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Lung cancer incidences tend to be higher among males than females in both China and the United States, yet secular incidence patterns are different due to distinct population and environmental exposures. We examined long-term and future trends of lung cancer incidence, as well as the associations of age, period, and cohort effects with gender disparities.Using data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents from 1978 to 2012, we calculated age-standardized, age-specific incidence, and male-to-female incidence rate ratios (IRR), and conducted an age-period-cohort analysis. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the trends was obtained by Joinpoint Regression. Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis was also conducted to project incidences to 2032.In China, age-standardized incidence revealed a decreasing trend among males, but showed increasing trends among the younger age groups (30-54 years) in females. Age-standardized incidence rates of males decreased but remained stable among females from 1972 to 2012 in the United States. Male-to-female incidence rate ratios narrowed in both countries and reversed among younger birth cohorts in the United States. Gender disparities are expected to continue to diminish in both countries, and incidence among females appears to exceed that of males in the United States by around 2023-2027.Gender disparities in lung cancer incidence persist and will continue into the future in both countries, but our findings suggested that smoking may play different roles in gender disparities in lung cancer incidence between the two countries. Further population-based epidemiological studies among females in China are imperative.

One of the most sustainable and promising approaches for hydrogen peroxide (H

Background Given the rampant HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chengdu, southwest China, Treat All policy, defined as immediate antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation after HIV diagnosis, was implemented since 2014. Real-world research evaluating impacts of immediate ART on HIV epidemics is needed to optimize policy-making as national and international guidelines have been lowering ART eligibility threshold. The purpose of this study is to: assess temporal trends of the HIV epidemic and impacts of Treat All policy among MSM; and lay foundation for HIV-related policy evaluation using longitudinal routine data from health information systems. Methods Data used in this study were HIV sentinel seroprevalence, annual reported HIV cases and ART coverage rate among MSM in Chengdu from 2008 to 2018, derived from national HIV/AIDS information system. Temporal trends of the HIV epidemic were described using Joinpoint Regression Program. Interrupted time-series method was deployed to evaluate Treat All policy. Results HIV sentinel seroprevalence rose from 11.20% in 2008 to 17.67% in 2013 and Annual Percent Change (APC) was 8.25% (95% CI − 2.40%, 20.07%), then decreased to 5.17% in 2018 (APC = − 19.63%, 95% CI − 27.54%, − 10.86%). Newly reported HIV cases increased from 168 cases in 2008 to 1232 cases in 2015 (APC = 26.99%, 95% CI 21.32%, 32.93%), and reduced to 1014 cases in 2018 (APC = − 8.80%, 95% CI − 18.45%, 2.01%). ART coverage rate has been climbing from 11.11% in 2008 to 92.29% in 2018 and Average Annual Percent Change was 16.09% (95% CI 11.76%, 20.59%). Results of interrupted time-series models showed that compared to an annual increase of 0.87% during pre-policy period, there was a decline of 3.08% (95% CI − 0.0366%, − 0.0250%) per year of HIV sentinel seroprevalence since 2014; and compared to an annual increase of 116 cases before 2014, there was an annual drop of 158 newly reported HIV cases (95% CI − 194.87%, − 121.69%) during the post-policy period. Conclusions Immediate ART after HIV diagnosis could potentially curb HIV transmission at population level among MSM, along with other strategies. Future assessment of HIV prevention and control policy can be carried out using routinely collected longitudinal data from health information systems.

