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Abstract Background The Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) is a new index to evaluate visceral adipose tissue in the Chinese population. Arterial stiffness (AS) is a kind of degeneration of the large arteries, and obesity is an essential contributing factor to AS. Our study aimed to explore the longitudinal association between CVAI and the risk of AS and to compare the predictive power of CVAI, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) for AS. Methods Between 2010 and 2020, a total of 14,877 participants participating in at least two brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measurements from the Kailuan study were included. The Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to evaluate the longitudinal association between CVAI and the risk of AS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to compare the predictive power of CVAI, BMI, and WC for AS. Results After adjusting for potential confounding factors, CVAI was significantly associated with the risk of AS. Compared with the first CVAI quartile, the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI of the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 1.30 (1.09–1.56), 1.37 (1.15–1.63), and 1.49 (1.24–1.78), respectively. The area under ROC curve of CVAI was 0.661, significantly higher than BMI (AUC: 0.582) and WC (AUC: 0.606). Conclusion CVAI may be a reliable indicator to identify high-risk groups of AS in the Chinese general population, and the predictive power of CVAI for AS was better than BMI and WC.

Abstract Aims As a potential surrogate of carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity, estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) has been confirmed to independently predict the cardiovascular events, but the association between ePWV and heart failure has not been well confirmed. Therefore, we performed this cohort study to evaluate the association between ePWV and risk of new‐onset heart failure. Methods and results A total of 98 269 employees (mean age: 51.77 ± 12.56 years, male accounted for 79.9%) without prior heart failure who participated in the 2006–2007 health examination were selected as the observation cohort, with an average follow‐up of 13.85 ± 1.40 years. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of ePWV was calculated in prediction of heart failure. The adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The category‐free net reclassification index (NRI) was calculated to evaluate the reclassification performance of cardiovascular risk models after adding ePWV. The AUC of ePWV was 0.74 in prediction of heart failure. After adjusting for the traditional cardiovascular risk factors except for age and blood pressure, the risk of new‐onset heart failure increased by 35% [hazard ratio (HR): 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33–1.37] for each 1 m/s increase in ePWV. Subgroup analysis showed that ePWV was significantly associated with incident heart failure regardless of THE presence (HR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.31–1.36, P

Background Emerging evidence suggests a central role for inflammation in cardiac conduction disorder (CCD). It is unknown whether habitual physical activity could modulate the inflammation‐associated risks of incident CCD in the general population. Methods and Results This population‐based cohort was derived from the China Kailuan study, including a total of 97 192 participants without prior CCD. The end points included incident CCD and its subcategories (atrioventricular block and bundle‐branch block). Systemic inflammation was indicated by the monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR). Over a median 10.91‐year follow‐up, 3747 cases of CCD occurred, with 1062 cases of atrioventricular block and 2697 cases of bundle‐branch block. An overall linear dose‐dependent relationship was observed between MLR and each study end point (all P‐nonlinearity≥0.05). Both higher MLR and physical inactivity were significantly associated with higher risks of conduction block. The MLR‐associated risks of developing study end points were higher in the physically inactive individuals than in those being physically active, with significant interactions between MLR levels and physical activity for developing CCD (P‐interaction=0.07) and bundle‐branch block (P‐interaction

Abstract Background The Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), a simple surrogate measure of visceral fat, is significantly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the association of cumulative CVAI (cumCVAI) exposure and its accumulation time course with CVD risk among patients with hypertension. Methods This prospective study involved 15,350 patients with hypertension from the Kailuan Study who were evaluated at least three times in the observation period of 2006 to 2014 (2006–2007, 2010–2011, and 2014–2015) and who were free of myocardial infarction and stroke before 2014. The cumCVAI was calculated as the weighted sum of the mean CVAI for each time interval (value × time). The time course of CVAI accumulation was categorized by splitting the overall accumulation into early (cumCVAI06 − 10) and late (cumCVAI10 − 14) accumulation, or the slope of CVAI versus time from 2006 to 2014 into positive and negative. Results During the 6.59-year follow-up period, 1,184 new-onset CVD events were recorded. After adjusting for confounding variables, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD were 1.35 (1.13–1.61) in the highest quartile of cumCVAI, 1.35 (1.14–1.61) in the highest quartile of the time-weighted average CVAI, 1.26 (1.12–1.43) in those with a cumulative burden > 0, and 1.43 (1.14–1.78) for the group with a 10-year exposure duration. When considering the time course of CVAI accumulation, the HR (95% CI) for CVD was 1.33 (1.11–1.59) for early cumCVAI. When considering the combined effect of cumCVAI accumulation and its time course, the HR (95% CI) for CVD was 1.22 (1.03–1.46) for cumCVAI ≥ median with a positive slope. Conclusions In this study, incident CVD risk depended on both long-term high cumCVAI exposure and the duration of high CVAI exposure among patients with hypertension. Early CVAI accumulation resulted in a greater risk increase than later CVAI accumulation, emphasizing the importance of optimal CVAI control in early life.

