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Supplementary Methods and References. Description of additional methods and procedures used in the study. Also includes Supplementary References.

Supplementary Figures S1-S8. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the plasmids of GPRC5A-myc, or myc-tagged GPRC5A mutants (∆C, ∆N, ∆7TM, and 7TM) as indicated ; Immunoblot was performed for p-EGFR (Y1068) and p-STAT3 (Y705) proteins from mouse lung tissues with the treatment as indicated ; IHC Staining for EGFR in the lung tissues of KO-NNK-12m (NNK-treated Gprc5a-/-mouse at age of 12 month) ; Representative pictures of IHC Staining for EGFR in two tumors (#282-1 and #282-2) identified in the same Gprc5a-/-mouse lung (#282) that was treated with NNK at age of 2 month and was sacrificed at age of 12 months (Gprc5a-ko-NNK-12m) ; Images of IHC Staining with normal rabbit IgG (upper) and anti-EGFR (bottom) in the tumor tissues (left) and the epithelium of small and terminal bronchioles (S/TB) of the lung from Gprc5a-ko mice treated with NNK at age of 12 months ; IHC Staining for p-STAT3 (Y705) in the lung tissues of KO-NNK-12m (NNK-treated Gprc5a-/- mouse at age of 12 month) ; Image of IHC Staining for Ki67 in the lung tissue of Gprc5a-ko-NNK-12m mouse which contains both the normal epithelium of small and terminal bronchioles (S/TB) (upper left) or tumor (bottom right) ; GPRC5A locus is located in the 12p12.3-p13 region which is frequently lost human NSCLC .

Guideline developers consider cost-effectiveness evidence in decision making to determine value for money. This consideration in the guideline development process can be informed either by formal and dedicated economic evaluations or by systematic reviews of existing studies. To inform the American Society of Hematology guideline on the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE), we conducted a systematic review focused on the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies for VTE within the guideline scope. We systematically searched Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, and the Cost-effectiveness Analysis Registry; summarized; and critically appraised the economic evidence on diagnostic strategies for VTE. We identified 49 studies that met our inclusion criteria, with 26 on pulmonary embolism (PE) and 24 on deep vein thrombosis (DVT). For the diagnosis of PE, strategies including d-dimer to exclude PE were cost-effective compared with strategies without d-dimer testing. The cost-effectiveness of computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) in relation to ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan was inconclusive. CTPA or V/Q scan following ultrasound or d-dimer results could be cost-effective or even cost saving. For DVT, studies supporting strategies with d-dimer and/or ultrasound were cost-effective, supporting the recommendation that for patients at low (unlikely) VTE risk, using d-dimer as the initial test reduces the need for diagnostic imaging. Our systematic review informed the American Society of Hematology guideline recommendations about d-dimer, V/Q scan and CTPA for PE diagnosis, and d-dimer and ultrasound for DVT diagnosis.

BackgroundTo examine the longitudinal trajectories of alcohol consumption prior to and following the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).MethodsWe conducted a case–control study of 2501 incident cases of angina, myocardial infarction or stroke and 10 001 matched controls without the condition. Repeated measures of alcohol were centred on the date of diagnosis, spanning up to 30 years before and after CVD onset. Mean trajectories of weekly consumption were estimated using growth curve models.ResultsFor trajectories prior to diagnosis, mean volume of alcohol consumed among male cases increased over time, peaking at around 8 years before diagnosis at 95 (95% CI 60 to 130) g/week and declining afterwards. Trajectories following diagnosis showed mean consumption in male cases dropped from 87 (95% CI 54 to 120) g/week to 74 (95% CI 45 to 102) g/week after the date of diagnosis and then slightly rose to 78 (95% CI 40 to 116) g/week at the subsequent 3.5 years, before gradually declining to 31 (95% CI 2 to 61) g/week at 30 years after diagnosis. Mean consumption among female cases remained stable prior to diagnosis (at about 30 g/week), fell marginally to 25 (95% CI 20 to 30) g/week after the date of diagnosis and kept decreasing afterwards. Similar trajectories were obtained in cases and controls.ConclusionsThis is the first attempt to show how patients with CVD change their drinking volume over such a wide time span. Future research needs to establish insight into drinking behaviour in other ways (such as frequency and context) and address the impact of changes in drinking on patients with CVD.