As an emerging therapeutic gas, hydrogen (H

BACKGROUND The Frosch approach is a posterolateral surgical procedure performed with or without osteotomy of the fibula for the treatment of posterolateral tibial plateau fractures (PLFs). This retrospective study from a single center aimed to evaluate 23 patients with PLFs who underwent surgical reduction with the Frosch approach between January 2017 and October 2019. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-three patients, 4 with Schatzker type V and 19 with Schatzker type II fractures were enrolled. Postoperative radiographs were performed regularly to measure the medial proximal tibial angle (MTPA), lateral posterior slope angle (LPSA), medial posterior slope angle (MPSA), and articular step-off to evaluate the fracture reduction. At the last follow-up, the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score and knee range of motion (ROM) were used to assess knee function. RESULTS Radiograph examinations indicated excellent reduction and fixation of fractures in all patients. The average HSS scores and ROM of the 23 patients were 88.0±3.5 and 131.8±7.8°, respectively, with an average of 30.5±4.6 months of follow-up. Skin numbness occurred in 3 patients but was recovered within 6 months. One patient sustained superficial wound infection, and another patient had superficial adipose tissue liquefaction necrosis. CONCLUSIONS This experience from a single center demonstrated the advantage of the Frosch approach in visualizing the posterolateral and lateral tibial plateau from a single surgical incision and resulted in excellent postoperative outcomes at follow-up when evaluated by the HSS score, ROM, and radiographic evaluation of the MTPA, LPSA, and MPSA.

Description, A nonferrous ferroptosis-like therapeutic concept has been demonstrated by using an inorganic nanoagent for tumor chemotherapy., Ferroptosis, an emerging type of cell death found in the past decades, features specifically lipid peroxidation during the cell death process commonly by iron accumulation. Unfortunately, however, the direct delivery of iron species may trigger undesired detrimental effects such as anaphylactic reactions in normal tissues. Up to date, reports on the cellular ferroptosis by using nonferrous metal elements can be rarely found. In this work, we propose a nonferrous ferroptosis-like strategy based on hybrid CoMoO4-phosphomolybdic acid nanosheet (CPMNS)–enabled lipid peroxide (LOOH) accumulation via accelerated Mo(V)-Mo(VI) transition, elevated GSH depletion for GPX4 enzyme deactivation, and ROS burst, for efficient ferroptosis and chemotherapy. Both in vitro and in vivo outcomes demonstrate the notable anticancer ferroptosis efficacy, suggesting the high feasibility of this CPMNS-enabled ferroptosis-like therapeutic concept. It is highly expected that such ferroptosis-like design in nanocatalytic medicine would be beneficial to future advances in the field of cancer-therapeutic regimens.

Photo-induced cancer therapies, mainly including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), have attracted numerous attentions owing to the high selectivity, convenience, and few side effects. However, single PTT usually requires high laser power density, and single PDT usually needs a high photosensitizer dosage. Herein, a kind of composite nanocarrier based on clay (laponite)-polypyrrole (LP) nanodisks was synthesized via the in situ polymerization of pyrrole in the interlayer space of laponite. LP composite nanodisks were then coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to form the LP-PVP (LPP) composite nanodisks which show an excellent colloidal stability and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. The interlayer space of LPP can be further used for the loading of Chlorin e6 (Ce6), with an ultrahigh loading capacity of about 89.2%. Furthermore, the LPP nanocarrier can enhance the PDT effect of Ce6 under the irradiation of a 660 nm laser, through enhancing its solubility and cellular uptake amount. Besides, it was found that LPP nanodisks exhibit a more outstanding photothermal performance under a 980 nm near-infrared laser (NIR) than a 808 nm NIR laser, with the photothermal conversion efficiency of 45.7 and 27.7%, respectively. The in vitro and in vivo tumor therapy results evidently confirm that the Ce6-loaded LPP nanodisks have a combined tumor PTT and PDT effect, which can significantly suppress the tumor malignant proliferation.

In recent years, the emergence of capsule networks has brou- ght new solutions to problems in various fields of computer vision. Capsule networks show the superiority of traditional convolution neural networks by using vectors and fusing the relationships between their different dimensions. Though prior work on object detection has shown their brilliant result, there is still a long way to improve in the detection results of multi-target and multi-classification tasks. Therefore, we consider that the combination of capsule networks and object detection can effectively improve the result of the prediction model. In this paper, 1. Our model utilizes the backbone structure of retinanet, using dynamic routing algorithm to ameliorate the structure of prediction subnet. 2. We test our model on MScoco 2017 datasets. mAP increases 0.8% and recall increases 0.4%.