In this work, ball-on-disk wear experiments were carried out on different wear parameters such as sliding speed, sliding distance, normal load, temperature, and oil film thickness. In total, 81 different sets of wear depth data were obtained. Four different machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely Random Forest (RF), K-neighborhood (KNN), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were applied to predict wear depth. By analyzing the performance of several ML algorithms, it is demonstrated that ball bearing wear depth can be estimated by ML models by inputting different parameter variables. A comparative analysis of the performance of the different models revealed that XGB was more accurate than the other ML models at anticipating wear depth. Further analysis of the attribute of feature importance and correlation heatmap of the Pearson correlation reveals that each input feature has an effect on wear.

Understanding how drought is impacted by both natural and human influences is crucial to the sustainable utilization and protection of water resources. We established a drought severity index (DSI) based on the terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) derived from the GRACE satellite to detect drought characteristics and trends over ten major river basins in China from 2002 to 2017. The influence of natural factors (terrestrial water storage components, precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, NDVI, and teleconnection factors (ENSO, PDO, NAO, and AO)) and a human factor (LULC) on drought were investigated and quantified from the perspective of water storage components based on the Theil–Sen trend and Mann–Kendall test method, the perspective of climate change based on cross wavelet transforms, and the perspective of water balance based on Random Forest. The results indicated that (1) almost all humid and arid basins experienced major drought periods during 2002–2006 and 2014–2017, respectively. The southern IRB and central YZRB regions exhibited notable declines in DSI trends, while the majority of the HLRB, IRB, LRB, YRB, HRB, and SWRB experienced significant increases in DSI trends; (2) abnormal groundwater decreases were the main cause of drought triggered by insufficient terrestrial water storage in most basins; (3) ENSO was the strongest teleconnection factor in most humid basins, and NAO, PDO, and AO were the strongest teleconnection factors in the arid basins and PRB. Most significant resonance cycles lasted 12–64 months in 2005–2014; and (4) the influence of an anthropogenic driver (LULC) has become as important as, or more important than, natural factors (runoff and teleconnection factors) on hydrological drought.

Introduction We aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects of age-specific and sex-specific pulse pressure (PP) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) on the incidence of new-onset diabetes mellitus.Research design and methods Participants in the Kailuan study cohort who were ≥20 years old, participated in follow-up assessments and underwent baPWV measurements in 2010–2011, 2012–2013, and 2014–2015 were studied. The participants were allocated to four groups according to their PP and baPWV status, each categorized as high or normal, according to age-specific and sex-specific median values. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the individual and combined effects of PP and baPWV on the incidence of diabetes mellitus.Results There were 18 619 participants who were followed for 4.27±1.91 years. A total of 877 new cases of diabetes were identified, and the incidence density was 11.03/1000 per year. Using the normal PP and normal baPWV group as the reference group, the multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for diabetes mellitus in the high PP and high baPWV groups were 1.08 (0.93 to 1.25) and 1.64 (1.41 to 1.90), respectively. Compared with the normal PP/baPWV group, the HR and 95% CI for diabetes in the normal PP/high baPWV, the high PP/normal baPWV, and high PP/baPWV groups were 1.66 (1.35 to 2.05), 1.09 (0.86 to 1.37), and 1.74 (1.43 to 2.13), respectively.Conclusions High baPWV was independently associated with a higher risk of diabetes mellitus, and individuals with both high baPWV and high PP were at a still higher risk of diabetes mellitus.