Controlling the generation of perovskite (CaO·TiO2, CT) during sintering with vanadium–titanium magnetite (VTM) is the key to improve the strength and yield of VTM sinters. This study determined whether adding pre–formed calcium ferrite (CaO·Fe2O3, CF) effectively prevents the formation of CT during sintering with VTM. The formation behavior of CT in the CF–T system was investigated using X–ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Phase composition analysis by XRD indicates that CT is formed significant quantities in the CF–T system when the temperature is higher than the melting temperature of CF. DSC analysis shows that the CF–T samples undergo two reaction stages in continuous heating. Namely, CF first melts and forms its liquid phase, then TiO2 substitutes Fe2O3 in liquid CF to produce CT. SEM images confirm that CT could be generated at regions with a high concentration of CF. Non–isothermal DSC measurements on the formation kinetics of CT indicate that its activation energy reaches 252.00 kJ/mol and that the model function is f(α)=(1–α)2, revealing a second–order reaction based on Malek analysis. The kinetics equation of CT formation can be expressed by ln ( d α d t ) = 2 ln ( 1 − α ) − 216805 + 70382 α R T + 16.71 + 10.33 α . Quantitative calculation on enthalpy change by DSC curves shows that raising heating rates enhance the consolidation ability of CF–T samples as the melting of CF increases and the formation of CT decreases.

Research into alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients' prognosis has largely ignored the longitudinal dynamics in drinking behaviour. This study measured the association between alcohol consumption trajectories and mortality risk in CVD patients.Prospective cohort study.UK-based Whitehall II Study.A total of 1306 participants with incident non-fatal CVD (coronary heart disease/stroke) events.Up to eight repeated measures of alcohol intake were available for each patient from the most recent assessment phase pre-incident CVD and all subsequent phases post-incident CVD, spanning up to three decades. Six trajectory groups of alcohol consumption were identified using group-based trajectory modelling and related to the risk of all-cause mortality, adjusting for demographics and changes in life-style and health status.Three hundred and eighty deaths were recorded during a median follow-up of 5 years after patients' last alcohol assessment. Compared with patients who consistently drank moderately (≤ 14 units/week), former drinkers had a greater risk of mortality (hazard ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.19-2.54) after adjustment for covariates. There was no significantly increased risk of mortality in long-term abstainers, reduced moderate drinkers, stable or unstable heavy drinkers. Cross-sectional analyses based only on drinking information at patients' last assessment found no significant differences in mortality risk for abstainers, former or heavy drinkers versus moderate drinkers.Cardiovascular disease patients who consistently drink ≤ 14 units/week appear to have a similar risk of mortality to those who are long-term abstainers, which does not support a protective effect of moderate drinking on total mortality. Cardiovascular disease patients who stop drinking appear to have increased mortality risk compared with continuous moderate drinkers, but this may be linked to poor self-rated health before cardiovascular disease onset.