Multiple factors, including increasing incidence, poor knowledge of stroke and lack of effective, noninvasive and convenient stroke risk prediction tools, make it more difficult for precautions against stroke in China. Effective prediction models for stroke may assist to establish better risk awareness and management, healthier lifestyle, and lower stroke incidence for people. The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey was the development cohort. Logistic regression was applied to model's development, in which the candidate variables with statistically significant coefficient were included in the prediction model. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and 10-times cross-validation were used for internal validation. Cutoff point of high-risk group was measured by Youden index. The China Health and Nutrition Survey was the validation cohort. The development cohort and the validation cohort included 16557 and 5065 participants, and the incidence density was 358.207/100,000 person-year and 350.701/100,000 person-year, respectively. The model for 2-year new-onset stroke risk prediction included age, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and smoking. The AUC and cross-validation AUC were 0.707 (95% confidence interval[CI]: 0.664, 0.750) and the 0.710 (95% CI: 0.650, 0.736). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the cutoff point were 0.774, 0.545, and 0.319. The AUC and cross-validation AUC were 0.800 (95% CI: 0.744, 0.856) and 0.811(95% CI:0.714, 0.847), and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of cutoff point being 0.857,0.569, and 0.426 in external validation. A simple prediction tool using 5 noninvasive and easily accessible factors can assist in 2-year new-onset stroke risk prediction in Chinese people over 45 years old, which is believed to be applicable in identifying high-risk individuals and health management in China.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) can provide a way for the disabled to interact with the outside world. Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), which evokes potential through visual stimulation is one of important BCI paradigms. In laboratory environment, the classification accuracy of SSVEPs is excellent. However, in motion state, the accuracy will be greatly affected and reduce quite a lot. In this paper, in order to improve the classification accuracy of the SSVEP signals in the motion state, we collected SSVEP data of five targets at three speeds of 0km/h, 2.5km/h and 5km/h. A compare network based on convolutional neural network (CNN) was proposed to learn the relationship between EEG signal and the template corresponding to each stimulus frequency and classify. Compared with traditional methods (i.e., CCA, FBCCA and SVM) and state-of-the-art method (CNN) on the collected SSVEP datasets of 20 subjects, the method we proposed always performed best at different speeds. Therefore, these results validated the effectiveness of the method. In addition, compared with the speed of 0 km / h, the accuracy of the compare network at a high walking rate (5km/h) did not decrease much, and it could still maintain a good performance.

Alginate-Ca2+ hydrogel has been used to immobilize photothermal materials as well as chemotherapy drugs at lesion sites to prevent their entry into the bloodstream. However, the alginate-Ca2+ gelation mechanism may result in hardening of the blood vessels because of Ca2+ migration to the lesion site. In this study, a unique and facile one-pot formation of chemotherapeutic (doxorubicin, DOX) and polypyrrole-containing alginate hydrogel was designed by introducing Fe3+, which can synchronously induce the polymerization of pyrrole and gelatinization of alginate, into the DOX/pyrrole/alginate solution. The formed composite hydrogel was endowed with superior photothermal conversion properties in both the NIR-I (650–950 nm) and NIR-II (1000–1700 nm) biowindows and light-to-heat conversion efficiency higher than 50%, which enabled effective tumor hyperthermia treatment. Besides, near-infrared (NIR) irradiation could be used as a remote controller to trigger the DOX-release because of the heat generation, thus ac...

The bottom-up approach can be used to synthesize MoS2 nanosheets with controlled morphology and synchronous surface modification. However, these MoS2 nanosheets frequently stacked with each other to form a multi-layer structure, which greatly affects the improvement of their drug loading capacity. In this work, we reported a facile bottom-up synthesis of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) coated biocompatible MoS2 nanoparticles (NPs) with admirable drug loading capacity for synergistic tumor photothermal and chemotherapy. The colloidal-stable MoS2 NPs possessed excellent photothermal transducing performance with the photothermal conversion efficiency of 37.5%. Further, the porous structure of MoS2 NPs facilitated the drug payload with a tunable drug loading percentage of 7%–72%. More importantly, the drug release from the MoS2 NPs followed a controlled pH- and NIR-dual modal responsive manner. The material design takes account of the drug loading capacity of NPs and the photothermal feature of MoS2, providing a paradigm that the research of cancer therapy agents can be moved forward by integrating the advantages of different nanomaterials into one dosage.