We consider whether the new horizon-first law works in higher-dimensional f(R) theory. We firstly obtain the general formulas to calculate the entropy and the energy of a general spherically-symmetric black hole in D-dimensional f(R) theory. For applications, we compute the entropies and the energies of some black hokes in some interesting higher-dimensional f(R) theories.

Background: The oscillometrically measured ankle-brachial index (omABI), which is determined by the ratio of ankle to brachial systolic blood pressure measured through oscillography, has been demonstrated as a robust predictor of cardiovascular events. However, the reliability of mean arterial pressure measured by oscillography may be higher than that of systolic blood pressure based on the principle of oscillographic oscillation. We aimed to compare the predictive value of oscillometrically measured ankle-tobrachial mean arterial pressure ratio (omMAPR) and omABI for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Methods: The observation cohort consisted of a total of 37 803 employees from the Chinese Kailuan Group who underwent limb blood pressure measurements during their participation in physical examination between 2010 and 2017. Results: After an average follow-up period of 3 years, a total of 589 cardiovascular events and 570 cases of all-cause mortality were observed. The predictive performance of omMAPR was found to be slightly superior to omABI in terms of cardiovascular events (C-statistics: 0.55 vs. 0.51, P < .001) and all-cause mortality (C-statistics: 0.60 vs. 0.55, P < .001). After adjusting for confounders, within a specific range (omMAPR ≤ 1.06 or omABI ≤ 1.12), each 0.1-unit increase in omMAPR was associated with reductions of 14% (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.96) and 23% (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.70-0.84) in cardiovascular events and allcause mortality, respectively, while each 0.1-unit increase in omABI was associated with reductions of 12% (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.97) and 22% (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.72-0.85) in cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, respectively. However, once out of that range (omMAPR > 1.06 or omABI > 1.12), neither omMAPR nor omABI was significantly associated with cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality. Conclusion: Both omMAPR and omABI within specific ranges (omMAPR ≤ 1.06 or omABI ≤ 1.12) were independent predictors for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Moreover, omMAPR exhibited a slightly superior predictive ability compared to omABI in relation to cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. The trial registration number is ChiCTR-TNRC-11001489. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the distribution and major influencing factors of annual systolic blood pressure variability from a large population cohort., Methods: In this prospective cohort study, data from Kailuan Group employees who attended all 4 physical examinations ( taken in June 2006 to October 2007, June 2008 to October 2009, June 2010 to October 2011, June 2012 to October 2013, respectively) were analyzed (32 959 males and 10 401 females, mean age: (48.2 ± 11.5) years old). Systolic blood pressure variability was defined as the standard deviation (SSD) and the coefficient of variation (SCV) of systolic blood pressure of 4 physical examinations. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine the related influencing factors of SSD and SCV., Results: (1) The mean of SSD and SCV for this cohort was 10.91 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) and 8.34%, respectively. SSD and SCV increased in male and female with increasing age (both P < 0.001). (2) Multiple linear regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure (β = 0.225, P < 0.001), age (β = 0.163, P < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (β = 0.038, P < 0.001), the use of anti-hypertensive drugs (β = 0.038, P < 0.001), sex (β = 0.038, P < 0.001), smoking (β = 0.025, P < 0.001), alcohol drinking (P = -0.022, P < 0.001), physical exercise (β = -0.018, P = 0.001), high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (β = 0.016, P = 0.001) body mass index (β = -0.011, P = 0.018) were related to SSD. Age (β = 0.139, P < 0.001), sex (β = 0.055, P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (β = 0.047, P < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (P = 0.033, P < 0.001), drinking (β = -0.030, P < 0.001), body mass index (β = -0.026, P < 0.001), the use of anti- hypertensive drugs (β = 0.026, P < 0.001), smoking (β = 0.024, P < 0.001), physical exercise (β = -0.015, P = 0. 001), high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (β = 0. 014, P = 0. 001) were related to SCV., Conclusions: SSD and SCV increase with increasing age. Systolic blood pressure, age, fasting blood glucose, the use of anti-hypertensive drugs, sex, smoking, drinking, physical exercise, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein, body mass index are major influencing factors for SSD. Age, sex, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, alcohol drinking, body mass index, the use of anti-hypertensive drugs, smoking, physical exercise, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein are major influencing factors for SCV.