The effect of magnesia on calcium ferrite (CaO·Fe2O3) reduction by CO was examined by isothermal thermogravimetry. Samples of calcium ferrite added with 0, 2, 4, and 8 wt.% magnesia (abbreviated as CF, CF2M, CF4M, and CF8M) were prepared. Phase composition was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, and the results indicated that CF2M and CF4M are reduced to lower reduction degree and with lower apparent activation energy than CF; and CF8M with more MgO·Fe2O3 is reduced to a lower degree and with more difficulty compared with CF. Reduction rate analysis revealed that CF, CF2M, CF4M, and CF8M reductions are all typical two-step reactions with the order of CF → CWF (CaO·FeO·Fe2O3) → Fe. The apparent reduction activation energies of CF, CF2M, CF4M, and CF8M are 46.89, 37.30, 17.30, and 29.20 kJ/mol, respectively. Sharp analysis depicted that CF2M, CF4M, and CF8M reductions are all described by 2D Avrami–Erofeev (A–E) equation (A2) in the whole process, while CF reduction is first expressed by A2 and then by 3D A–E equation (A3). Different from shrinking core model, a new kinetic model for powdery samples reduction was proposed to illustrate the relationship among reduction rates, reduction routes, and model functions.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been extensively studied for its long-term health effects, typically through conventional Cox proportional hazards regression modeling of the overall association of MetS with a single outcome. Such an approach neglects the inherent links between MetS-related disease outcomes and fails to provide sufficient insights into the impact of each component of MetS over time. We therefore conducted a retrospective cohort study of 63,680 individuals who received health check-ups at the MJ Health Screening Center in Taiwan from 1997–2005 to study the subsequent risks of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) simultaneously for MetS and its components. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox models for multiple failure outcomes. At baseline, MetS was identified in 7835 participants. Over a median follow-up of 3 years, 8252, 1634, and 6714 participants developed hypertension, T2DM and CKD, respectively. The HR for MetS was 2.41 (95% CI 2.29–2.53) for hypertension, 5.17 (95% CI 4.68–5.71) for T2DM and 1.22 (95% CI 1.15–1.31) for CKD. Three MetS components showed the strongest association with each of the outcomes: elevated blood pressure with hypertension (HR = 3.62, 95% CI 3.46–3.79), raised fasting plasma glucose with T2DM (HR = 8.89, 95% CI 7.86–10.06) and elevated triglycerides with CKD (HR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.08–1.21). MetS may help identify individuals with metabolic profiles that confer incremental risks for multiple diseases. Additionally, several components of the syndrome should be considered by clinicians, as they show stronger associations with specific diseases than MetS.

Injection of natural gas into the tuyere raceway of a blast furnace (BF) can effectively decrease the use of coke, as well as reduce CO2 emission. Therefore, the reduction behaviour of sinters, which account for 60% of the raw materials charged into the BF process under H2, is important for natural gas utilisation. This study used thermogravimetric analysis under H2 atmosphere to investigate the reduction kinetics of dicalcium ferrite (2CaO·Fe2O3, C2F) and calcium ferrite (CaO·Fe2O3, CF), which are the dominant components in fluxed sinters. Results indicated that CF reduction has a larger maximum reduction degree and a higher reaction constant than C2F. The apparent activation energy of CF is also larger than that of C2F, thereby illustrating that C2F reduction proceeds more easily than CF. X–ray diffraction measurements indicated that C2F is reduced to CaO and Fe in a single step, whereas CF is reduced with four steps in the following order: CaO·FeO·Fe2O3, CaO·3FeO·Fe2O3, C2F and Fe. Sharp and ln–ln methods revealed that C2F reduction is described by 2D Avrami–Erofeev (A–E) equation and that of CF is expressed by 2D A–E equation but tends slightly to 3D A–E equation in the late stage. A–E equations were verified to be consistent with the experimental reduction degree data of C2F and CF. A kinetics model that links reduction routes to model functions was proposed to describe the powder reduction of C2F and CF. Comparisons of the reduction behaviours of C2F or CF by H2 and CO implied that the reduction rate rises and activation energy declines during the reduction of samples by H2.

Shrinking core model is widely applied to describe the reduction of iron ore pellets, but limited to the illustration on powder sample. The reduction of powder materials is commonly observed in blast furnace production but has been rarely investigated. In this study, thermal kinetics analysis was conducted to describe the powder reduction of dicalcium ferrite (2CaO⋅Fe 2 O 3 , C 2 F), calcium ferrite (CaO⋅Fe 2 O 3 , CF), and hematite (Fe 2 O 3 , H), with particle sizes below 70 µm. Isothermal reduction experiments were performed through thermogravimetry analysis under CO atmosphere. The reduction degrees and reaction rate constants increased in the order of C 2 F, CF, and H at 1123, 1173, and 1223 K. The reduction rate analysis illustrated that the reduction of C 2 F, CF, and H appeared as one-, two-, and three-stage reactions, respectively. Moreover, the reduction of C 2 F and CF proceeded as the 2D reaction mechanism described by Avrami–Erofeev (A-E) equation. The reduction of H was initially controlled by 2D, followed by the 3D A-E kinetics equation. Phase with superior reducibility could be reduced by CO in more dimensions of sample layers. The reduction degrees and rate change expressed by A-E equations were verified to be in accordance with the experimental data. A new kinetics model was proposed to elucidate the reduction of C 2 F, CF, and H in ultrafine powder compared with that in pellets. The reduction process in the powdered samples comprised independent reduction stages caused by uniform CO diffusion in powdered particles.

