Expectancy. A heterogeneous body of evidence for the present theory is reviewed, converging from different domains of psychological research. The theory's relation to its predecessors and its unique implications for new research hypotheses are also discussed., ((c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.)

Using the bacteriological methods the level of the genus Salmonella representative histadhesion to intestinal mucosa was evaluated. Balb/c mice and Salmonella typhimurium 415 strain were used for investigation. Native homologous I type interferon was injected to experimental animals 24 before the experiment in a dose of 1000 U/mice. "False" interferon was administered to the control group animals. It was established that the level of Salmonella histadhesion in mice of the experimental group was an order less than in control. Study of the parameters of the process of Salmonella interaction with intestinal mucosa showed that the challenge dose of Salmonella typhimurium 24 after interferon injection must be 7 times higher for the control mice than for experimental ones. Thus, the barrier function of intestinal mucosa after administration of the native I type interferon in vivo increased 7 times.