Very different from traditional inside-out method, which used guest material as the inside core and then surface-coated outer layer, herein, we propose a facile and unique outside-in approach for the synthesis of high dispersive mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)/MoS2-PEG nanoparticles (SMPs) based on the differences of precursor solubility in different solvents, for the first time. The prepared SMPs exhibit both higher drug loading efficiency of 64.7% owing to the pore structure of mesoporous silica, and excellent photothermal performance with photothermal efficiency of 41.5% due to the inside decorated MoS2 nanosheets, which could be used for the combination of tumor hyperthermia and chemotherapy. The in vivo results indicate that SMPs show great synergistic effect, i.e., the heat produced during PTT can increase the chemotherapy sensitivity of DOX and synergistically improve its therapeutic effect. Such a facile strategy provides a new facile way to construct a novel theranostic agent by integrating different functions into one dosage, and shows a promising approach for the construction of nanomaterials using MSN as a template.

Silicon, a highly biocompatible and ubiquitous chemical element in living systems, exhibits great potentials in biomedical applications. However, the silicon-based nanomaterials such as silica and porous silicon have been largely limited to only serving as carriers for delivery systems, due to the lack of intrinsic functionalities of silicon. This work presents the facile construction of a two-dimensional (2D) hydrogen-bonded silicene (H-silicene) nanosystem which is highlighted with tunable bandgap and selective degradability for tumor-specific photodynamic therapy facilely by surface covalent modification of hydrogen atoms. Briefly, the H-silicene nanosheet material is selectively degradable in normal neutral tissues but rather stable in the mildly acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) for achieving efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT). Such a 2D hydrogen-bonded silicene nanosystem featuring the tunable bandgap and tumor-selective degradability provides a new paradigm for the application of multi-functional two-dimensional silicon-based biomaterials towards the diagnosis and treatments of cancer and other diseases.

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been receiving great attention as NIR photothermal transducing agent in tumor photothermal therapy. Keeping in mind the low efficiency of the conventional top-down exfoliated 2D TMDs and the complexity of their surface modifications, we herein proposed a bottom-up strategy for the one-pot hydrothermal and controlled synthesis of surface polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) modified WS2 nanosheets. The material design was based on the chelating-coordinating effect between the lone pair electrons of oxygen of PVP carbonyl group and the unoccupied orbital (5d orbitals) of tungsten. The WS2 nanosheets with synchronous surface PVP grafting showed an excellent photothermal conversion performance, while the surface anchored PVP guaranteed its colloidal stability. Moreover, the strong X-ray attenuation ability and near-infrared (NIR) absorbance of WS2-PVP360kDa enabled the sensitive in vitro and in vivo computed tomography and photoacoustic imaging. The WS2-PVP360kDa nanosheets were biocompatible and exhibited promising in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer efficacy. Findings in this report may greatly promote the design of colloidal stable and biocompatible 2D TMDs and their future clinical translations. Statement of Significance. A bottom-up strategy for the one-pot and controlled synthesis of surface polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) modified WS2 nanosheets was proposed for the first time. By hydrothermally treating the mixture solution of tetrathiotungstate and PVP, Owing to the chelating-coordinating effect between the lone pair electrons of oxygen of PVP carbonyl group and the unoccupied orbital (5d orbitals) of tungsten, PVP was synchronously graphed on WS2-PVP nanosheets surface. The formed WS2-PVP nanosheets were colloidal stable, biocompatible, and exhibited promising computed tomography, photoacoustic imaging and tumor photothermal therapy efficacy both in vitro and in vivo.

In this paper, priority-based mobile edge computing technology is used to decide the task migration problem on telemedicine devices. Tasks can be adaptively assigned to mobile edge servers or processed locally according to the current network situation and specific task processing environment, thus improving the efficiency and quality of telemedicine services. The main work of this paper is in three aspects. Firstly, priority is set for urgent tasks, and non-preemptive priority queues are set on the server side of MEC, so that the average stay time of each priority can be calculated according to the current situation of priority tasks queuing. Secondly, in the process of task transmission to the server, the channel resources are allocated adaptively by priority-based twice filtering strategy, and the final task migration decision is obtained by auction algorithm. Thirdly, compared with the existing mobile edge computing task migration model, the priority-based task migration model greatly guarantees the real-time and high quality of telemedicine.

