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Forest soil CO efflux (F) is a crucial process in global carbon cycling; however, how F respond to disturbance regimes in different forest biomes is poorly understood. We quantified the effects of disturbance regimes on F across boreal, temperate, tropical, and Mediterranean forests based on 1240 observations from 380 studies. Globally, F was increased by 13 to 25% due to climatic perturbations such as elevated CO concentration, warming, and increased precipitation. F was increased by forest conversion to grassland and elevated carbon input by forest management practices but was reduced by decreased carbon input, fire, and acid rain. Disturbance also caused changes in soil temperature and water content, which in turn affected the direction and magnitude of disturbance effects on F. Our results suggest that disturbance effects on F should be incorporated into earth system models to improve the projection of feedback between the terrestrial C cycle and climate change.

Background: Hepatitis B is an infectious disease, which is a main way of vertical transmission of infectious HBV between mother and infant. Hepatitis B virus infection is always a hot topic of social concern, especially in China. The paper studies hepatitis B virus in maternal blood, breast milk, saliva of hepatitis B virus infection model (HBV-M) in Hefei city, Anhui province, PRC. HBV-DNA load and related data in Hefei city are used for risk assessment of the transmission of hepatitis B virus to provide evidence for evidence-based medicine and scientific guidance of infant feeding patterns. Methods: On the principle of informed consent, inpatient hepatitis B maternal blood 695, breast milk, saliva 614,169 copies were used as the object of analysis, using the ELISA method for the detection of HBV-M, using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection of HBV-DNA load. We analyze HBsAg in saliva, milk, the positive rate of HBV-DNA and HBV-M in serum, saliva, milk, and explore the positive rate of HBV-DNA and serum HBV-DNA load correlation. Results: At the age of 18 - 44 years old perinatal women, HBV-DNA positive rates of maternal serum, breast milk, saliva were 157 cases in A group HBsAg, HBeAg positive: 99.36%, 88.06%, 96.77%; in 312 cases in group B, HBeAb HBsAg, HBcAb positive: 17.63%, 2.93%, 54.67%; 69 cases in C group HBsAg, HBcAb positive: 63.77%, 27.27%, 28.57%; D group of 71 patients with simple HBcAb positive: 12.68%, 3.13%, 0%; E group and 86 cases in control group HBVM: 1.16%, 0%, 0%. According to the serum and milk testing of Group A and Group B, HBV-DNA chi-square is χ2 = 237.45, P ; there is a significant difference in serum and saliva; HBV-DNA chi-square χ2 = 289.49, P Conclusion: 1) HBV-DNA load high maternal blood, breast milk, saliva are potentially persistent hepatitis B virus infection risk, especially infectious blood. 2) Of maternal milk, saliva and blood HBV-DNA HBV-DNA load were positively correlated (r = 0.96; P ing, breast milk and saliva HBV-DNA positive rates were increased and infectivity enhanced. 3) Maternal blood, breast milk, saliva specimens for any HBV-DNA ≥ 1000 copies/ml are not breastfeeding. 4) The mother who carries the hepatitis B virus cannot do maternal infant feeding, and deep kiss intimate contact, in order to prevent blood, saliva and other ways of infection of hepatitis B virus. 5) Saliva testing is instead of milk inspection, because saliva is easier

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an unprecedented and fast evolving pandemic, which has caused a large number of critically ill patients and deaths globally. It is an acute public health crisis leading to overloaded critical care capacity. Timely prediction of the clinical outcome (death/survival) of hospital-admitted COVID-19 patients can provide early warnings to clinicians, allowing improved allocation of medical resources. In a recently published paper, an interpretable machine learning model was presented to predict the mortality of COVID-19 patients with blood biomarkers, where the model was trained and tested on relatively small data sets. However, the model or performance stability was not explored and assessed. By re-analyzing the data, we reveal that the reported mortality prediction performance was likely over-optimistic and its uncertainty was underestimated or overlooked, with a large variability in predicting deaths.

The early diagnosis of recurrence and metastasis is critically important for decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with oral cancers. Although liquid biopsy methods hold great promise that provide a successive "time-slice" profile of primary and metastatic oral cancer, the development of non-invasive, rapid, simple, and cost-effective liquid biopsy techniques remains challenging. In this study, an ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical liquid biopsy is developed for oral cancer screening based on tracking trace amounts of cancer biomarker by functionalized asymmetric nano-channels. Detection via antigen-antibody reactions is assayed by evaluating changes in ionic current. Upon the recognition of cancer biomarker antigens in bio-fluids, the inner wall of nano-channel immobilized with the corresponding antibodies undergoes molecular conformation transformation and surface physicochemical changes, which significantly regulate the ion transport through the nano-channel and help achieve sensitivity with a detection limit of 10

The sea breeze is a common phenomenon in coastal cities, but its cooling effect has not been well investigated. In this research, we firstly propose a metric of sea breeze cooling capacity (SBCC) to quantify the cooling effect of sea breezes in a coastal city, Adelaide, Australia. Based on data from the Adelaide urban heat island monitoring network in 2010–2013, we reveal the temporal and spatial patterns of SBCC in summer days in the Adelaide Central Business District (CBD) and examine their associations with environmental variables. The results show that the inter-event variability of SBCC is explained by specific humidity and wind speed, while the spatial variability of SBCC is explained by distance towards the coast, frontal area index (FAI), terrain ruggedness index (TRI) and temperature prior to the sea breeze onset. Specifically, SBCC is negatively correlated with FAI and positively correlated with TRI. Future development of high-rise buildings in the Adelaide CBD can lead to changes in both FAI and TRI. It is estimated that the projected building development in Adelaide may cause a change of SBCC ranging from −195 to 143 °C h over an average summer. This research has important implications for urban planning, public health and energy consumption in coastal cities.

In this work, CdIn 2 O 4 nanofibers with diameter about 100 nm have been synthesized successfully through an electrospinning method with the assistance of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) followed by calcinating in air at 800 °C. The morphology, structure and composition of the as-prepared products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization results indicated that high-purity CdIn 2 O 4 nanofibers could be obtained by using the electrospinning method with optimal Cd/In molar-ratio. By using as-prepared CdIn 2 O 4 nanofibers as sensing material, semiconductor-type gas sensors were constructed and used to detect ethanol vapor at ppm level. Compared to CdIn 2 O 4 materials with conventional particulate shape, the as-prepared CdIn 2 O 4 nanofibers sensing material exhibited improved sensing performance in sensitivity and long-term stability.