Sample size calculation. (PDF 146 kb)

Oxygen carriers play an important role in the excellent operation of the chemical looping gasification technology. The aim of this study is to perform a fundamental investigation on the reduction behavior and kinetics of CaO·Fe2O3 and Fe2O3 oxygen carriers. The oxygen carrier reaction performance was studied by a non-isothermal method using thermo-gravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry. The application of model fitting method was adopted to describe the reduction process. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that CaO·Fe2O3 was reduced to CaO and Fe following four stages (CaO·Fe2O3 → CaO·FeO·Fe2O3 → CaO·3FeO·Fe2O3 → 2CaO·Fe2O3 → Fe). The predominance range of CO generation corresponded to the stage from CaO·3FeO·Fe2O3 to Fe during CaO·Fe2O3 reduction, whereas during Fe2O3 reduction, it corresponded to the stage from FeO to Fe. The reduction of CaO·Fe2O3 can be described by a 2-D diffusion model during the entire reduction process, whereas the reduction of Fe2O3 can be initially described by a 3-D diffusion model when the reduction degree is within the range of 0–0.2, and subsequently by a reaction model when it is within the range of 0.2–1. The complex reduction intermediates of CaO·Fe2O3 resulted in the poor diffusion condition of lattice oxygen and gas products. CaO·Fe2O3 is a more promising oxygen carrier than Fe2O3 to generate CO in the chemical looping gasification technology.

The CaO–Fe2O3 system is the most significant liquid phase for fluxed sinter. However, the crystallization kinetics of CaO·Fe2O3 (CF), which directly contributes to the physical and metallurgical properties of sinter, is rarely reported. In this study, the crystallization kinetics of CaO·Fe2O3 system was analyzed using the mean of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics. Various cooling rates (10, 15, 20, and 25 K/min) were investigated for the crystallization of the samples. Results showed that the crystallization process mainly includes two reaction stages, namely liquid–solid transition and peritectic crystallization of CaO·Fe2O3. The activation energy of the two stages was determined using Ozawa and KAS analyses, where the value of E α lies at −382.38, −373.83 kJ mol−1 (Ozawa model) and −455.39, −480.93 kJ mol−1 (KAS model), and the same model function: f(α) = (1−α)2 for the two stages was determined according to Malek analysis. The reaction of CaO·Fe2O3 crystallization is promoted and the liquid–solid transition is inhibited as the cooling rate increases.

Perovskite easily forms during sintering of vanadium titanium magnetite (VTM) and is unfavorable for the following blast furnace. Steelmaking can concomitantly produce a great quantity of oxidized scale composed mainly of FeO and Fe3O4. Calcium ferrite (CaO·Fe2O3, CF) can be formed by oxidized scale with lime in air atmosphere and then added to the VTM during sintering. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that perovskite is not generated at low temperature but only when the temperature increases to 1473 K in the CF–TiO2 system. Therefore, VTM sintering can be performed with a low-temperature process with doping of CF. Perovskite formation is mainly divided into two steps. First, CF melts and produces CaO. TiO2 and CaO then combine to produce perovskite. This paper also discussed the reaction mechanism of CaO–Fe2O3–TiO2 ternary system to compare the generation routes of perovskite.

Sinter is an important iron-bearing material charged into blast furnace. Calcium ferrite (CF) is one of the most significant liquid phases in fluxed sinter. The isothermal reduction kinetics of CF and CF8M (n(CaO):n(Fe2O3) = 1, wt%(MgO) = 8) with 30% CO and 70% N2 gas mixtures at 1123, 1173, and 1223 K were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis in this study. Rate analysis illuminates that the reduction processes of CF and CF8M are mainly expressed as a typical two-stage reaction. Sharp analysis indicates that CF and CF8M reduction is expressed by the Avrami–Erofeev equation presenting a 2D shrinking layer reaction. The apparent activation energy values of CF and CF8M reduction are 46.9 and 31.8 kJ mol−1 individually based on model-free method.