This paper focuses on the prediction of combat outcomes in a local battle during a game of StarCraft. Through the analysis of the initial state of the two armies and considering the influence of the terrain in StarCraft on the combat effectiveness of both sides, the concept of the terrain correction factor is introduced to establish a mathematical model. Secondly, using SparCraft is to simulate battles and generate data sets. Finally, the maximum a posteriori probability estimation (MAP) is used to train the previously established data set to complete the parameter estimation of the mathematical model.

As a primary data processing and computing framework, Spark can support memory computing, interactive computing, and querying in a huge amount of data. Also, it can provide data mining, machine learning, stream computing, and the other services. However, the strategy of allocating resources among isomorphic processors cannot adapt to heterogeneous cluster environment due to its lack of load-based task scheduling. Therefore, we propose a dynamic load scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous Spark clusters by regularly collecting load information from each of the cluster node. Such an algorithm can dramatically reduce the allocation of load to the nodes which are already heavily loaded and in turn allocate more task to the idle nodes, thereby speeding up the process of job allocation in Spark. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can dramatically improve the computation efficiency by dynamically loading among the nodes in a heterogeneous cluster.

As a primary big data processing framework, Spark can support memory computing to improve the computation efficiency. However, Spark cannot handle the situation of a heterogeneous cluster, in which the nodes have different structures. Specifically, a primary problem in Spark is that the resource allocation strategy based on the number of homogeneous processor cores cannot adapt to the heterogeneous cluster environment. To solve the above-mentioned problem, we propose a zone-based resource allocation strategy based on heterogeneous Spark cluster (ZbRAS) and implement such a strategy to improve the efficiency of Spark. We compare the proposed strategy with the native resource allocation strategy of Spark, and the comparison results show that our proposed strategy can significantly enhance the execution speed of Spark jobs in a heterogeneous cluster.

Polymeric hydrogels with three-dimensional network structures have found tremendous applications in biomedicine. Herein, we report the synthesis of a multifunctional implant based on ovalbumin (OVA) as a carrier capable of synergistically delivering a photothermal transducing agent (polydopamine, PDA) to tumors. The formation of PDA was achieved by utilizing the basicity of OVA, whereas the formation of the hydrogel implant was achieved through the in vitro/in vivo near-infrared (NIR) laser-induced hyperthermia of PDA. The as-prepared PDA@OVA implant exhibits high photothermal conversion efficiency (38.7 %). Once implanted in vivo, the OVA-based implant shows great versatility in the treatment of malignant tumors. Furthermore, a chemotherapeutic (doxorubicin, DOX) and a contrast agent (iohexol), dispersed in the OVA solution in advance, can also be firmly entrapped in the hydrogel along with the hydrogel formation. It is anticipated that the multifunctional OVA-based implant, not showing any obvious toxicity to healthy tissue, could be a promising system for synergistic cancer treatment.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) has been attracting much attention because of its high information transfer rate and little user training. However, most methods applied to decode SSVEPs are limited to CCA and some extended CCA-based methods. This study proposed a comparing network based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which was used to learn the relationship between EEG signals and the templates corresponding to each stimulus frequency of SSVEPs. This novel method incorporated prior knowledge and a spatial filter (task related component analysis, TRCA) to enhance detection of SSVEPs. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated by comparing it with the standard CCA and other state-of-the art methods for decoding SSVEPs (i.e., CNN and TRCA) on the actual SSVEP datasets collected from 17 subjects. The comparison results indicated that the CNN-based comparing network significantly could significantly improve the classification accuracy compared with the standard CCA, TRCA and CNN. Furthermore, the comparing network with TRCA achieved the best performance among three methods based on comparing network with the averaged accuracy of 84.57% (data length: 2s) and 70.21% (data length: 1s). The study validated the efficiency of the proposed CNN-based comparing methods in decoding SSVEPs. It suggests that the comparing network with TRCA is a promising methodology for target identification of SSVEPs and could further improve the performance of SSVEP-based BCI system.

Artificial enzymes to mimic the endogenous antioxidant system are promising candidates for treating and manipulating the in vivo dysregulated redox homeostasis. Though progresses have been made for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging using nanozymes, nanomaterials with advanced multi-enzymatic activities and enhanced biocompatibility have been rarely explored. Herein, we report the facile construction of RuO2-PVP nanoparticles, as a single-component, multi-enzyme-mimicking nano-platform for multi-ROS scavenging, which simultaneously shows multi-enzymatic antioxidant activities mimicking intrinsic catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, as well as ascorbate peroxidase and thiol peroxidase. Owing to the multifunctional self-synergistic inhibitions on multi-ROS, e.g., H2O2, ·OH and O2·−, the fabricated RuO2-PVP nanozymes demonstrate a prominent redox homeostasis protection effect, which not only protects lipid, DNA and protein from damages by UV/H2O2/Fenton stimulation in vitro, but also performs magnificent ROS elimination properties against inflammation and Parkinson's disease in vivo. The constructed RuO2-based nanozymes provide a potential therapeutic nano-platform for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.

The purpose of this study was to design an injectable hydrogel with temperature-sensitive property for safe and high efficient in vivo colon cancer hyperthermia and chemotherapy. Chitosan (CS) solution was injected into the tumor at room temperature and automatically gelled after warming to body temperature in the present of β-glycerophosphate (β-GP). Combined localized tumor photothermal and chemotherapy were achieved by dissolving photothermal material MoS2/Bi2S3-PEG (MBP) nanosheets and drug molecule doxorubicin (DOX) into the hydrogel, and the gel system could encapsulate DOX and MBP nanosheets and prevent them from entering the blood circulation and damaging normal tissues and cells. More importantly, the CS/MBP/DOX (CMD) hydrogel exhibited a photothermal efficiency of 22.18% and 31.42% in the first and second near infrared light (NIR I and NIR II) biowindows respectively at a low MBP concentration (0.5 mg/mL). Besides, the release of the DOX from CMD hydrogel was controllable since the gel temperature could be governed by NIR laser irradiation. Moreover, the chitosan-based hydrogel had antibacterial effects. The designed composite hydrogel is anticipated to act as a platform for the high efficient treatment of tumors owing to the different penetration depths of NIR I and NIR II.

With an excellent near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive property, polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticle has emerged as a promising NIR photothermal transducing agent for tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). Herein, we reported the PVP mediated one-pot synthesis of colloidal stable and biocompatible PPy nanoparticles (PPy-PVP NPs) for combined tumor photothermal-chemotherapy. The influence of molecular weight and PVP concentration on the spectroscopic characteristic, photothermal feature, drug loading performance, and antitumor efficiency of the resultant PPy-PVP NPs was systematically studied. By choosing PVP with a molecular weight of 360 kDa (concentration of 5 mg/mL) as the template and surface modifier during the synthesis, PPy-PVP NPs with optimal spectroscopic characteristic, photothermal feature, drug loading performance, and antitumor efficiency were synthesized. Findings in this study are anticipated to provide an in-depth understanding of the important character of surface engineering in the rational design and biomedical applications of PPy NPs.

We designed an injectable hydrogel by dissolving MoS2/Bi2S3-PEG (MBP), doxorubicin (DOX) and agar into water for the concurrent tumor photothermal and chemotherapy. The formed solution was able to be intra-tumorally (I.T.) administered into tumor at a relatively high temperature and automatically formed a hydrogel after cooling to body temperature. The resultant Agar/MBP/DOX (AMD) hydrogel can act as a macro-vessel to retain the MBP nanosheet and DOX and restrict their access to body fluid circulation. Moreover, AMD hydrogel did not compromise the photoacoustic and computed tomography imaging capacity, as well as the photothermal and chemotherapy efficiency of MBP nanosheets and DOX. The heat from the photothermal transformation of MBP nanosheet can promote the drug-release from the hydrogel and thus enable an on-demand drug release. Furthermore, antibiotics were also able to be encapsulated in the hydrogel to avoid the potential wound infection during tumor surgery.