Dicalcium ferrite (2CaO·Fe2O3, C2F) is one of the most significant bonding phase of fluxed sinters. Reduction of C2F was investigated via thermal kinetics analysis. The isothermal reduction behavior of C2F by 30% H2 and 70% N2 at 1123 K (850 °C), 1173 K (900 °C), and 1223 K (950 °C) were discussed by thermogravimetric analysis in this paper. The results revealed that the C2F reduction was typical one-step reaction. The apparent activation energy of the C2F reduction was 27.40 kJ/mol. The rate-determining steps of the C2F reduction were the first inner gas diffusion, then the inner gas diffusion and interface chemical reaction mixed controlling. The ln-ln analysis implied that the C2F reduction was described by the Avrami–Erofeev (A-E) equation, thus appeared as a 2D A-E equation kinetics reaction.

Background Trial and observational evidence is conflicting in terms of the association of blood lipids, atherosclerosis and statin use with dementia and cognitive impairment in the general population. It is uncertain whether the associations occur in stroke patients, who are at known higher risk of cognitive decline. This systematic review was to synthesize the evidence for these associations among stroke patients. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and trial registries were searched. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational cohort studies conducted among patients with stroke and reported on the association of blood lipids, atherosclerosis or statin use with dementia or cognitive impairment. Meta-analysis was conducted separately for crude and maximally adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs). Results Of 18,026 records retrieved, 56 studies (one RCT and 55 cohort studies) comprising 38,423 stroke patients were included. For coronary heart disease, the pooled OR of dementia and cognitive impairment was 1.32 (95%CI 1.10–1.58, n = 15 studies, I2 = 0%) and 1.23 (95%CI 0.99–1.54, n = 14, I2 = 26.9%), respectively. Peripheral artery disease was associated with dementia (OR 3.59, 95%CI 1.47–8.76, n = 2, I2 = 0%) and cognitive impairment (OR 2.70, 95%CI 1.09–6.69, n = 1). For carotid stenosis, the pooled OR of dementia and cognitive impairment was 2.67 (95%CI 0.83–8.62, n = 3, I2 = 77.9%) and 3.34 (95%CI 0.79–14.1, n = 4, I2 = 96.6%), respectively. For post-stroke statin use, the pooled OR of dementia and cognitive impairment was 0.89 (95%CI 0.65–1.21, n = 1) and 0.56 (95%CI 0.46-0.69, n = 3, I2 = 0%), respectively. No association was observed for hypercholesterolemia. These results were mostly consistent with adjusted ORs or HRs, which were reported from limited evidence. Conclusion Atherosclerosis was associated with an increased risk of post-stroke dementia. Post-stroke statin use was associated with decreased risk of cognitive impairment. To confirm whether or not statins confer advantages in the post-stroke population in terms of preventing cognitive decline over and above their known effectiveness in reducing risk of further vascular events, further stroke trials including cognitive assessment and observational analyses adjusted for key confounders, focusing on key subgroups or statin use patterns are required.

Table S1. Search strategies and results. Table S2. List of all the included studies. Table S3. General information of all the included studies. Table S4. The results of subgroup analyses by Chinese provinces and years of study. Table S5. Summary of diagnostic requirements for the three published sets of criteria in mainland China. Figure S1. Forest plot of the cumulative incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia using a random-effects model. Figure S2. Forest plot of the incidence density (reported as episodes per 1000 ventilator-days) of ventilator-associated pneumonia using a random-effects model. Figure S3. Forest plot of the incidence density (reported as patients per 1000 ventilator-days) of ventilator-associated pneumonia using a random-effects model. (PDF 2137 kb)

Isothermal reduction kinetics of CF2 by 30% CO and 70% N2 at 1123, 1173 and 1223 K was investigated by TGA in this study. The reduction rate analysis indicated that reduction of CF2 comprises three stages during the whole reduction process, Apparent activation energy of samples CF2 reduction is 34.37 kJ/mol. The ln-ln analysis implied the reduction of CF2 was expressed initially by a 2D subsequently by 3D shrinking layer reaction.

The influence of SiO2 on the reducibility of the CaO–Fe2O3–SiO2 system was fully examined in this study. The isothermal reduction kinetics of CF and CF8S (CaO/Fe2O3 = 1:1, wt% (SiO2) = 8) were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis at 1123, 1173, and 1223 K with 30% CO and 70% N2 gas mixtures. The reduction of the samples with 8% SiO2 was not only highly accelerated but also proceeded easily. Rate analysis revealed that CF and CF8S reduction occurs in two stages, the Fe3O4-to-FeO stage overlaps with the previous Fe2O3-to-Fe3O4 stage and tends to approach the following FeO-to-Fe stage with the addition of SiO2. The apparent activation energy values of CF and CF8S reduction are 46.89 and 8.71 kJ mol−1. Sharp analysis indicated that CF and CF8S reduction was expressed by the Avrami–Erofeev equation presenting a 2D shrinking layer reaction.

Risk of bias assessment tool. (PDF 119 kb)

The fraction of liquid phase in sintered ore can be the most important factor to determine the sinter quality and yield in sintering process. The generation ability of liquid phase for mixture of iron ore powders is determined by basicity, roasting time, roasting temperature and chemical composition of iron ores. Five different iron ores were selected in this study and the dried powders of iron ore and CaO reagent (

Inexpensive and high-quality sinter has an extraordinary position in iron making, and there are many factors influencing the sintering. This research takes the basicity and coal dosage as research subjects to do the experiments based on cost analysis with sinter pot experiment system. Linear program is taken to make the schemes of ore blending. During the experiments of changing basicity from 1.6 to 2.3, the properties and microstructures of the sinter are studied. It comes to a conclusion that increasing the basicity is beneficial to sinter quality but leads to higher cost. To further ascertain the cost of sinter and the potential of saving coke, the work of improving coal dosage is taken on the basis of experiments of changing basicity. Through analyzing the results, a formula (Y=1849+261.1R−130.6C) is proposed which indicates the relation among the cost, basicity and fixed carbon content. And it works well for actual production.

GPRC5A is a G-protein–coupled receptor expressed in lung tissue but repressed in most human lung cancers. Studies in Gprc5a−/− mice have established its role as a tumor-suppressor function in this setting, but the basis for its role has been obscure. Here, we report that GPRC5A functions as a negative modulator of EGFR signaling. Mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTEC) from Gprc5a−/− mice exhibited a relative increase in EGFR and downstream STAT3 signaling, whereas GPRC5A expression inhibited EGFR and STAT3 signaling. GPRC5A physically interacted with EGFR through its transmembrane domain, which was required for its EGFR inhibitory activity. Gprc5a−/− MTEC were much more susceptible to EGFR inhibitors than wild-type MTEC, suggesting their dependence on EGFR signaling for proliferation and survival. Dysregulated EGFR and STAT3 were identified in the normal epithelia of small and terminal bronchioles as well as tumors of Gprc5a−/− mouse lungs. Moreover, in these lungs EGFR inhibitor treatment inhibited EGFR and STAT3 activation along with cell proliferation. Finally, overexpression of ectopic GPRC5A in human non–small cell lung carcinoma cells inhibited both EGF-induced and constitutively activated EGFR signaling. Taken together, our results show how GPRC5A deficiency leads to dysregulated EGFR and STAT3 signaling and lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 75(9); 1801–14. ©2015 AACR.

Compared with the ultrasonic measurement of fetal heart motion, the Fetal Electrocardiogram (FECG) provides clinically significant information. In this paper, novel FECG Blind Source Extraction (BSE) algorithm based on Blind Source Separation (BSS) in noise is presented. We first build the basic BSE model for FECG extraction and then based on the time structure of the FECG and maternal ECG, the FECG extraction algorithm is constructed using Second-Order Statistics (SOS). To reduce the noise influence, the algorithm using Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) moves the conventional time-domain signals to the wavelet-domain and then the approximate source number is detected and the noise in FECG can be reduced. According this noise reduction procedure and SOS, the proposed robust FECG extraction algorithm is derived. The experimental outcomes demonstrate the performance of the proposed method and , in turn, verify the validity of the model in biomedical applications. The advantages and limitations of the proposed algorithm and its applications are analysed in the discussions and conclusions.